Ansiedad en pasantes de enfermería durante la pandemia COVID-19 en instituciones de salud en Tepic, Nayarit / Anxiety in nursing trainees during the COVID-19 pandemic in health institutions in Tepic, Nayarit

Introducción: la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19), causada por el virus SARS-CoV-2, es una enfermedad respiratoria que provoca fiebre, tos y falta de aliento. Puede presentarse de moderada a grave, pudiendo provocar la muerte. En marzo del 2020 se declaró la pandemia por COVID-19 que se ha considerado un problema de salud pública grave a nivel mundial. Objetivo: determinar la incidencia y nivel de ansiedad en pasantes de enfermería en instituciones de segundo nivel de atención en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19 en México. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, comparativo y transversal en una muestra probabilística por conglomerados de 94 estudiantes de enfermería. Para obtener la información se utilizó el Cuestionario de Estado-Rasgo de Hamilton, integrado por 14 ítems. Los resultados pueden variar desde 14 (no ansiedad) hasta 56 (ansiedad grave), a mayor puntaje, se consideró que existe un mayor nivel de ansiedad. La comparación entre instituciones se llevó a cabo con una ANOVA de Kruskal-Wallis a un nivel de significación de 0.05. Resultados: de los 94 estudiantes el 80.9% presenta ansiedad en alguno de sus tres niveles. El 9.6% (9) presenta nivel grave de ansiedad, el 18.1% (17) nivel leve, el 53.2% (50) nivel moderado, y solo el 19.1% (18) no presenta ansiedad. Conclusiones: de las tres instituciones de salud, existe mayor ansiedad en el personal de la Secretaría de Salud de Nayarit. El nivel de ansiedad que más incide es el de ansiedad moderada.

Introduction: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, is a respiratory disease that causes fever, cough and shortness of breath. It can be moderate to severe, and can cause death. In March 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic was declared, and it has been considered a serious public health problem worldwide. Objective: To determine the incidence and level of anxiety in nursing students in second level care institutions in times of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. Methodology: Descriptive, comparative and cross-sectional study in a probabilistic cluster sample of 94 nursing students. To obtain the information, the Hamilton State-Trait Questionnaire, made up of 14 items, was used. The results can vary from 14 (no anxiety) to 56 (severe anxiety), the higher the score, the higher the level of anxiety. The comparison between institutions was carried out with a Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA at a significance level of 0.05. Results: Of the 94 students, 80.9% present anxiety in one of its three levels. 9.6% (9) present a severe level of anxiety, 18.1% (17) a mild level, 53.2% (50) a moderate level, and only 19.1% (18) do not present anxiety. Conclusions: Of the three health institutions, there is greater anxiety in the staff of the Secretaría de Salud de Nayarit. The level of anxiety that most affects is moderate anxiety.

High baseline expression of IL-6 and IL-10 decreased CCR7 B cells in individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection during BNT162b2 vaccination.

The current pandemic generated by SARS-CoV-2 has led to mass vaccination with different biologics that have shown wide variations among human populations according to the origin and formulation of the vaccine. Studies evaluating the response in individuals with a natural infection before vaccination have been limited to antibody titer analysis and evaluating a few humoral and cellular response markers, showing a more rapid and intense humoral response than individuals without prior infection. However, the basis of these differences has not been explored in depth. In the present work, we analyzed a group of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, antibody titers, and cell populations in peripheral blood of individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection using BNT162b2 biologic. Our results suggest that higher antibody concentration in individuals with an earlier disease could be generated by higher production of plasma cells to the detriment of the presence of memory B cells in the bloodstream, which could be related to the high baseline expression of cytokines (IL-6 and IL-10) before vaccination.

