Highly sensitive electrochemiluminescence detection of a prostate cancer biomarker.

Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), a glycoprotein expressed in the prostatic epithelium endowed with enzymatic activity, is a very promising diagnostic marker for the early detection of prostate cancer. In this study, we report a novel electrochemiluminescence ELISA-like immunosensor based on carbon nanotubes and a highly specific sandwich immunoassay for the PSMA detection. To fabricate the device, an optically transparent electrode was modified with doubly functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes carrying amine groups and a monoclonal anti-PSMA antibody. Subsequently, to complete the sandwich immunosensing device, a second specific monoclonal anti-PSMA antibody was labelled with a electrochemiluminescent probe. Under optimized experimental conditions, the proposed sensing device exhibits a performance exceeding that of the state of-the-art in terms of the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) as good as 0.88 ng mL-1 and 2.60 ng mL-1, respectively, in real complex samples such as cell lysates. In addition, the unique role of carbon nanotubes is also discussed by comparison with an analogue sensor assembled without the nanocarbon-based material.

Dental management in pregnancy: recent trends.

This review analyzes the changes that occur during normal pregnancy and describes the main odontogenic infections, suggesting the actual best approach in dental management. Several studies support the hypothesis that periodontal disease is associated with preterm labour and other conditions complicating pregnancy, such as pre-eclampsia and fetal growth restriction. Appropriate dental care and prevention during pregnancy may reduce poor prenatal outcomes and eliminating risk factors. Dental examination before pregnancy is strongly suggested in order to act early on dental and periodontal diseases. Prevention means reducing the presence of bacterial plaque through professional hygiene sessions, education, and motivation to proper oral hygiene at home, education in proper nutrition, a balanced diet, and low intake of sugars. For these reasons, it is essential to have a more intense interdisciplinary collaboration between gynecologist and dentist in order to achieve an optimal women's health, during this particular time in their lives.

Laparoendoscopic single-site surgery for the assessment of peritoneal carcinomatosis resectability in patients with advanced ovarian cancer.

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of laparoendoscopic single site surgery (LESS) for the assessment of peritoneal carcinomatosis resectability in patients with advanced stage ovarian cancer (AOC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients affected by advanced stage ovarian cancer who underwent LESS for operative work-up. A standard cytoreductive laparotomy surgery (CRS) was performed. RESULTS: Fifty-two women affected by AOC underwent LESS for operative work-up. The peritoneal cancer score was completed in 49 (94%) patients by use of LESS; 34/37 (92%) patients considered with a resectable disease were effectively optimally debulked and 15/52 (28%) patients considered with an unresectable disease received before neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and then underwent surgery. CONCLUSION: LESS is feasible, safe, and is an alternative minimally invasive procedure to assess the resectability of AOC patients.

P16INK4a as a progression/regression tumour marker in LSIL cervix lesions: our clinical experience.

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: The aim of this prospective study was the evaluation of low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) lesions evolvement in woman with evidence of high risk HPV infection and p 16 4a negative expression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 150 women with cytological diagnosis of LSIL were selected to be underwent to three years of follow-up consisting in smear test, colposcopy, and protein p16I4a investigation every six months and HPV-test every 12 months. RESULT: Final follow-up showed 45 cases of spontaneous lesion regression and 42 cases of persistence with absence of protein p164NK4a in all of them. There were three cases of disease progression to CIN2, two at 18-month follow-up and one at last follow-up. Disease progression was characterized of p16NK4a expression. CONCLUSION: p16l4a should help to identify which LSIL cases are inclined to the progression of the disease and focalize which patients are eligible for specific treatment.

Systemic nickel allergy syndrome: epidemiological data from four Italian allergy units.

