The genera Astrenis Förster, 1869 and Phrudus Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae: Tersilochinae) in the Ukrainian Carpathians.

The genera Astrenis Förster, 1869 and Phrudus Förster, 1869 from the Ukrainian Carpathians are reviewed. Five species have been found in the studied region, including the first Ukrainian records of Astrenis nigrifacies Viknerg, 2000, and Phrudus badensis Hilpert, 1987. Another Phrudus species, Phrudus carpathicus sp. n., is described and illustrated.

One sample-three new species: an example of species richness of the genus Symplecis Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae) in Burundi.

Three new orthocentrine species of the genus Symplecis Förster, 1869 are described and illustrated: S. aperta sp. n., S. glabroscutum sp. n. and S. kibiraensis sp. n. These species were all found in one sample collected by Malaise trap in Kibira National Park (Burundi) demonstrating potentially high species richness of the genus in the Afrotropics compared with other regions.

Xorides xylotrechi sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Xoridinae) parasitizing Xylotrechus stebbingi (Gahan, 1906) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in India.

New xoridine species, Xorides xylotrechi sp. n., from India is described and illustrated. The parasitoid was reared from the larvae of the xylophagous beetle, Xylotrechus stebbingi (Gahan, 1906), infesting Juglans regia L. Notes on parasitoid behaviour and biology are also provided with a brief description of female reproductive system and venom apparatus.

A checklist of the subfamily Mesochorinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from the Ukrainian Carpathians.

The distributional data on the Ukrainian Carpathian mesochorines are summarized. The list contains 64 species belonging to three genera. The genus Astiphromma Frster, 1869 numbering 14 species, of which A. albitarse (Brischke, 1880) and A. flagellator Riedel, 2015, are the first records for Ukraine. All three European species of the genus Cidaphus Frster, 1869 are distributed in the studied region and are the first records from the country. The genus Mesochorus Gravenhorst, 1829 is the most species-rich genus of the subfamily with 46 species found in the Ukrainian Carpathians, containing newly described M. (Mesochorus) genator sp. n. and 41 species recorded from the Ukrainian fauna for the first time. Taxonomic remarks and illustrations for most of the species are provided.

First record of the genus Gnathochorisis Frster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Orthocentrinae) from the Afrotropical region, with descriptions of two new species from Kenya.

The genus Gnathochorisis Frster, 1869 is recorded from the Afrotropical region for the first time: G. malavensis sp. n. and G. ventralis sp. n. are described from Kenya. A key to the Afrotropical species of the genus is provided.

First record of the subfamily Brachycyrtinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae) from continental Africa, with description of three new species.

The genus Brachycyrtus is recorded for the first time from continental Africa. Three new species are described: Brachycyrtus antoninoi sp. n., B. cerrettii sp. n., and B. lucchii sp. n. A key to distinguish the newly described taxa is provided.

Types of the genus Exochus Gravenhorst, 1829 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Metopiinae) deposited at the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine.

The holotypes of the seventeen Palaearctic species of the genus Exochus described by Dr Valentyna Tolkanitz and stored at the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology NAS of Ukraine (Kyiv) are revised. Diagnoses and illustrations for each species are provided.

The genus Phytodietus Gravenhorst, 1829 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Tryphoninae) in Kenya, with the description of a new species.

Two species of the genus Phytodietus Gravenhorst, 1829 are recorded from Kenya: the previously documented P. (Phytodietus) varicolor Seyrig, 1935 and a newly described P. (Weisia) kasarani sp. n. A key to the Afrotropical Phytodietus species of the subgenus Weisia Schmiedeknecht, 1907 is provided.

First record of Epirhyssa Cresson, 1865 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Rhyssinae) from Kenya.

The ichneumonid parasitoid wasps of the subfamily Rhyssinae are distributed worldwide with the highest species richness focused in the Oriental region (Yu et al. 2016). The total number of species in the subfamily exceeds 450 species. Nevertheless, the Afrotropical region remains poorly studied, numbering only 13 known species, almost a half of which were described recently (Rousse and van Noort 2014; Hopkins et al. 2019). The majority of the Afrotropical rhyssines belong to the genus Epirhyssa Cresson, 1865. The species of the genus are mostly known from the humid part of Equatorial Africa: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda. Since 2011 an extensive Malaise trap collecting programme has been conducted throughout Kenya by Robert Copeland and coordinated by the International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology in Nairobi. The present paper provides one of first results from the programme: a description of a new Epirhyssa species from Kenya and, thus expanding the distribution of the genus in Equatorial part of the Afrotropical region eastward (Fig. 1).