Dependencia al móvil y consumo de sustancias en estudiantes de enfermería / Mobile dependence and substance use in nursing students

Introducción: el uso de teléfonos inteligentes se ha asociado significativamente con una disminución para el aprendizaje y las tareas relacionadas con el trabajo, incluidas aquellas tareas asociadas con el entorno de atención sanitaria. En México el uso de dispositivos móviles ha aumentado exponencialmente y se ha estimado hasta un 75% de los encuestados poseen algún grado de atención a estos dispositivos. Asimismo, la dependencia a estos dispositivos ha sido asociada con adicción a sustancias como el alcohol, tabaco, marihuana entre otros. En el ámbito sociosanitario puede afectar el desempeño mental, la concentración en la realización de los cuidados y en general para los estudiantes de enfermería presentar distracciones en la práctica. Objetivo: identificar el nivel de dependencia al teléfono móvil y relacionarlo con conductas de riesgo como la adicción a sustancias legales e ilegales. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional. Resultados: el 84.3% manifiesta que alguna persona cercana a el lo ha llamado dependiente al teléfono móvil, el 74% se encontraba en dependencia media y el 22.3% en una dependencia alta, se encontraron asociaciones mediante Rho y OR, con el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y otras drogas. Conclusión: la dependencia al teléfono móvil en estudiantes se caracterizó en general como un nivel medio y alto y se encontraron correlaciones positivas para el consumo de tabaco y de otras drogas[AU]

Introduction: smartphone use has been significantly associated with a decline in learning and work-related tasks, including those tasks associated with the healthcare environment. In Mexico, the use of mobile devices has increased exponentially, and it has been estimated that up to 75% of those surveyed have some degree of attention to these devices. Likewise, dependence on these devices has been associated with addiction to substances such as alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, among others. In the socio-sanitary field, it can affect mental performance, concentration in the realization of care and in general for nursing students present distractions in practice. Objective. Identify the level of dependence on the mobile phone and relate it to risk behaviors such as addiction to legal and illegal substances. Methodology. Descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study. Results. 84.3% state that someone close to them has called them dependent on the mobile phone, 74% were in medium dependence and 22.3% in high dependence, associations were found through Rho and OR, with the consumption of alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs. Conclusion. Mobile phone dependence in students was generally characterized as a medium and high NE | 05level and positive correlations were found for tobacco and other drug use[AU]

Introdução: o uso de smartphone foi significativamente associado a um declínio no aprendizado e nas tarefas relacionadas ao trabalho, incluindo aquelas associadas ao ambiente de saúde. No México, o uso de dispositivos móveis aumentou exponencialmente e estima-se que até 75% dos pesquisados têm algum grau de atenção a esses dispositivos. Da mesma forma, a dependência desses dispositivos tem sido associada à dependência de substâncias como álcool, tabaco, maconha, entre outras. No campo sociossanitário, pode afetar o desempenho mental, a concentração na realização do cuidado e em geral para os alunos de enfermagem apresentarem distrações na prática. Objetivo. Identifique o nível de dependência do telefone celular e relacione-o a comportamentos de risco, como dependência de substâncias legais e ilegais. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo, transversal e observacional. Resultados. 84,3% afirmam que alguém próximo os chamou de dependente do celular, 74% estavam em média dependência e 22,3% em alta dependência, foram encontradas associações por meio de Rho e OR, com o consumo de álcool, tabaco e outras drogas. Conclusão. A dependência de telefone celular em estudantes foi geralmente caracterizada como um nível médio e alto e foram encontradas correlações positivas para o uso de tabaco e outras drogas[AU]

Factores relacionados y conductas sobre sexting en estudiantes de enfermería en una universidad pública / Behaviors and related factors about sexting among nursing students in a public college Fatores relacionados e comportamentos sobre sexting em discentes de enfermagem em uma universidade pública / Fatores relacionados e comportamentos sobre sexting em discentes de enfermagem em uma universidade pública

