RESUMEN
This review aims to explore the potential of erythropoietin, a glycopeptide hormone, as a treatment option for Alzheimer's disease, which is the commonest cause of dementia. Despite years of focus and research, therapeutic options for Alzheimer's disease are not yet completely satisfactory. And as people age, they are likely to develop Alzheimer's Disease, further pressuring the healthcare system. So, it is definite to develop treatment options that meet superior outcomes with minimal negative effects. A comprehensive review of the literature was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar using a combination of keywords, including Alzheimer's disease, dementia, erythropoietin, and neuroprotection. Search results were assessed for relevance before using the data for this study. The beneficial implications of erythropoietin as a therapeutic option have been explored, along with the side effects and mechanisms of erythropoietin in Alzheimer's disease. Overall, the authors' review indicates that erythropoietin presents a promising avenue for mitigating the progression of Alzheimer's disease, with minimal associated side effects.
RESUMEN
Advanced pancreatic cancer is one of the prominent contributors to cancer-related mortality globally. Chemotherapy, especially gemcitabine, is generally used for the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Despite the treatment, the fatality rate for advanced pancreatic cancer is alarmingly high. Thus, the dire need for better treatment alternatives has drawn focus to cancer vaccinations. The Wilms tumor gene (WT1), typically associated with Wilms tumor, is found to be excessively expressed in some cancers, such as pancreatic cancer. This characteristic feature is harvested to develop cancer vaccines against WT1. This review aims to systematically summarize the clinical trials investigating the efficacy and safety of WT1 vaccines in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. An extensive literature search was conducted on databases Medline, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using the keywords "Advanced pancreatic cancer," "Cancer vaccines," "WT1 vaccines," and "Pulsed DC vaccines," and the results were exclusively studied to construct this review. WT1 vaccines work by introducing peptides from the WT1 protein to trigger an immune response involving cytotoxic T lymphocytes via antigen-presenting cells. Upon activation, these lymphocytes induce apoptosis in cancer cells by specifically targeting those with increased WT1 levels. WT1 vaccinations, which are usually given in addition to chemotherapy, have demonstrated clinically positive results and minimal side effects. However, there are several challenges to their widespread use, such as the immunosuppressive nature of tumors and heterogeneity in expression. Despite these limitations, the risk-benefit profile of cancer vaccines is encouraging, especially for the WT1 vaccine in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Considering the fledgling status of their development, large multicentric, variables-matched, extensive analysis across diverse demographics is considered essential.
RESUMEN
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor known for its short survival time, typically 14-18 months from diagnosis to fatality. Managing GBM poses significant challenges due to factors like the formidable blood-brain barrier, the immunosuppressive conditions within GBM, and the intricacies of surgical procedures. Currently, the typical treatment for GBM combines surgical procedures, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy using temozolomide. Unfortunately, this conventional approach has not proven effective in substantially extending the lives of GBM patients. Consequently, researchers are exploring alternative methods for GBM management. One promising avenue receiving attention in recent years is immunotherapy. This approach has successfully treated cancer types like non-small cell lung cancer and blood-related malignancies. Various immunotherapeutic strategies are currently under investigation for GBM treatment, including checkpoint inhibitors, vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, and oncolytic viruses. A comprehensive review of 26 high-quality studies conducted over the past decade, involving thorough searches of databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, has been conducted. The findings from this review suggest that while immunotherapeutic strategies show promise, they face significant limitations and challenges in practical application for GBM treatment. The study emphasizes the importance of combining diverse approaches, customizing treatments for individual patients, and ongoing research efforts to improve GBM patients' outlook.
