Low-dose targeted radionuclide therapy synergizes with CAR T cells and enhances tumor response.

Ionizing radiation has garnered considerable attention as a combination partner for immunotherapy due to its potential immunostimulatory effects. In contrast to the more commonly used external beam radiation, we explored the feasibility of combining chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy with targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT), which is achieved by delivering ß-emitting 177Lu-DOTATATE to tumor via tumor-infiltrating CAR T cells that express somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2). We hypothesized that the delivery of radiation to tumors could synergize with CAR T therapy, resulting in enhanced antitumor immunity and tumor response. To determine the optimal dosage and timing of 177Lu-DOTATATE treatment, we measured CAR T cell infiltration and expansion in tumors longitudinally through positron emission tomography (PET) using a SSTR2-specific positron-emitting radiotracer,18F-NOTA-Octreotide. In animals receiving CAR T cells and a low-dose (2.5 Gy) of TRT following the administration of 177Lu-DOTATATE, we observed a rapid regression of large subcutaneous tumors, which coincided with a dramatic increase in serum proinflammatory cytokines. Tumor burden was also reduced when a higher radiation dose (6 Gy) was delivered to the tumor. However, this higher dose led to cell death in both the tumor and CAR T cells. Our study suggests that there may exist an optimum range of TRT dosage that can enhance T cell activity and sensitize tumor cells to T cell killing, which may result in more durable tumor control compared to a higher radiation dose.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy Targeting Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule in Gastric Cancer: Mechanisms of Tumor Resistance.

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a tumor-associated antigen that is frequently overexpressed in various carcinomas. We have developed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells specifically targeting EpCAM for the treatment of gastric cancer. This study sought to unravel the precise mechanisms by which tumors evade immune surveillance and develop resistance to CAR T cell therapy. Through a combination of whole-body CAR T cell imaging and single-cell multiomic analyses, we uncovered intricate interactions between tumors and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). In a gastric cancer model, tumor-infiltrating CD8 T cells exhibited both cytotoxic and exhausted phenotypes, while CD4 T cells were mainly regulatory T cells. A T cell receptor (TCR) clonal analysis provided evidence of CAR T cell proliferation and clonal expansion within resistant tumors, which was substantiated by whole-body CAR T cell imaging. Furthermore, single-cell transcriptomics showed that tumor cells in mice with refractory or relapsing outcomes were enriched for genes involved in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen presentation pathways, interferon-γ and interferon-α responses, mitochondrial activities, and a set of genes (e.g., CD74, IDO1, IFI27) linked to tumor progression and unfavorable disease prognoses. This research highlights an approach that combines imaging and multiomic methodologies to concurrently characterize the evolution of tumors and the differentiation of CAR T cells.

Inducible expression of interleukin-12 augments the efficacy of affinity-tuned chimeric antigen receptors in murine solid tumor models.

The limited number of targetable tumor-specific antigens and the immunosuppressive nature of the microenvironment within solid malignancies represent major barriers to the success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies. Here, using epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) as a model antigen, we used alanine scanning of the complementarity-determining region to fine-tune CAR affinity. This allowed us to identify CARs that could spare primary epithelial cells while still effectively targeting EpCAMhigh tumors. Although affinity-tuned CARs showed suboptimal antitumor activity in vivo, we found that inducible secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12), under the control of the NFAT promoter, can restore CAR activity to levels close to that of the parental CAR. This strategy was further validated with another affinity-tuned CAR specific for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1). Only in affinity-tuned CAR-T cells was NFAT activity stringently controlled and restricted to tumors expressing the antigen of interest at high levels. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of specifically gearing CAR-T cells towards recognition of solid tumors by combining inducible IL-12 expression and affinity-tuned CAR.

SSTR2 as an anatomical imaging marker and a safety switch to monitor and manage CAR T cell toxicity.

The ability to image adoptively transferred T cells in the body and to eliminate them to avoid toxicity will be vital for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy, particularly against solid tumors with higher risk of off-tumor toxicity. Previously, we have demonstrated the utility of somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2) for CAR T cell imaging, illustrating the expansion and contraction of CAR T cells in tumor as well as off-tumor expansion. Using intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)-specific CAR T cells that secrete interleukin (IL)-12 as a model, herein we examined the potential of SSTR2 as a safety switch when combined with the SSTR2-specific maytansine-octreotate conjugate PEN-221. Constitutive secretion of IL-12 led to continuous expansion of CAR T cells after rapid elimination of tumors, causing systemic toxicity in mice with intact MHC expression. Treatment with PEN-221 rapidly reduced the abundance of CAR T cells, decreasing the severity of xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), and prolonged survival. Our study supports the development of SSTR2 as a single genetic marker for CAR T cells that is readily applicable to humans both for anatomical detection of T cell distribution and an image-guided safety switch for rapid elimination of CAR T cells.