Introducción. El sexting se define como el envío de contenido erótico o pornográfico a través de dispositivos digitales, comúnmente el móvil o smartphone, como una expresión de sexualidad cada vez más frecuente, y a pesar de que este fenómeno puede tener lugar con efectos positivos en quienes lo practican, existe muy poca evidencia relacionada con los mecanismos de participación, los motivos que conllevan, la percepción de las consecuencias, entre otros. Algunos autores lo han relacionado con factores como el consumo de sustancias, la promiscuidad y el nivel socioeconómico. Método. Estudio observacional, transversal y relacional, que incluyó a 300 estudiantes universitarios de enfermería, a través de un muestreo no probabilístico a conveniencia, en el que se aplicaron dos instrumentos, la escala de conductas sobre sexting y el instrumento de nivel socioeconómico familiar NSE AMAI. Resultados. El 64,7 % declara haber participado en prácticas de sexting, de los cuales el 26,2 % publicó una imagen suya a través de sus redes sociales, el 13,9 % declaró realizarlo cuando bebe alcohol y el 43,8 % reportó que es falso que el sexting los hace sentir inmorales. Se encontraron relaciones de prevalencia e intensidad del sexting con el nivel socioeconómico y la vida sexual activa. Conclusión. Al entender los distintos factores que predominan en esta práctica se pueden desarrollar diferentes intervenciones contextualizadas en los grupos poblacionales de riesgo, que sean accesibles por ambas partes, lo que permite una libre expresión de la sexualidad sin comprometer la seguridad de las personas.

Introduction: Sexting is defined as sending erotic or pornographic contents through digital devices, usually cell phone or smartphone, which is becoming an increasingly frequent sexual expression. In spite of the fact that it may occur with positive effects for those who do it, there is scarce evidence related to the participation mechanism, the reason driving them, the perception of consequences, among others. Some authors have related sexting to substances use, promiscuity and socioeconomic level. Methods: It is a relational, cross-sectional and observational study including 300 college students of nursing through a non probabilistic sampling using two instruments, the sexting behavioral scale and the family income-level instrument NSE AMAI. Results: Among the students, 64.7 % stated to have participated in sexting, 26.2% stated to have posted his/her picture in the social media, 13.9% stated to do sexting while been drunk and, 43,8% deemed as false that sexting would make them feel immoral. Prevalence and intensity relationship were found between sexting and income level and having an active sexual life. Conclusion: Understanding the different factors prevailing in the sexting allows developing different contextualized interventions in the risk populations groups that can be accessible to both ends. This would allow the free expression of one's sexuality without endangering the people's safety.

Introdução. O sexting é definido como o envio de conteúdos eróticos ou pornográcos através de dispositivos digitais, normalmente celulares ou smartphones, como uma expressão cada vez mais frequente da sexualidade e, apesar de este fenómeno ocorrer com efeitos positivos na pratica, há muito pouca evidência relacionada com os mecanismos de participação, os motivos que acarretam, a percepção das consequências, entre outros. Alguns autores o relacionam a fatores como uso de sustâncias, promiscuidade e nível socioeconómico. Método. Estudo observacional, transversal e relacional que incluiu 300 discentes universitários de enfermagem, através de amostragem não probabilística a conveniência, no que foram aplicados dois instrumentos, a escala de conduta sobre sexting e o instrumento de nível socioeconómico familiar NSE AMAI. Resultados. 64,7% declararam ter participado em práticas de sexting, dos quais 26,2% publicaram uma imagem sua através das suas redes sociais, 13,9% declararam fazê-lo quando ingerem álcool e 43,8% relataram que é falso que o sexting os faça sentir imorais. Encontraram-se relações de prevalência e intensidade do sexting com o nível socioeconómico e a vida sexual ativa. Conclusão. Ao compreender os diferentes fatores que predominam nesta prática podem se desenvolver diferentes intervenções contextualizadas nos grupos populacionais de risco acessíveis por ambas as partes, o que permite uma livre expressão da sexualidade sem comprometer a segurança das pessoas.

A Calcium/Cation Exchanger Participates in the Programmed Cell Death and in vitro Virulence of Entamoeba histolytica.

