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1.
Health Care Women Int ; 40(1): 102-117, 2019 01.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30676889

Current understandings of the effects trauma exposure on women's health are limited because prior research has largely focused on intimate partner and sexual violence in homogenous samples. In this descriptive study, the authors examined the relationships between lifetime trauma exposure and psychological well-being among women across the Pacific Rim. Psychological well-being differed significantly between the four locations and increased trauma exposures were related to poorer psychological well-being across and within locations. The authors report relevant findings on the relationship between trauma exposure and psychological well-being and provide evidence for future research to enhance knowledge on the effects of trauma in women's lives.


Psychological Trauma/epidemiology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/epidemiology , Stress, Psychological/etiology , Women's Health/ethnology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Colombia/epidemiology , Female , Hong Kong/epidemiology , Humans , Mental Health , Middle Aged , Psychological Trauma/psychology , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Stress, Psychological/psychology , United States/epidemiology , Young Adult
2.
J Nurs Scholarsh ; 49(3): 286-293, 2017 05.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28388838

PURPOSE: Healthcare professionals who provide services in the immediate or long-term aftermath of traumatic events need to understand the nature and frequency of traumatic events in the lives of women. However, research on trauma exposure in women has only recently begun to assess events other than intimate partner and sexual violence and has not supported direct statistical comparison of cross-national and cross-cultural data. The purpose of this descriptive, correlational study was to describe and compare trauma exposure prevalence and type in community-based samples of women in the United States, Colombia, and Hong Kong. DESIGN: Women were recruited through posted notices at community health sites, snowball sampling, and online advertisements (N = 576). The Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (total score range 0 to 30) was used to determine the type and prevalence of trauma exposure. Data were collected by native language members of the research team. METHODS: Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographic characteristics and trauma exposure for the total sample and each community-based sample (location). Between-location differences were tested using Fisher's exact tests for categorical measures and general linear models with pairwise a posteriori least squares t-test for continuous measures. Responses to open-ended questions were translated and categorized. FINDINGS: Over 99% of women in the total sample reported at least one traumatic life event. The mean number of traumatic life events per participant was 7, ranging from 0 to 24. Although there was consistency in the most commonly reported trauma exposures across locations, the rates of specific events often differed. CONCLUSIONS: Historical, political, geographic, and cultural factors may explain differences in trauma exposure among women in the four locations studied. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study offers relevant knowledge for providers in diverse locations who provide services to women who have experienced traumatic events and provides evidence for the need for future research to further enhance knowledge of trauma exposure among women, and on the effects of trauma in women's lives.


Psychological Trauma/epidemiology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Colombia/epidemiology , Female , Hong Kong/epidemiology , Humans , Middle Aged , Prevalence , United States/epidemiology , Young Adult
3.
Health Care Women Int ; 32(7): 599-612, 2011 Jul.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21728882

We undertook the translation and adaptation of an instrument developed to measure women's lifetime trauma exposure, the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSC-R), in order to determine its utility and cultural appropriateness with Colombian Spanish-speaking women. The LSC-R was forward and backward translated and administered to a sample (N = 217) of community-based women volunteers in Medellín, Colombia. Open-ended questions were included to assess the construct validity and cultural appropriateness of the LSC-R. The LSC-R was found to be valid and easily understood. Trauma exposure was common, but its assessment was not overly distressing to Colombian women.


Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis , Stress, Psychological/diagnosis , Surveys and Questionnaires/standards , Translating , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Checklist , Colombia , Cultural Characteristics , Female , Humans , Language , Life Change Events , Middle Aged , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Reproducibility of Results , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Young Adult
4.
Health Care Women Int ; 31(10): 946-61, 2010 Oct.
Article En | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20835943

Our purpose in this study was to examine the relationship between interpersonal violence and background traumas and symptom distress in a community sample of Colombian women (N = 217). We utilized the Life Stressor Checklist-Revised (LSC-R) to measure lifetime interpersonal violence (IPV) and background trauma exposure and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) to measure current symptom distress. Although both exposures were common in this sample, IPV was strongly correlated with current symptom distress; background traumas made no unique contribution to the variance in current symptom distress. Based on our findings, it is suggested that interpersonal events may be particularly distressing.


Battered Women/psychology , Domestic Violence/psychology , Interpersonal Relations , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology , Stress, Psychological/psychology , Adolescent , Aged , Colombia , Cross-Sectional Studies , Domestic Violence/ethnology , Female , Health Status , Humans , Life Change Events , Mental Health , Middle Aged , Psychiatric Status Rating Scales , Residence Characteristics , Socioeconomic Factors , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnosis , Women's Health , Young Adult
5.
Rev. latinoam. psicol ; 38(3): 523-534, dic. 2006. ilus, tab
Article Es | LILACS | ID: lil-490195

The study describes the construction of a 12 item scale serving to identify the stage within the process of change lived by battered women. Several tests were conducted to measure reliability and concurrent validity of the instrument in a sample of 199 women consulting 11 out of 17 Family Resource Centers of Medellín, Colombia. Women ranged in age from 16 to 72 years old, mean 35.47, (s = 10.00); 95 percent of these women had a low household income. Findings report that most of the women were located in the second stage of the process of change. Up to this moment they realize that have been battered, but they stay in the violent relationship. In order to survive they begin to protect themselves. Cronbach´s alpha with the current sample was 0.80, which indicate that the information collected had internal consistency. The scale contributes to enhance interventions that involve battered women, recognizing that these women live a process of change during their violent relationship and that they work to overcome the abuse. Also they experience different needs depending of the stage of behavioral change where they are located.


