OBJECTIVES: Infective endocarditis (IE) has high mortality and morbidity and requires long hospital stays to deliver the antibiotic treatment recommended in clinical practice guidelines. We aimed to analyse the health outcomes of the use of dalbavancin (DBV) in the consolidation treatment of IEs caused by Gram-positive cocci and to perform a pharmacoeconomic study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational, retrospective, Spanish multicentre study in patients with IE who received DBV as part of antibiotic treatment in consolidation phase were followed for at least 12 months. The study was approved by the Provincial Committee of the coordinating centre. RESULTS: The study included 124 subjects, 70.2% male, with a mean age of 67.4 years and median Charlson index of 4 (interquartile range: 2.5-6). Criteria for definite IE were met by 91.1%. Coagulase-negative staphylococci (38.8%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.6%), Enterococcus faecalis (19.4%), and Streptococcus Spp. (9.7%) were isolated more frequently, all susceptible to vancomycin. Before DVB administration, 91.2% had undergone surgery; 60.5% had received a second regimen for 24.5 d (16.6-56); and 20.2% had received a third regimen for 14.5 d (12-19.5). DBV was administered to facilitate discharge in 95.2% of cases. At 12 months, the effectiveness was of 95.9%, and there was 0.8% loss to follow-up, 0.8% IE-related death, and 3.2% relapse. Adverse events were recorded in 3.2%. The hospital stay was reduced by 14 d, and there was a mean savings of 5548.57 /patient vs. conventional treatments. CONCLUSION: DBV is highly effective, safe, and cost-effective as consolidation therapy in patients with IE by Gram-positive cocci, with few adverse events.
Endocarditis, Bacterial , Endocarditis , Gram-Positive Cocci , Humans , Male , Aged , Female , Retrospective Studies , Consolidation Chemotherapy , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Endocarditis, Bacterial/drug therapy , Endocarditis/drug therapy
BACKGROUND: Infection by the SARS-Cov-2 virus produces in humans a disease of highly variable and unpredictable severity. The presence of frequent genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the population might lead to a greater susceptibility to infection or an exaggerated inflammatory response. SARS-CoV-2 requires the presence of the ACE2 protein to enter in the cell and ACE2 is a regulator of the renin-angiotensin system. Accordingly, we studied the associations between 8 SNPs from AGTR1, ACE2 and ACE genes and the severity of the disease produced by the SARS-Cov-2 virus. METHODS: 318 (aged 59.6±17.3 years, males 62.6%) COVID-19 patients were grouped based on the severity of symptoms: Outpatients (n = 104, 32.7%), hospitalized on the wards (n = 73, 23.0%), Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (n = 84, 26.4%) and deceased (n = 57, 17.9%). Comorbidity data (diabetes, hypertension, obesity, lung disease and cancer) were collected for adjustment. Genotype distribution of 8 selected SNPs among the severity groups was analyzed. RESULTS: Four SNPs in ACE2 were associated with the severity of disease. While rs2074192 andrs1978124showed a protector effectassuming an overdominant model of inheritance (G/A vs. GG-AA, OR = 0.32, 95%CI = 0.12-0.82; p = 0.016 and A/G vs. AA-GG, OR = 0.37, 95%CI: 0.14-0.96; p = 0.038, respectively); the SNPs rs2106809 and rs2285666were associated with an increased risk of being hospitalized and a severity course of the disease with recessive models of inheritance (C/C vs. T/C-T/T, OR = 11.41, 95% CI: 1.12-115.91; p = 0.012) and (A/A vs. GG-G/A, OR = 12.61, 95% CI: 1.26-125.87; p = 0.0081). As expected, an older age (OR = 1.47), male gender (OR = 1.98) and comorbidities (OR = 2.52) increased the risk of being admitted to ICU or death vs more benign outpatient course. Multivariable analysis demonstrated the role of the certain genotypes (ACE2) with the severity of COVID-19 (OR: 0.31, OR 0.37 for rs2074192 and rs1978124, and OR = 2.67, OR = 2.70 for rs2106809 and rs2285666, respectively). Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in hospitalized group for I/D SNP in ACE was not showed (p<0.05), which might be due to the association with the disease. No association between COVID-19 disease and the different AGTR1 SNPs was evidenced on multivariable, nevertheless the A/A genotype for rs5183 showed an higher hospitalization risk in patients with comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: Different genetic variants in ACE2 were associated with a severe clinical course and death groups of patients with COVID-19. ACE2 common SNPs in the population might modulate severity of COVID-19 infection independently of other known markers like gender, age and comorbidities.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics , COVID-19/pathology , Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics , SARS-CoV-2/genetics , Severity of Illness Index , Aged , COVID-19/genetics , COVID-19/virology , Female , Genotype , Humans , Male , Middle Aged
Introducción: Nuestro objetivo es evaluar el impacto de la participación activa del especialista en Patología Infecciosa en el pronóstico de los enfermos con bacteriemia/candidemia. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio observacional, longitudinal y prospectivo de una cohorte de pacientes con bacteriemia/candidemia en un hospital de tercer nivel (2010-2011). Se analizaron los factores asociados con fracaso terapéutico (persistencia de la bacteriemia/candidemia o muerte relacionada) mediante análisis bivariante y multivariante. Resultados: Se valoraron un total de 324 episodios de bacteriemia/candidemia significativa, de los que en 252 pacientes (78%) el Servicio de Medicina Interna Infecciosas aplicó un sistema de participación activa (recomendación sobre el tratamiento antibiótico). La adquisición de la bacteriemia se consideró nosocomial o relacionada con cuidados sanitarios en 154 pacientes (47,5%) y comunitaria en 170 (52,5%). Los focos de infección más frecuentemente identificados fueron: urinario (31%), catéter vascular (14%), intraabdominal (12%) y desconocido (15%). El 31,6% era portador de sonda vesical y el 35,4%, de catéter venoso central. El 24% de los pacientes no presentaban fiebre (>38 °C) en el momento de cursar los hemocultivos. La bacteriemia fue persistente en 35 pacientes (11%). La mortalidad global fue del 17,4% y del 15% relacionada ("fracaso" terapéutico, 20%). Se asociaron a un mayor fracaso terapéutico el índice de Pitt ≥ 3 (OR 7,94), McCabe III (OR 3,11), uso previo de antibióticos (OR 2,93) y la ausencia de participación activa de los especialistas clínicos en Patología Infecciosa (OR 2,44). Conclusiones: En la cohorte de pacientes con bacteriemia/candidemia estudiada, la gravedad de la enfermedad de base, la gravedad al inicio, el uso previo de antibióticos y la ausencia de participación activa de los especialistas clínicos en Patología Infecciosa se asociaron a fracaso terapéutico.