Entamoeba histolytica is the etiologic agent of human amoebiasis, disease that causes 40,000 to 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. The cytopathic activity as well as the growth and differentiation of this microorganism is dependent on both, extracellular and free cytoplasmic calcium. However, few is known about the proteins that regulate the calcium flux in this parasite. In many cells, the calcium extrusion from the cytosol is performed by plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases and calcium/cation exchangers. The aim of this work was to identify a calcium/cation exchanger of E. histolytica and to analyze its possible role in some cellular processes triggered by calcium flux, such as the programmed cell death and in vitro virulence. By searching putative calcium/cation exchangers in the genome database of E. histolyica we identified a protein belonging to the CCX family (EhCCX). We generated a specific antibody against EhCCX, which showed that this protein was expressed in higher levels in E. histolytica than its orthologous in the non-pathogenic amoeba E. dispar. In addition, the expression of EhCCX was increased in trophozoites incubated with hydrogen peroxide. This E. histolytica exchanger was localized in the plasma membrane and in the membrane of some cytoplasmic vesicles. However, after 10 min of erythrophagocytosis, EhCCX was found predominantly in the plasma membrane of the trophozoites. On the other hand, the parasites that overexpress this exchanger contained higher cytosolic calcium levels than control, but the extrusion of calcium after the addition of hydrogen peroxide was more efficient in EhCCX-overexpressing trophozoites; consequently, the programmed cell death was retarded in these parasites. Interestingly, the overexpression of EhCCX increased the in vitro virulence of trophozoites. These results suggest that EhCCX plays important roles in the programmed cell death and in the in vitro virulence of E. histolytica.

A putative calcium-ATPase of the secretory pathway family may regulate calcium/manganese levels in the Golgi apparatus of Entamoeba histolytica.

Calcium regulates many cellular processes in protozoa, including growth, differentiation, programmed cell death, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, fusion of the endosomes of distinct stages with phagosomes, fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes, and recycling the membrane. In Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoa responsible for human amoebiasis, calcium ions are essential for signaling pathways that lead to growth and development. In addition, calcium is crucial in the modulation of gene expression in this microorganism. However, there is scant information about the proteins responsible for regulating calcium levels in this parasite. In this work, we characterized a protein of E. histolytica that shows a close phylogenetic relationship with Ca2+ pumps that belong to the family of secretory pathway calcium ATPases (SPCA), which for several organisms are located in the Golgi apparatus. The amoeba protein analyzed herein has several amino acid residues that are characteristic of SPCA members. By an immunofluorescent technique using specific antibodies and immunoelectron microscopy, the protein was detected on the membrane of some cytoplasmic vacuoles. Moreover, this putative calcium-ATPase was located in vacuoles stained with NBD C6-ceramide, a Golgi marker. Overall, the current findings support the hypothesis that the presently analyzed protein corresponds to the SPCA of E. histolytica.

Entamoeba invadens: Identification of a SERCA protein and effect of SERCA inhibitors on encystation.

Calcium has an important role on signaling of different cellular processes, including growth and differentiation. Signaling by calcium also has an essential function in pathogenesis and differentiation of the protozoan parasites Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba invadens. However, the proteins of these parasites that regulate the cytoplasmic concentration of this ion are poorly studied. In eukaryotic cells, the calcium-ATPase of the SERCA type plays an important role in calcium homeostasis by catalyzing the active efflux of calcium from cytoplasm to endoplasmic reticulum. Here, we reported the identification of SERCA of E. invadens (EiSERCA). This protein contains a putative sequence for endoplasmic reticulum retention and all domains involved in calcium transport identified in mammalian SERCA. By immunofluorescence assays, an antibody against SERCA of E. histolytica detected EiSERCA in a vesicular network in the cytoplasm of E. invadens trophozoites, co-localizing with calreticulin. Interestingly, EiSERCA was redistributed close to plasma membrane during encystation, suggesting that this pump could participate in regulate the calcium concentration during this process. In addition, thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, both specific inhibitors of SERCA, affected the number and structure of cysts, supporting the hypothesis that calcium flux mediated by SERCA has an important role in the life cycle of Entamoeba.

Cuidado de enfermería transpersonal con base en la teoría del caring a una mujer con cáncer de mama / Transpersonal nursing care based on the caring theory for a woman with breast cancer

Resumen:

Introducción: el pensamiento de Jean Watson se basa en dos perspectivas: la filosofía de cuidados y la teoría de cuidados transpersonales. Watson basa su teoría en siete supuestos y 10 factores caritativos de cuidados, que después denomina proceso caritas de cuidados; en la práctica se incorpora el concepto de sufrimiento espiritual como parte del proceso y plan de cuidados de enfermería, con un enfoque primordial hacia la comprensión de la experiencia, el significado y el propósito de la vida. Objetivo: implementar un proceso de enfermería transpersonal con base en los 10 procesos de cuidado del caring a una mujer con cáncer de mama.