Este artículo describe la construcción de una escala de 12 ítems para identificar la etapa del proceso de cambio en que se encuentran las mujeres que son maltratadas por sus compañeros afectivos. Se realizaron varias pruebas para medir la confiabilidad y la validez del instrumento. Se aplicó a una muestra de 199 mujeres consultantes en 11 de las 17 Comisarías de Familia de la ciudad de Medellín, cuyas edades fluctuaron entre 16 y 72 años, media de 35.47 años (s = 10.00), el 95 por ciento de ellas pertenecía al estrato socioeconómico bajo. Los resultados muestran que la mayor proporción de mujeres se encuentra en la etapa 2 del proceso de cambio, es decir, se dan cuenta de que son maltratadas, permanecen en la relación, pero empiezan a realizar actividades para protegerse. La confiabilidad de la escala medida con el Coeficiente de Cronbach, indicó que la información con ella obtenida es consistente internamente, alfa = 0,80. La aplicación del instrumento puede contribuir a enriquecer las intervenciones dirigidas a las mujeres maltratadas en tanto reconoce que las mujeres viven un proceso de cambio, durante la relación conyugal violenta, orientado a superar la situación y experimentan necesidades diferentes dependiendo de la etapa de cambio conductual en que se encuentran.

6.
Colomb. med ; 37(2): 133-141, abr.-jun. 2006. tab
Article Es | LILACS | ID: lil-585808

Objetivo: Este trabajo establece la correlación entre distrés en mujeres maltratadas y malos tratos inflingidos por sus compañeros. Materiales y métodos: La muestra la constituyen 199 mujeres consultantes por violencia doméstica a las comisarías de familia de Medellín, durante el año 2003. Para medir el distrés se utilizó la lista de Síntomas de distrés (SCL-90R) de Derogatis y para medir los malos tratos la Escala de Tácticas de Resolución de Conflictos (CTS) de Straus y Gelles. La edad de las mujeres osciló entre 16 y 72 años, media de 35.47 años y desviación estándar de 10.00. Resultados: Se calcularon los promedios de las nueve dimensiones de síntomas primarios y los tres índices globales de distrés, que son significativamente mayores, p<0.0001, que los valores de referencia establecidos por Derogatis para mujeres no pacientes y cercanos a los de las mujeres pacientes psiquiátricas en tratamiento ambulatorio, pues los superan en algunas dimensiones. Se calcularon el índice total de violencia y el de severidad de las lesiones; se vio correlación con los tres índices globales y las nueve dimensiones de síntomas de la SCL-90R. El síndrome de estrés post-traumático se encontró en 54.2% de las mujeres, que presentaron mayor frecuencia de agresiones mayores con o sin ataque sexual, p de 0.0091 y 0.027, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los estudios en violencia doméstica muestran una relación compleja entre estrés y malos tratos, ambos factores de riesgo para el deterioro de la salud y calidad de vida de las mujeres. La aplicación de los instrumentos puede aumentar las oportunidades para la comunicación con las mujeres e incrementar el reconocimiento del problema y sus consecuencias.


Objective: This paper deals with the correlation between distress in battered women and abuse by their mates.Materials and methods: The sample involves 199 women referring their domestic violence cases to family legal agencies in Medellín, Colombia, during 2003. To measure distress the Derogatis Distress Symptom List (SCL-90R) was used. To measure abuse the Strauss and Gelles Conflict Tactics Scale (SCT) was used. The age of the women was between 16 and 72 yo. Average age 35.47 years. Standard deviation 10.00. Results: According to SCL-90R nine primary symptoms dimensions and three global distress indexes were calculated.Those are superior (p< 0.0001), than the reference values established by Derogatis for non-patient women and close to the women’s psychiatric patients ambulatory treatment. The total violence index and the severity of the injuries index were calculated and a correlation was found with the three global indexes and the nine symptom dimensions in the SCL-90R. The posttraumatic stresssyndrome was found in 54.2% of the women that presented more frequent major agressions, with or without sexual attack, respectively p 0.091 and 0.027. Conclusions: Studies on domestic violence indicate a complex relationship between stress and battering. Both are risk factors for women’s health and quality of life. The application of instruments could enhance the opportunities for communication with the women and increases the recognition of the problem and its consequences.