Introduction: Our objective is to evaluate the impact of active care by an Infectious Diseases specialist (IDS) on the outcome of patients with bacteraemia/candidemia. Patients and methods: Observational, longitudinal and prospective study of a cohort of patients with bacteraemia/candidemia in a tertiary level hospital (2010-2011). Factors associated with treatment failure (persistent bacteraemia or related death) were analysed (bivariate and multivariate analysis). Results: A total of 324 episodes of bacteraemia were included, of which surveillance by IDS was implemented in 252 cases (78%). Acquisition was considered nosocomial or healthcare-related in 154 patients (47.5%) and community acquired in 170 (52.5%). More frequent sources of bacteraemia were urinary tract (31%), vascular catheter (14%), intra-abdominal (12%); and unknown (15%); 31.6% had a urinary catheter and 35.4% had a central venous catheter. When blood cultures were processed, 24% of patients had no fever (> 38 °C). Bacteraemia was persistent in 35 patients (11%). Overall mortality was 17.4% and 15% related (therapeutic "failure", 20%). Failure was associated with Pitt ≥ 3 (OR 7.94), McCabe III (OR 3.11), previous use of antibiotics (OR 2.93) and no active care by IDS (OR 2.44). Conclusions: In our study cohort, severity at presentation, underlying medical conditions, previous antibiotic use and no active Infectious Diseases specialist care were statistically associated with mortality or microbiological failure.
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Communicable Diseases , Bacteremia , Patient Care , Infectious Disease Medicine , Candidemia , Pathologists
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an infrequent cause of severe infectious endocarditis (IE). The aim of our study was to describe the epidemiology, clinical and microbiological characteristics, and outcome of a series of cases of S. pneumoniae IE diagnosed in Spain and in a series of cases published since 2000 in the medical literature. We prospectively collected all cases of IE diagnosed in a multicenter cohort of patients from 27 Spanish hospitals (n = 2539). We also performed a systematic review of the literature since 2000 and retrieved all cases with complete clinical data using a pre-established protocol. Predictors of mortality were identified using a logistic regression model. We collected 111 cases of pneumococcal IE: 24 patients from the Spanish cohort and 87 cases from the literature review. Median age was 51 years, and 23 patients (20.7%) were under 15 years. Men accounted for 64% of patients, and infection was community-acquired in 96.4% of cases. The most important underlying conditions were liver disease (27.9%) and immunosuppression (10.8%). A predisposing heart condition was present in only 18 patients (16.2%). Pneumococcal IE affected a native valve in 93.7% of patients. Left-sided endocarditis predominated (aortic valve 53.2% and mitral valve 40.5%). The microbiological diagnosis was obtained from blood cultures in 84.7% of cases. In the Spanish cohort, nonsusceptibility to penicillin was detected in 4.2%. The most common clinical manifestations included fever (71.2%), a new heart murmur (55%), pneumonia (45.9%), meningitis (40.5%), and Austrian syndrome (26.1%). Cardiac surgery was performed in 47.7% of patients. The in-hospital mortality rate was 20.7%. The multivariate analysis revealed the independent risk factors for mortality to be meningitis (OR, 4.3; 95% CI, 1.4-12.9; P < 0.01). Valve surgery was protective (OR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.04-0.4; P < 0.01). Streptococcus pneumoniae IE is a community-acquired disease that mainly affects native aortic valves. Half of the cases in the present study had concomitant pneumonia, and a considerable number developed meningitis. Mortality was high, mainly in patients with central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Surgery was protective.
Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Endocarditis, Bacterial/physiopathology , Endocarditis, Bacterial/therapy , Pneumococcal Infections/drug therapy , Pneumococcal Infections/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/administration & dosage , Cardiac Surgical Procedures , Comorbidity , Endocarditis, Bacterial/microbiology , Female , Humans , Immunocompromised Host , Male , Middle Aged , Opportunistic Infections/physiopathology , Spain , Young Adult