The prevalence of nickel hyper-sensitivity varies widely in different countries, nevertheless it is the leading cause of contact dermatitis. The presence of nickel in the diet (mainly plant foods) in some nickel-sensitive subjects can provoke/aggravate eczema and systemic contact dermatitis as well as cause extra-cutaneous symptoms (respiratory, gastrointestinal, neurological). These symptoms, correlated to the ingestion of nickel-containing foods and beverages, in nickel patch test positive individuals, defines the so called Systemic Nickel Allergy Syndrome (SNAS), a condition successfully treated by oral desensitization. Although numerous studies have investigated the prevalence of contact nickel allergy or addressed the relationship between nickel intake and onset of systemic symptoms, to our knowledge no epidemiological studies have attempted to estimate the prevalence of SNAS. Therefore, we decided to evaluate consecutive patients (1,696), afferent to four allergy units in Sicily, a region of southern Italy, from October 2010 to March 2011. SNAS was confirmed in 98 patients (5.78 percent) of the 1,696 studied, suggesting that this clinical entity may be an emergent allergological condition rather than an occasional finding. The most common symptoms complained of in our population were cutaneous (51 patients), gastrointestinal (87 patients) and other systemic clinical manifestations (37 patients). Furthermore, 16 out of the 98 SNAS patients (16.3 percent) presented IgE-mediated food allergy with a statistically significant association (X2=16.950; P<0.0001), therefore suggesting underlying cross-facilitating pathways. These findings need confirmation on wider populations but may help allergists to suspect, during common clinical practice, that cutaneous and extra-cutaneous symptoms may be referred to nickel intake and deserve specific in-depth investigation.

Validating measures of free-living physical activity in overweight and obese subjects using an accelerometer.

BACKGROUND: Free-living physical activity can be assessed with an accelerometer to estimate energy expenditure but its validity in overweight and obese subjects remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: Here, we validated published prediction equations derived in a lean population with the TracmorD accelerometer (DirectLife, Philips Consumer Lifestyle) in a population of overweight and obese. We also explored possible improvements of new equations specifically developed in overweight and obese subjects. DESIGN: Subjects were 11 men and 25 women (age: 41±7 years; body mass index: 31.0±2.5 kg m(-2)). Physical activity was monitored under free-living conditions with TracmorD, whereas total energy expenditure was measured simultaneously with doubly-labeled water. Physical activity level (PAL) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) were calculated from total energy expenditure and sleeping metabolic rate. RESULTS: The published prediction equation explained 47% of the variance of the measured PAL (P<0.001). PAL estimates were unbiased (errors (bias±95% confidence interval): -0.02±0.28). Measured and predicted AEE/body weight were highly correlated (r(2)=58%, P<0.001); however, the prediction model showed a significant bias of 8 kJ kg(-1) per day or 17.4% of the average AEE/body weight. The new prediction equation of AEE/body weight developed in the obese group showed no bias. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, equations derived with the TracmorD allow valid assessment of PAL and AEE/body weight in overweight and obese subjects. There is evidence that estimates of AEE/body weight could be affected by gender. Equations specifically developed in overweight and obese can improve the accuracy of predictions of AEE/body weight.

Molecular and clinical analysis of a neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism case caused by a stop mutation in the calcium-sensing receptor extracellular domain representing in effect a human 'knockout'.

OBJECTIVE: Loss-of-function calcium-sensing receptor (CAR) mutations cause elevated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion and hypercalcaemia. Although full Car deletion is possible in mice, most human CAR mutations result from a single amino acid substitution that maintains partial function. However, here, we report a case of neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT) in which the truncated CaR lacks any transmembrane domain (CaR(R392X)), in effect a full CAR 'knockout'. CASE REPORT: The infant (daughter of distant cousins) presented with hypercalcaemia (5.5-6  mmol/l corrected calcium (2.15-2.65)) and elevated PTH concentrations (650-950  pmol/l (12-81)) together with skeletal demineralisation. NSHPT was confirmed by CAR gene sequencing (homozygous c.1174C-to-T mutation) requiring total parathyroidectomy during which only two glands were located and removed, resulting in normalisation of her serum PTH/calcium levels. DESIGN AND METHODS: The R392X stop codon was inserted into human CAR and the resulting mutant (CaR(R392X)) expressed transiently in HEK-293 cells. RESULTS: CaR(R392X) expressed as a 54  kDa dimeric glycoprotein that was undetectable in conditioned medium or in the patient's urine. The membrane localisation observed for wild-type CaR in parathyroid gland and transfected HEK-293 cells was absent from the proband's parathyroid gland and from CaR(R392X)-transfected cells. Expression of the mutant was localised to endoplasmic reticulum consistent with its lack of functional activity. CONCLUSIONS: Intriguingly, the patient remained normocalcaemic throughout childhood (2.5 mM corrected calcium, 11 pg/ml PTH (10-71), age 8 years) but exhibited mild asymptomatic hypocalcaemia at age 10 years, now treated with 1-hydroxycholecalciferol and Ca2+ supplementation. Despite representing a virtual CAR knockout, the patient displays no obvious pathologies beyond her calcium homeostatic dysfunction.

