Myeloperoxidase and Prostate volume: A preliminary study.

OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is associated with the development of BPH and might be modulated by several factors. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) has recently been observed in prostate tissue. Our goal was to investigate the correlation between MPO and the prostate volume. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Hundred and twenty-one patients (48-70 years) with a filled IPSS were prospectively included. Blood sampling (PSA, testosterone, Angiotensin II (AngII), MPO, Mox-LDL) and transrectal ultrasound of the prostate were performed with total volume (TV) and transitional zone volume (TZ) measurements. For correlation, univariate analyses were depicted by Pearson's coefficient. Multilinear regression analysis used a stepwise backward selection of the explicative variables. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, the TV was positively correlated to the combination of age and Ang II but negatively to MPO specific activity (Std Coef=-0.272, P=0.004). Significant correlations were confirmed between TZ, age and MPO specific activity but not with Ang II. A negative correlation between TZ and MPO specific activity was also observed (Std Coef=-0.21, P=0.016). No correlation was found with Mox-LDL. CONCLUSIONS: Negative correlation between MPO and prostate volume was observed but careful interpretations may be endorsed and longitudinal study is necessary. It seems relevant to focus on the potential contribution of MPO in the development of prostatic diseases as this enzyme can also promote DNA oxidation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

Randomized clinical trials and observational studies in the assessment of drug safety.

Randomized clinical trials are considered as the preferred design to assess the potential causal relationships between drugs or other medical interventions and intended effects. For this reason, randomized clinical trials are generally the basis of development programs in the life cycle of drugs and the cornerstone of evidence-based medicine. Instead, randomized clinical trials are not the design of choice for the detection and assessment of rare, delayed and/or unexpected effects related to drug safety. Moreover, the highly homogeneous populations resulting from restrictive eligibility criteria make randomized clinical trials inappropriate to describe comprehensively the safety profile of drugs. In that context, observational studies have a key added value when evaluating the benefit-risk balance of the drugs. However, observational studies are more prone to bias than randomized clinical trials and they have to be designed, conducted and reported judiciously. In this article, we discuss the strengths and limitations of randomized clinical trials and of observational studies, more particularly regarding their contribution to the knowledge of medicines' safety profile. In addition, we present general recommendations for the sensible use of observational data.

[Egg-shaped macro-lithiasis]. / Macro-lithiase ovoïde.

We report a 76 years-old female patient who consults for left flank pain and inflammatory biology, due to the presence of an egg-shaped 5 cm diameter macro-lithiasis. Because of the presence of a Proteus bacteriuria, the patient receives a 7 days levofloxacin treatment, before a laparoscopic resection of the kidney stone is performed. The analysis reveals a struvite lithiasis with a disorganized radial-section nuclear structure (type IVc).

Nous présentons le cas d'une patiente de 76 ans présentant des douleurs dans le flanc gauche et une biologie inflammatoire, associées à la présence d'une macro-lithiase de forme ovoïde, de 5 cm de diamètre, au sein des cavités rénales gauches. En raison de la présence d'une bactériurie à Proteus, la patiente est traitée par lévofloxacine pendant 7 jours, puis une exérèse de la lithiase a lieu par voie laparoscopique. L'analyse chimique de celle-ci met en évidence une lithiase faite de struvite, avec noyau à section radiale désorganisée (type IVc).

[Not Available]. / Complications non-chirurgicales de la chirurgie bariatrique: à propos de quatre cas et revue de la littérature.

In Belgium and around the world, the weight-control surgery has grown significantly since the beginning of the 21st century. The principal argument in favour of this type of surgery is the expected reduction of the obesity-associated morbidities. However, the expectatif reduction of mortality associated with this kind of surgery is based on a low level of evidence. Besides the mechanical complications, there are a number of health-related problems associated with the post-operative metabolic changes. Authors of the present article have observed four cases presenting with serious affections consecutive to bariatric interventions and reviewed the literature. The most frequent consequence of bariatric surgery is anaemia (15%), which is either due to iron or cyanocobalamine deficiency, followed by neuropathies, bone mineral loss, substance abuse or postprandial hypoglycaemia syndrome. Rare but severe complications are Wernicke's encephalopathy, fulminant hepatitis or hyperoxaluric tubular disease. The prevention, diagnosis and management of these new diseases are becoming a major public health concern.

ANCA-negative associated vasculitis initially presenting with pulmonary embolism.