Metodología: para la valoración se utilizó un mapa de cuidados con base en el estudio fenomenología) de la persona; se determinaron siete diagnósticos con la taxonomía NANDA Internacional, Inc.; los planes de cuidado se formularon con las taxonomías NOC y NIC; la guía para la definición de intervenciones de enfermería estuvo constituida por los 10 procesos de cuidado y para describir la experiencia en la aplicación de esos 10 procesos del caring se utilizó la narrativa. Resultados: la empatía fue un valor que se puso en práctica para el cuidado de la mujer con cáncer de mama, lo que permitió valorar la dimensión espiritual de la persona y el reconocimiento de las fortalezas y debilidades para afrontar las situaciones que vivimos día a día.

Conclusiones: la incorporación de los 10 procesos de cuidado del caring en el plan de cuidado de enfermería transpersonal de la mujer con cáncer de mama implica que el profesional de enfermería desarrolle valores humanos esenciales y se reconozca como ser espiritual y de ayuda.

Abstract:

Introduction: Jean Watson's thought is based on two fundamental perspectives: philosophy of care and transpersonal care theory. She bases her theory in seven assumptions and 10 caritative care factors, named after Watson's Caritas Process (CP); in practice, the concept of spiritual suffering is incorporated as part of the process and nursing care plan, with primary focus on understanding the experience, the meaning and purpose of life.

Objective: To implement a transpersonal nursing process based on the 10 processes of the caring theory for a woman with breast cancer.

Methods: For the valuation, a care map was used based on the phenomenological study of the individual; seven diagnoses using NANDA International, Inc. taxonomy were determined; care plans were formulated with NIC and NOC taxonomies; the guidance for nursing interventions were the 10 care (carative) processes; and narrative was used to describe the experience of implementing those 10 processes.

Results: Empathy was a value implemented for women with breast cancer's care, allowing to assess the spiritual dimension of the person in its own unique personality and recognizing the strengths and weaknesses for dealing with situations that humans live everyday.

Conclusions: The addition of the 10 processes in Caring's care plan of transpersonal nursing care to women with breast cancer implies that the nurse develops essential human values and recognizes herself as a spiritual being of help.

Conducta sexual de riesgo para VIH/SIDA en jóvenes universitarios / Sexual risk behavior for HIV/AIDS in university students

Resumen

Introducción: los jóvenes son un grupo vulnerable para el VIH y otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual. Las conductas sexuales de riesgo más frecuentes para VIH/SIDA son: relaciones sexuales a temprana edad, múltiples parejas sexuales y uso de alcohol y droga durante las relaciones sexuales.

Objetivo: identificar la conducta sexual de los jóvenes entre 18 y 24 años de edad.

Metodología: se realizó un estudio transversal correlacional en 112 jóvenes (73.2 % hombres) se utilizó el instrumento Sexual Behavior aplicado por primera vez en población mexicana (Ingledew & Ferguson, 2007).

Resultados: la conducta sexual manifestada por los jóvenes fue el inicio sexual a temprana edad, múltiples parejas sexuales, relaciones sexuales sin protección bajo el efecto de drogas.

Conclusiones: los resultados del presente estudio proporcionan datos para diseñar intervenciones, en este grupo específico de la población, con eje central en la prevención de conductas sexuales.

Summary

Introduction: young adults are a vulnerable group for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Frequent risky sexual behaviors for HIV/AIDS are sexual intercourse at an early age, multiple sex partners, and consumption of alcohol and drugs during intercourse.

Objective: to identify sexual behavior in individuals 18 to 24 years of age. Methodology: we carried out a cross sectional study in 112 individuals (73.2 % men) using the Sexual Behavior Instrument (Ingledew & Ferguson, 2007) applied for the first time in a Mexican population.

Results: the sexual behavior expressed by these young adults was sexual intercourse at an early age, multiple sex partners, and unprotected sex while under the influence of drugs.

Conclusions: our results provide data for designing interventions in this specific population, with a central axis of preventing risky sexual behavior.