Is the haematopoietic effect of testosterone mediated by erythropoietin? The results of a clinical trial in older men.

The stimulatory effects of testosterone on erythropoiesis are very well known, but the mechanisms underlying the erythropoietic action of testosterone are still poorly understood, although erythropoietin has long been considered a potential mediator. A total of 108 healthy men >65 years old with serum testosterone concentration <475 ng/dL were recruited by direct mailings to alumni of the University of Pennsylvania and Temple University, and randomized to receive a 60-cm(2) testosterone or placebo patch for 36 months. Ninety-six subjects completed the trial. We used information and stored serum specimens from this trial to test the hypothesis that increasing testosterone increases haemoglobin by stimulating erythropoietin production. We used information of 67 men, 43 in the testosterone group and 24 in the placebo group who had banked specimens available for assays of testosterone, haemoglobin and erythropoietin at baseline and after 36 months. The original randomized clinical study was primarily designed to verify the effects of testosterone on bone mineral density. The primary outcome of this report was to investigate whether or not transdermal testosterone increases haemoglobin by increasing erythropoietin levels. The mean age ± SD of the 67 subjects at baseline was 71.8 ± 4.9 years. Testosterone replacement therapy for 36 months, as compared with placebo, induced a significant increase in haemoglobin (0.86 ± 0.31 g/dL, p = 0.01), but no change in erythropoietin levels (-0.24 ± 2.16 mIU/mL, p = 0.91). Included time-varying measure of erythropoietin did not significantly account for the effect of testosterone on haemoglobin (Treatment-by-time: ß = 0.93, SE = 0.33, p = 0.01). No serious adverse effect was observed. Transdermal testosterone treatment of older men for 36 months significantly increased haemoglobin, but not erythropoietin levels. The haematopoietic effect of testosterone does not appear to be mediated by stimulation of erythropoietin production.

Role of the TNFA -308G > A polymorphism in the genetic susceptibility to acne vulgaris in a Sicilian population.

BACKGROUND: Acne vulgaris is a common and clinically well-characterized skin disease that affects a great proportion of the general population and thus, is a major public health problem. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether TNFA -308 G > A polymorphism might be involved in the pathogenesis of acne in a population from Sicily. METHODS: A total of 74 patients with acne and of 88 healthy control subjects from Catania, Italy were examined in the present study. TNFA -308 G > A polymorphisms using the PCR-RFLP method were determined in DNA extracted from buccal swabs. RESULTS: When controls were compared to acne patients, their genotype distributions, respectively G/G: 64.3%, G/A: 35.7% and G/G: 74.0%, G/A: 26.0%, were shown to be different, although not statistically significant (p = 0.191). A significant protective association between the TNFA -308 GA genotype and acne in males (p = 0.027; OR95% CI: 0.288; 0.094-0.889) was shown. CONCLUSIONS: The present results suggest that TNFA -308 polymorphism may contribute to acne susceptibility, as suggested by the protective effect of the G/A phenotype in the males of the Sicilian cohort. Further studies in larger groups, investigating the TNFA -308G/A or other polymorphisms of this gene in acne patients may be helpful to clarify the pathogenesis of the disease.

The hormonal pathway to cognitive impairment in older men.