Antineutrophil-cytoplasm antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis are severe inflammatory pathologies that, although rare, may induce significant morbidity or death. Their impact on multiple organ systems implies an important variability in their clinical presentation, which might delay the diagnosis. In this setting we report on a case of ANCA-negative-associated vasculitis, initially presenting as pulmonary embolism with severe pulmonary infarction and digestive involvement. Literature is then discussed on these complications and their implications for therapy.

Myeloperoxidase and its products in synovial fluid of patients with treated or untreated rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Plasma and synovial myeloperoxidase (MPO) and its products were strongly associated with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition, it is well known that there is a link between oxidative stress and cytokines. The present study aims at investigating the link between synovial MPO (and its products), interleukin (IL)-18, which is involved in the degradation of articular cartilage in RA, and IL-8, which is involved in recruitment and activation of neutrophils during inflammation. Effects of the treatment of RA on the biological parameters were also investigated. METHODS: Patients (n = 105) were studied including 39 patients with OA, 33 with RA and 33 with RA receiving a specific treatment. Disease activity score (DAS-28) was calculated whereas MPO antigen/activity, neutrophils, chloro-tyrosine (Cl-Tyr), homocitrulline (Hcit), IL-8, and IL-18 were measured in synovial fluid (SF) and CRP was measured in serum. RESULTS: DAS-28 and CRP levels were not significantly different between groups. MPO activity, and MPO, Cl-Tyr, and Hcit levels were significantly higher in SF of RA patients than OA patients. MPO specific activity (MPO activity/antigen ratio) was significantly lower in treated than in untreated RA patients as was IL-8. MPO activity and concentration were correlated with IL-8 and IL-18 in untreated but not in treated RA patients. CONCLUSIONS: MPO level is related to IL-8 and IL-18 levels in untreated RA patients. A link has been shown between treatment and decrease of IL-8, MPO specific activity and Hcit in SF. The causal role of MPO in SF inflammation and how treatment can affect MPO specific activity need further investigations.

[Why can it be difficult for clinicians to diagnose acute lyme disease? From physiopathology to diagnosis, via abductive reasoning and Bayes theorem]. / Pourquoi le diagnostic de neuroborréliose aiguë reste-t-il difficile? De la physiopathologie au diagnostic en passant par l'abduction et le théorème de Bayes.

The diagnosis of acute neuroborreliosis may be difficult if it's regarded as a "classical" infectious disease. Through a clinical case, we illustrate the difficulties met and we suggest two ways of reflexion to assist in the diagnosis:--firstly, we explain how the comprehension of the behavior of the pathogen agent, which is similar to a parasitic behavior, can help to choose and interpret the results of additional tests;--secondly, we develop practically the clinical form of Bayes's theorem to demonstrate the interest of a rational Bayesian and abductive approach which should be preferred to the classical hypothetical and deductive reasoning.

[Hyperostosis frontalis interna and epilepsy]. / Hyperostosis frontalis interna et épilepsie.

We have analysed the clinical history of a 48-year old female patient who has been admitted to hospital after an epileptic fit. The tomodensitometry examination has shown a hyperostosis frontalis interna. This condition is frequent and is characterized by a progressive thickening of the frontal bone internal table. The aetiology is unknown; the most probable hypothesis is a deterioration of the androgen-estrogen ratio. This woman suffers from epileptic fits for 40 years now but also from hereditary polycystic kidney disease and CREST syndrome. In this analysis, we have applied the principle of parcimony and we have examined the role played by the sexual hormones in these pathologies.

[The number needed to treat (NNT)]. / Le nombre de sujets qu'il est nécessaire de traiter (NST).

The number needed to treat (NNT) is a valuable information in treatment decisions. This is the result of a calculation based on published data, collected from an intervention study. NNT is the inverse of the absolute risk reduction (1/ARR) between two treatment options. It is always expressed by a value rounded up to whole numbers, between 1 and infinity, depending on the effectiveness of the new treatment being studied. The NNT is the average number of patients needed to be treated for a duration equal to the study period to achieve one additional positive response under the conditions of the study. The more the treatment will be effective, the more the NNT will be low (tending towards 1). The NNT should be calculated based on the results of a clinical study of good methodological quality, involving a well-defined and homogeneous group of patients, whose baseline risk is known and using a dichotomous endpoint (the event occurs or not). The study must have shown a statistically significant difference between the two groups. In the process of medical decision making, the NNT must be balanced with the safety profile of the treatment (represented by the number needed to harm, or NNH), the costs and stress associated with it. It is possible to calculate a NNT and its confidence interval, from the published data of a clinical study. Some authors report the NNT in the text of the publication.

[Thrombocytopenia and acute kidney injury]. / Thrombopénie et insuffisance rénale aiguë.