Female , Battered Women , Domestic Violence , Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic , Stress, Psychological , Women
7.
Index enferm ; 14(50): 20-24, nov. 2005.
Article Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-053053

Estudio cualitativo que explora el proceso de toma de decisiones en la reproducción. Describe el contexto para dicha decisión. Se entrevistan 17 hombres y 23 mujeres, entre 20 y 35 años, de diferentes estratos sociales, procedencias y niveles educativos, con relación de pareja mayor a un año. Metodológicamente se apoya en la teoría fundada y el interaccionismo simbólico. Los hallazgos muestran diferentes significados de reproducirse y de interpretar las normas de género, los cuales guían las decisiones sobre la descendencia. Cuando las parejas entienden la reproducción como un fin, deciden prepararse y planear el número y el momento de realizarla. Son decisiones dialogadas y concertadas a la luz de sus planes de vida. Cuando entienden reproducirse como un medio para lograr fines individuales, como son, desde lo masculino obtener placer sexual o cuidados, y desde lo femenino, encontrar estabilidad afectiva, emocional y económica para tener unas determinadas condiciones de vida, las decisiones son individuales no negociadas. No se preparan, e interpretan rígidamente las normas de género, lo cual conduce a relaciones de inequidad. La reproducción no es motivo de preocupación y en consecuencia, los hijos aparecen inesperadamente, lo que se convierte en motivo permanente de conflicto entre la pareja


Qualitative study which explores the decision-making process in reproduction. This article describes the context to decide reproduction. Seventeen (17) men and 23 women, between 20 and 35 years old from different social strata and educational levels, with over one year of couple relationship were interviewed. This study is methodologically based on the funded theory and symbolic interactionism. The findings show different meanings of reproduction and interpretation of the principles of gender which guide the decisions regarding offspring. When a couple understands reproduction as an end, they decide to prepare themselves and to plan the number of children and the moment of their arrival. Their decisions are shared and concerted, and guided by their life plans. When they take reproduction as a means to achieve individual purposes, such as, sexual pleasure or care for the male, and affective, economic and emotional stability as well as certain economic conditions for the female, their decisions are individual but not negotiated. They do not prepare themselves and do not interpret gender principles and make unfair decisions. They do not worry about reproduction, and consequently, their children appear unexpectedly. This event becomes a source of conflict between them


Adult , Humans , Reproductive Behavior/psychology , Decision Making , Sexual Partners , Qualitative Research , Interviews as Topic
8.
Invest. educ. enferm ; 17(2): 109-118, sept. 1999.
Article Es | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-396722

Teniendo en cuenta la importancia del autocuidado en la promoción de la vida y el bienestar de los seres humanos, el presente artículo hace un recuento histórico de las prácticas y creencias occidentales relacionadas con el cuidado, las cuales pueden explicar, en parte, la forma actual del cuidado, entender su significado y asumir la responsabilidad frente a éste. Luego, en el marco de las nuevas concepciones de salud y promoción de la salud, propone una nueva forma de asumir un autocuidado con rostro humano como estrategia fundamental para promover la vida y el bienestar de las personas, de acuerdo con sus características culturales de género, etnia, clase y ciclo vital.


Quality of Life , Self Care , Health Promotion
9.
Invest. educ. enferm ; 8(2): 35-52, sept. 1990. tab
Article Es | LILACS, BDENF | ID: lil-457963

El artículo Hacia un nuevo enfoque del desarrollo humano contiene los teóricos que sustentan una orientación de carácter humanista, basada en la satisfacción de necesidades básicas, surgido como otra alternativa contrapuesta a la concepción materialista del desarrollo, fundamentada ésta en modelos económicos y mecanicistas, los cuales han acompañado los programas de desarrollo durante mucho tiempo no viéndose resultados positivos y continuados con las desigualdades sociales que desequilibran la calidad de vida de las personas. Dicho enfoque se basa en un modelo de desarrollo dirigido a "las personas y no a los objetos", con una visión integral del hombre que conduzca al mejoramiento físico, intelectual, social, cultural y moral del ser humano, propendiendo así por un mejoramiento de su calidad de vida. Dicha concepción implica el cambio de actitud en la forma de ver el desarrollo, de ver la vida y su entorno. Es por esto, que en la siguiente reflexión se propone describir las diferntes teorías propuestas por algunos investigadores sociales, especialmente en el campo de las necesidades humanas; como son Max Neef, Marta Arango y Agnes Heller, los cuales involucran una serie de aspectos importantes no contemplados en modelos anteriores; como el concebir la realización de necesidades humanas, no basadas en lineariedades jerárquicas como propuso Maslow, sino en las simultaneidades de acuerdo con los autodiagnósticos efectuados por las personas o grupos hacia donde vaya dirigida la acción. A su vez dan gran importancia a las necesidades de tipo cualitativo sin descuidar los cuantitativos.


Human Development
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