In older men there is a multiple hormonal dysregulation with a relative prevalence of catabolic hormones such as thyroid hormones and cortisol and a decline in anabolic hormones such as dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, testosterone and insulin like growth factor 1 levels. Many studies suggest that this catabolic milieu is an important predictor of frailty and mortality in older persons. There is a close relationship between frailty and cognitive impairment with studies suggesting that development of frailty is consequence of cognitive impairment and others pointing out that physical frailty is a determinant of cognitive decline. Decline in cognitive function, typically memory, is a major symptom of dementia. The "preclinical phase" of cognitive impairment occurs many years before the onset of dementia. The identification of relevant modifiable factors, including the hormonal dysregulation, may lead to therapeutic strategies for preventing the cognitive dysfunction. There are several mechanisms by which anabolic hormones play a role in neuroprotection and neuromodulation. These hormones facilitate recovery after brain injury and attenuate the neuronal loss. In contrast, elevated thyroid hormones may increase oxidative stress and apoptosis, leading to neuronal damage or death. In this mini review we will address the relationship between low levels of anabolic hormones, changes in thyroid hormones and cognitive function in older men. Then, giving the contradictory data of the literature and the multi-factorial origin of dementia, we will introduce the hypothesis of multiple hormonal derangement as a better determinant of cognitive decline in older men.

Cell culture models and animal models for studying the patho-physiological role of renal aquaporins.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are key players regulating urinary-concentrating ability. To date, eight aquaporins have been characterized and localized along the nephron, namely, AQP1 located in the proximal tubule, thin descending limb of Henle, and vasa recta; AQP2, AQP3 and AQP4 in collecting duct principal cells; AQP5 in intercalated cell type B; AQP6 in intercalated cells type A in the papilla; AQP7, AQP8 and AQP11 in the proximal tubule. AQP2, whose expression and cellular distribution is dependent on vasopressin stimulation, is involved in hereditary and acquired diseases affecting urine-concentrating mechanisms. Due to the lack of selective aquaporin inhibitors, the patho-physiological role of renal aquaporins has not yet been completely clarified, and despite extensive studies, several questions remain unanswered. Until the recent and large-scale development of genetic manipulation technology, which has led to the generation of transgenic mice models, our knowledge on renal aquaporin regulation was mainly based on in vitro studies with suitable renal cell models. Transgenic and knockout technology approaches are providing pivotal information on the role of aquaporins in health and disease. The main goal of this review is to update and summarize what we can learn from cell and animal models that will shed more light on our understanding of aquaporin-dependent renal water regulation.

Relationship between testosterone deficiency and cardiovascular risk and mortality in adult men.

Classic male hypogonadism is associated with known adverse effects including decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, osteoporosis, and changes in body composition. Recently, we have come to appreciate that reduction in serum testosterone (T) levels resulting from aging or chronic disease or androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) have consequences similar to those seen in classic male hypogonadism which include increased fat mass, decreased lean body mass, decreased muscle strength, and sexual dysfunction. These data suggest that low T levels may represent a newly recognized cardiometabolic risk factor. Therefore, we carried out a careful review of the literature, focusing on major turning points of research and studies which gave more important and controversial contribution to the cardiovascular role of T. Observational studies and clinical trials investigating the relationship between T levels and cardiovascular disease and mortality were identified byMedline search. The results were synthesized, tabulated, and interpreted. The aim of this review is to discuss the association between low T levels and adverse metabolic profile such as insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. We will also investigate the potential mechanisms by which male hypogonadism, especially age related or induced by ADT, may increase cardio-metabolic risk. Finally we will detail the emerging relationship between low T and mortality in men addressing also the reverse hypothesis that low T has a protective role by turning off T-dependent functions.

Increase in the prevalence of the MTHFR 677 TT polymorphism in women born since 1959: potential implications for folate requirements.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Folate has been recognized to ensure reproductive health and there is a growing body of epidemiological evidence suggesting that the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677T allele and reduced dietary folate may increase the risk of cervical cancer. The main focus of our survey was to investigate the distribution of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism in relation to women's year of birth and to assess their folate intake and folic acid supplementation. SUBJECTS/METHODS: During a 6-months period, 307 healthy women of childbearing age in Catania, Italy, were enrolled in the cross-sectional study. Folate intake was estimated by a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire and DNA extracted from blood samples for MTHFR C677T genotyping. RESULTS: A TT genotype frequency of 20.5% with an increase in the prevalence of the TT genotype in the cohort of women born since 1959 was shown. The prevalence of inadequate folate intake was 51.5%, significantly higher in non-pregnant women (83.4%) than in pregnant ones (12.3%) with a decrease during the three trimesters of pregnancy (from 25.7 to 5.0%; P=0.013). The use of folic acid supplements improved during the three trimester of pregnancy (from 71.4 to 95.0%; P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Healthy young women may have higher folate needs due to increasing prevalence of the T allele and reduced folate intake compared with older groups. However, clinicians should be cautious when recommending supplements to women in late pregnancy due to the possible implications in the pregnancy outcome.