A 31-year old man is addressed to the emergency department for fever, abdominal pain and vomiting. Laboratory tests reveal an inflammatory syndrome, thrombocytopenia, acute kidney injury associated with major proteinuria (more than 3 g/24 h). Evaluation will conclude to an acute interstitial nephritis and the serology is positive for Hantavirus. This clinical case illustrates differential diagnosis of acute renal failure and reminds the theory of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome : usual clinical presentation is "flu"-like symptoms, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure. Hantavirus is endemic in some area in Europe and in Belgium. This clinical presentation should suggest the diagnosis if the patient has stayed in an endemic area.

[Decrease ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio and cardiovascular risk improvement: a tadalafil pleiotropic effect? Preliminary study on healthy volunteers]. / Diminution du rapport ApoB/ApoA-1 et amélioration du risque cardiovasculaire : effet pleïotropique du tadalafil ? Etude préliminaire sur volontaires sains.

OBJECTIVES: Recognition of erectile dysfunction (ED) as an early sign of systemic cardiovascular disease offers an opportunity for prevention. Cardiac risk assessment may deserve measurement of Apolipoprotein B/Apolipoprotein A-1 ratio. An elevated ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio is a risk factor for future coronary artery disease. ApoA-1 production, which is recognized as a cardioprotective lipid fraction, is down regulated by NFkappaB activation in vitro. Because inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) 5, 6 and 9 negatively attenuates NFkappaB translocation/activation, tadalafil, a selective PDE 5 inhibitor used for treatment of ED could present some interesting pleiotropic effects. The objective of this open study is to test the hypothesis that tadalafil treatment could decrease serum ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ten healthy men without any complain of ED or known cardiovascular risk factors were administered tadalafil 10mg intake on alternate days for 4 weeks. Lipid profile with total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, ApoA-1 and ApoB, was assessed at baseline (T0), after 2weeks (T1), at the end of the treatment period (T2) and after 2weeks of wash-out follow-up (T3). RESULTS: ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio was significantly decreased during treatment (mean+/-SEM, T0: 0.80+/-0.11, T1: 0.64+/-0.06, T2: 0.65+/-0.06; p<0.05) and remained lower after wash-out (T3: 0.67+/-0.05; p=0.08). Serum ApoA-1 (mg/dl) increased but not significantly during the treatment period (15.2+/-8.8, 16.5+/-7.9, 16.9+/-6, 15.3+/-7, p=0.26) and ApoB (mg/dl) significantly decreased (11.7+/-10.8, 10.3+/-8.4, 10.6+/-9.9, 10.2+/-8.6, p=0.03). HDL and LDL cholesterol were unchanged. CONCLUSION: This preliminary study showed the interest of PDE 5 inhibitors to decrease the cardiac risk factor ApoB/ApoA-1 ratio. Randomised controlled studies with longer follow-up are needed to confirm those results.

[Klebsiella pneumoniae septicaemia and meningitis in a diabetic patient with an hepatic abscess]. / Septicémie et méningite à Klebsiella pneumoniae au depart d'un abcès hépatique chez un patient diabétique.

Klebsiella pneumoniae infections show particular features depending on the geographical localization as well as comorbidity factors. We are presenting the case of a european patient with diabetes mellitus who presented a septicaemia, a meningitis as well as an hepatic abscess due to a K. pneumoniae and whose evolution was excellent under antibiotics. Usually described among Asian patients, the primary hepatic K. pneumoniae abscess, which is a clinical entity recently described, can give rise to potentially serious and multiple septic metastasis. We also discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic attitudes related to this infection.

A carotid artery dissection presenting with dysphagia due to a dilation of upper oesophagus.

Carotid and vertebral artery dissection is one of the major causes of ischemic stroke in young patients and diagnosing it remains a challenge for the clinician due to its variable clinical presentation. We report the case of a 57-years old man admitted to the emergency department complaining of dysphagia and a hoarse voice. Physical examination revealed a left deviation of his tong and some weakness of the left side of his soft palate. A gastroscopy and a cervical tomodensitometry revealed the presence of an important dilation of his upper oesophagus. A cerebral magnetic resonance was performed, showing en excentric high signal intensity on the left carotid artery, and the MR angiography confirmed the presence of an acute dissection on the left internal carotid artery. Our patient suffered of a left carotid artery dissection presenting with ipsilateral Xth and XIIth nerve palsies. His main symptom was a dysphagia due to a dilation of his upper oesophagus; the pneumogastric nerve being responsible for the parasympathic innervation of the upper muscles of the oesophagus.