A pilot study of the Carpathian ichneumonine parasitoids (Hymenopera, Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) reveals eighty-eight new records for Ukraine.

Data on the subfamily Ichneumoninae Latreille, 1802 (Hymenopera: Ichneumonidae) from the Ukrainian Carpathians is summarized, with 196 species from eight tribes, of which 88 species are recorded from Ukraine for the first time. The new Ukrainian records belong to four tribes, Heresiarchini Ashmead, 1900, Ichneumonini Latreille, 1802, Phaeogenini Förster, 1869, and Platylabini Berthoumieu, 1904. Phaeogenini is the most poorly studied with 75% of species recorded for the country for the first time. High-altitude zone distribution is discussed: oak forest zone is the most species-rich (125 species), while the subalpine zone is the most poorly studied (57% of species found only in this zone are new records for Ukraine). The flying adults of Ichneumoninae were found from April until October, with a maximum number of species and genera collected in July, and with most specimens collected in May. Stenobarichneumon ridibitor Aubert, 1994 is transferred to the genus Baranisobas Heinrich, 1972 (comb. nov.).

Completing Linnaeus's inventory of the Swedish insect fauna: Only 5,000 species left?

Despite more than 250 years of taxonomic research, we still have only a vague idea about the true size and composition of the faunas and floras of the planet. Many biodiversity inventories provide limited insight because they focus on a small taxonomic subsample or a tiny geographic area. Here, we report on the size and composition of the Swedish insect fauna, thought to represent roughly half of the diversity of multicellular life in one of the largest European countries. Our results are based on more than a decade of data from the Swedish Taxonomy Initiative and its massive inventory of the country's insect fauna, the Swedish Malaise Trap Project The fauna is considered one of the best known in the world, but the initiative has nevertheless revealed a surprising amount of hidden diversity: more than 3,000 new species (301 new to science) have been documented so far. Here, we use three independent methods to analyze the true size and composition of the fauna at the family or subfamily level: (1) assessments by experts who have been working on the most poorly known groups in the fauna; (2) estimates based on the proportion of new species discovered in the Malaise trap inventory; and (3) extrapolations based on species abundance and incidence data from the inventory. For the last method, we develop a new estimator, the combined non-parametric estimator, which we show is less sensitive to poor coverage of the species pool than other popular estimators. The three methods converge on similar estimates of the size and composition of the fauna, suggesting that it comprises around 33,000 species. Of those, 8,600 (26%) were unknown at the start of the inventory and 5,000 (15%) still await discovery. We analyze the taxonomic and ecological composition of the estimated fauna, and show that most of the new species belong to Hymenoptera and Diptera groups that are decomposers or parasitoids. Thus, current knowledge of the Swedish insect fauna is strongly biased taxonomically and ecologically, and we show that similar but even stronger biases have distorted our understanding of the fauna in the past. We analyze latitudinal gradients in the size and composition of known European insect faunas and show that several of the patterns contradict the Swedish data, presumably due to similar knowledge biases. Addressing these biases is critical in understanding insect biomes and the ecosystem services they provide. Our results emphasize the need to broaden the taxonomic scope of current insect monitoring efforts, a task that is all the more urgent as recent studies indicate a possible worldwide decline in insect faunas.

Taxonomy and distribution of pimpline parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae) in Ukraine.

Data on the ichneumonid parasitoid wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae from Ukraine are summarized. The fauna of the Ukrainian pimplines numbers 35 genera and 146 species equivalent to almost 63% of European fauna. Twenty-four species are recorded from Ukraine for the first time. Pimpla femorella Kasparyan, 1974 is a first record for Western Palaearctic. The highest species richness (91-94 spp.) occurs in Ivano-Frankivsk and Transcarpathian Regions situated mostly in the Carpathian Mountains basin. The Carpathian Montane Forests were found to be the most species rich (112 species) of the six ecoregions present in Ukraine. The flight period of Pimplinae-wasps in Ukraine lasts nine months with a maximum number of species collected in June and genera in July respectively.

Revision of the Afrotropical Xorides Latréille, 1809 (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Xoridinae), with description of three new species.

Twelve species of Xorides Latréille, 1809 are recorded from the Afrotropical region, three species described as new: X. nigrithorax sp. n., X. rufofacialis sp. n., and X. simoni sp. n. The males of X. maculiceps (Cameron, 1906) and X. praestans (Tosquinet, 1896) are described for the first time. The following synonymies are established: X. maculiceps (Cameron, 1906) = X. maculatus (Benoit, 1952) syn. n.; X. aciculatus (Benoit, 1952) = X. similis (Benoit, 1952) syn. n. Xorides serratitibia (Enderlein, 1914) is placed as incertae sedis. A key to the Afrotropical Xorides species is provided.