Aquaporin-2 urinary excretion in preterm infants: relationship to diuresis and vasopressin.

AIMS: Few investigations have explored the urinary aquaporin-2 (u-AQP2) excretion pattern after birth in preterm infants with conflicting results regarding the correlation between u-AQP2, urinary osmolality and vasopressin. The aims of this study were to evaluate u-AQP2 excretion during the first week of life in preterm infants, to correlate u-AQP2 with other markers of renal function and to investigate the relationship between u-AQP2, urinary tonicity and arginine-vasopressin in the immature kidney. METHODS: In infants born less than 33 weeks daily diuresis, u-AQP2, urinary arginine-vasopressin, urine and plasma tonicity, creatinine and electrolytes were measured through the first 7 days of life. RESULTS: Fifty-five infants were evaluated. u-AQP2 excretion showed the following profile: the highest u-AQP2 levels were found on day 2 and values remained significantly higher until day 5 with respect to day 1. On day 6, u-AQP2 levels significantly decreased to values closer to those found on day 1. u-AQP2 excretion was not associated with arginine-vasopressin while significant, but weak association was found with urinary tonicity (r = -0.20; -0.32 < r < -0.11; P < 0.05). u-AQP2 excretion and creatinine clearance were significantly associated during the study period (r = 0.19; 0.08 < r < 0.29; P < 0.05). There was a strong association between totally u-AQP2 excretion and diuresis over the week (r = 0.72; 0.66 < r < 0.76; P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Significant variations occur in AQP2 expression levels during the first week of life in preterm infants. AQP2 does not seem to contribute to the urinary concentration ability after birth. Further investigations are required to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the strong association between diuresis and u-AQP2 excretion in early postnatal life.

Lovastatin-induced cholesterol depletion affects both apical sorting and endocytosis of aquaporin-2 in renal cells.

Vasopressin causes the redistribution of the water channel aquaporin-2 (AQP2) from cytoplasmic storage vesicles to the apical plasma membrane of collecting duct principal cells, leading to urine concentration. The molecular mechanisms regulating the selective apical sorting of AQP2 are only partially uncovered. In this work, we investigate whether AQP2 sorting/trafficking is regulated by its association with membrane rafts. In both MCD4 cells and rat kidney, AQP2 preferentially associated with Lubrol WX-insoluble membranes regardless of its presence in the storage compartment or at the apical membrane. Block-and-release experiments indicate that 1) AQP2 associates with detergent-resistant membranes early in the biosynthetic pathway; 2) strong cholesterol depletion delays the exit of AQP2 from the trans-Golgi network. Interestingly, mild cholesterol depletion promoted a dramatic accumulation of AQP2 at the apical plasma membrane in MCD4 cells in the absence of forskolin stimulation. An internalization assay showed that AQP2 endocytosis was clearly reduced under this experimental condition. Taken together, these data suggest that association with membrane rafts may regulate both AQP2 apical sorting and endocytosis.

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and cognitive function in the elderly: The InCHIANTI Study.

DHEA and its sulfate derivative (DHEAS) decline with age. The decline in DHEAS levels has been associated with many physiological impairments in older persons including cognitive dysfunction. However, data regarding the possible relationship between DHEAS and cognition are scant. We investigated whether DHEAS levels are associated with presence and development of lower cognitive function measured by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) in older men and women. One thousand and thirty-four residents aged > or =65 yr of the InCHIANTI Study with data available on DHEAS and MMSE were randomly selected. MMSE was administered at baseline and 3 yr later. Among these, 841 completed a 3-yr follow-up. Parsimonious models obtained by backward selection from initial fully-adjusted models were used to identify independent factors associated with MMSE and DHEAS. The final analysis was performed in 755 participants (410 men and 345 women) with MMSE score > or =21. A significant age-related decline of both DHEAS levels (p<0.001) and MMSE score (p<0.001) was found over the 3-yr follow-up. At enrolment, DHEAS was significantly and positively associated with MMSE score, independently of age and other potential confounders (beta+/-SE 0.003+/-0.001, p<0.005). Low baseline DHEAS levels were predictive of larger decline of MMSE and this relationship was significant after adjusting for covariates (beta+/-SE -0.004+/-0.002, p<0.03). Our data show a significant and positive association between DHEAS and cognitive function, assessed by MMSE test. Low DHEAS levels predict accelerated decline in MMSE score during the 3-yr follow-up period.