Schizopyga alinae, a genus of pimpline parasitoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) new to the Afrotropical region.

Schizopyga Gravenhorst, 1829 is a small genus belonging to the Polysphincta genus-group of the subfamily Pimplinae, with 12 known species worldwide (Yu et al., 2012; Matsumoto, 2016), two of them from the Afrotropical region (Gauld Dubois, 2006).        Schizopyga species are known as parasitoids of spiders creating non-aerial webs (Clubionidae, Gnaphosidae, and Agelenidae) (Matsumoto, 2016).

Afroanomalia pseudoclistopyga, a new genus and species of pimpline parasitoid wasp (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from the Afrotropical region.

Afroanomalia pseudoclistopyga gen. sp. n. from Burundi is described and illustrated. The new genus is distinguished from all other Pimplinae by the combination of the following characters: occipital carina dorsally distinct and straight; pronotum strongly swollen laterally, wider than mesoscutum in dorsal view; propodeum elongate, submetapleural carina absent, at least distally; fore wing with vein 3rm absent, hind wing with distance between distal abscissa of Cu1 and M longer than vein cu-a, female hypopygium large and projecting; ovipositor long and straight, lower valve with strongly backwards projecting apical teeth.

First record of the genus Brachyzapus Gauld Dubois, 2006 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from the Afrotropical region, with descriptions of two new species.

Brachyzapus Gauld Dubois, 2006 is a small genus belonging to the Polysphincta genus-group of the subfamily Pimplinae, with nine known species worldwide (Uchida Momoi, 1958; Yu et al., 2012; Pham et al., 2012). The genus can be recognized by twisted mandibles, a very weakly convex and rather long clypeus with quite well-defined angulation laterally, elongate lower face, sparse pubescence on the eyes, hind coxal cavities separated from the metasoma insertion by a very strong sclerotized bridge, and the lack of a basal lobe on the ovipositor (Gauld Dubois, 2006).

A review of the genus Rhimphoctona Förster, 1869 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Campopleginae) from the Ukrainian Carpathians, with a key to European species.

Seven species of Rhimphoctona Förster, 1869: R. longicauda Horstmann, 1980, R. megacephalus (Gravenhorst, 1829), R. obscuripes (Holmgren, 1860), R. pectoralis (Kriechbaumer, 1890), R. rufocoxalis (Clément, 1924), R. teredo (Hartig, 1847), R. xoridiformis (Holmgren, 1860) are recorded from the Ukrainian Carpathians. All species, except R. megacephalus, are recorded from Ukraine for the first time. The following synonymy is established: Rhimphoctona pectoralis = R. maiator Aubert, 1986 syn. nov. An illustrated key to all European Rhimphoctona species is provided.

First record of the genus Acropimpla Townes, 1960 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from Thailand, with descriptions of three new species.

Nine species of Acropimpla Townes, 1960 are recorded from Thailand with three species described as new: A. leoni sp.n., A. natae sp.n., A. patellalutea sp.n. Six species, A. aspera Gupta & Tikar, 1976, A. hapaliae (Rao, 1953), A. leucostoma (Cameron, 1907), A. nakula Gupta & Tikar, 1976, A. taishunensis Liu, He & Chen, 2010, and A. uchidai (Cushman, 1933) are recorded from Thailand for the first time. A key to the females of Acropimpla species in South East Asia is also provided.

A checklist of the Ukrainian Xoridinae (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae).

The Ukrainian Xoridinae list containing 28 species is reviewed. Four species, Xorides flavotibialis Hilszczanski, 2000, X. hedwigi Clement, 1938, Xorides rufipes (Gravenhorst, 1829), and X. rusticus (Desvignes, 1856) are recorded in the Ukrainian fauna for the first time. Agrilus biguttatus F. is recorded as a host of Ischnoceros caligatus (Gravenhorst, 1829) for the first time.

New records of the genus Clistopyga Gravenhorst, 1829 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae) from the Oriental region, with description of a new species.

A new species, Clystopyga longifemoralis Varga & Reshchikov sp. n., is described and illustrated from Thailand. Clistopyga latifrontalis (Uchida, 1941) is re-described and illustrated. Clistopyga nagatomii Kusigemati, 1984 is considered to be a junior synonym of C. sziladyi Kiss, 1959 (syn. nov) and also recorded from India for the first time.