A multicenter open-label experience on the response of psoriasis to Adalimumab and effect of dose escalation in non-responders: the Aphrodite project.

There is much evidence to show the efficacy of adalimumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting tumour necrosis factor-alpha, in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. In this open-label experience, 147 high-need patients suffering from plaque psoriasis, with a mean Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) of 18.8, and concomitant psoriatic arthritis (PsA) received subcutaneous injections of 40 mg of adalimumab every other week (EOW). This was actually the dosage regimen recommended for PsA, as the drug had not then been approved for psoriasis at the time of the patients enrolment. At week 12, an improvement of at least 50 percent of the PASI (PASI-50) was observed in 111 (77 percent) patients. Continuation of treatment in responders with adalimumab 40 mg EOW led to a sustained response, with the PASI-50 achieved by 97 percent of patients in the as-treated analysis at week 24 (PASI-75 in 82 percent and PASI-90 in 45 percent out of 109 patients who received EOW injections up to week 24). Thirty subjects who failed to attain the PASI-50 response at week 12 were treated with adalimumab 40 mg every week for a further 12 weeks. At week 24, 80 percent of these patients obtained a PASI-50 response after dose escalation. Tolerability was good in the majority of patients. Only two patients discontinued treatment because of an adverse event (repeated flu-like episodes and a pleuropericarditis of unknown origin, respectively).

The impact of omega-3 fatty acids on osteoporosis.

The essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) comprise 2 main classes: n-6 and n-3 fatty acids. The most common source of n-6 fatty acids is linoleic acid (LA) which is found in high concentrations in various vegetable oils. Arachidonic acid (AA), the 20-carbon n-6 fatty acid, is obtained largely by synthesis from LA in the body. The n-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) are found in fish and fish oils. Long-Chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) and lipid mediators derived from LCPUFAs have critical roles in the regulation of a variety of biological processes including bone metabolism. There are different mechanisms by which dietary fatty acids affect bone: effect on calcium balance, effect on osteoblastogenesis and osteoblast activity, change of membrane function, decrease in inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), modulation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Animal studies have shown that a higher dietary omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids ratio is associated with beneficial effects on bone health. In spite of increasing evidence of the positive effects of dietary fats on bone metabolism from animal and in vitro studies, the few studies conducted in humans do not allow us to draw a definitive conclusion on their usefulness in clinical practice.

Sex hormone binding globulin levels across the adult lifespan in women--the role of body mass index and fasting insulin.

SHBG is a major carrier of androgens. In men, SHBG levels increase with age, while in women data are scant. There is evidence that body mass index (BMI) and fasting insulin influence SHBG concentration. Since low SHBG levels are predictors of insulin resistance and diabetes, understanding the relationship of SHBG with age, insulin, and BMI is important to gain insight into the role of SHBG as a cardiovascular risk factor in women. Differences in SHBG across adult life span and their relationship with insulin and BMI were evaluated in a representative cohort of 616 Italian women free of diabetes and not on hormone replacement therapy enrolled in the InCHIANTI Study. The relationship of SHBG with age, BMI, and fasting insulin levels was analyzed using linear regression and by loess smoother. Serum SHBG levels showed a U-shaped trajectory with age, declining from the 2nd to the 6th decade of life and increasing after the 6th decade (p<0.0001). Age-related trends for BMI and fasting insulin mirrored the trend observed for SHBG. After adjusting for fasting insulin, the relationship between log (SHBG) and age square was attenuated (beta coefficient from 0.00044 to 0.00039) and was further reduced after adjustment for BMI (from 0.00039 to 0.00028). SHBG levels show an age-related U-shaped trajectory. These changes mirror the age-related changes in BMI and fasting insulin, suggesting that BMI and insulin negatively influence SHBG concentration.