Bispecific CAR T Cells against EpCAM and Inducible ICAM-1 Overcome Antigen Heterogeneity and Generate Superior Antitumor Responses.

Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has demonstrated unparalleled responses in hematologic cancers, yet antigen escape and tumor relapse occur frequently. CAR T-cell therapy for patients with solid tumors faces even greater challenges due to the immunosuppressive tumor environment and antigen heterogeneity. Here, we developed a bispecific CAR to simultaneously target epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) to overcome antigen escape and to improve the durability of tumor responses. ICAM-1 is an adhesion molecule inducible by inflammatory cytokines and elevated in many types of tumors. Our study demonstrates superior efficacy of bispecific CAR T cells compared with CAR T cells targeting a single primary antigen. Bispecific CAR T achieved more durable antitumor responses in tumor models with either homogenous or heterogenous expression of EpCAM. We also showed that the activation of CAR T cells against EpCAM in tumors led to upregulation of ICAM-1, which rendered tumors more susceptible to ICAM-1 targeting by bispecific CAR T cells. Our strategy of additional targeting of ICAM-1 may have broad applications in augmenting the activity of CAR T cells against primary tumor antigens that are prone to antigen loss or downregulation.

Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy Targeting ICAM-1 in Gastric Cancer.

Cancer therapy utilizing adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells has demonstrated remarkable clinical outcomes in hematologic malignancies. However, CAR T cell application to solid tumors has had limited success, partly due to the lack of tumor-specific antigens and an immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. From the tumor tissues of gastric cancer patients, we found that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) expression is significantly associated with advanced stage and shorter survival. In this study, we report a proof-of-concept study using ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells against gastric cancer. The efficacy of ICAM-1 CAR T cells showed a significant correlation with the level of ICAM-1 expression in target cells in vitro. In animal models of human gastric cancer, ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells potently eliminated tumors that developed in the lungs, while their efficacy was more limited against the tumors in the peritoneum. To augment CAR T cell activity against intraperitoneal tumors, combinations with paclitaxel or CAR activation-dependent interleukin (IL)-12 release were explored and found to significantly increase anti-tumor activity and survival benefit. Collectively, ICAM-1-targeting CAR T cells alone or in combination with chemotherapy represent a promising strategy to treat patients with ICAM-1+ advanced gastric cancer.

PD1 Blockade Enhances ICAM1-Directed CAR T Therapeutic Efficacy in Advanced Thyroid Cancer.

PURPOSE: Advanced thyroid cancers, including poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), are lethal malignancies with limited treatment options. The majority of patients with ATC have responded poorly to programmed death 1 (PD1) blockade in early clinical trials. There is a need to explore new treatment options. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: We examined the expression of PD-L1 (a ligand of PD1) and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) in thyroid tumors and ATC cell lines, and investigated the PD1 expression level in peripheral T cells of patients with thyroid cancer. Next, we studied the tumor-targeting efficacy and T-cell dynamics of monotherapy and combination treatments of ICAM1-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells and anti-PD1 antibody in a xenograft model of ATC. RESULTS: Advanced thyroid cancers were associated with increased expression of both ICAM1 and PD-L1 in tumors, and elevated PD1 expression in CD8+ T cells of circulating blood. The expression of ICAM1 and PD-L1 in ATC lines was regulated by the IFNγ-JAK2 signaling pathway. ICAM1-targeted CAR T cells, produced from either healthy donor or patient T cells, in combination with PD1 blockade demonstrated an improved ability to eradicate ICAM1-expressing target tumor cells compared with CAR T treatment alone. PD1 blockade facilitated clearance of PD-L1 high tumor colonies and curtailed excessive CAR T expansion, resulting in rapid tumor clearance and prolonged survival in a mouse model. CONCLUSIONS: Targeting two IFNγ-inducible, tumor-associated antigens-ICAM1 and PD-L1-in a complementary manner might be an effective treatment strategy to control advanced thyroid cancers in vivo.

Publisher Correction: Manufacturing and preclinical validation of CAR T cells targeting ICAM-1 for advanced thyroid cancer therapy.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Validation of MRI quantitative susceptibility mapping of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for hyperthermia applications in live subjects.

The use of magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) for cancer therapy has shown promise but lacks suitable methods for quantifying exogenous irons such as superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles as a source of heat generation under an alternating magnetic field (AMF). Application of quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) technique to prediction of SPIO in preclinical models has been challenging due to a large variation of susceptibility values, chemical shift from tissue fat, and noisier data arising from the higher resolution required to visualize the anatomy of small animals. In this study, we developed a robust QSM for the SPIO ferumoxytol in live mice to examine its potential application in MFH for cancer therapy. We demonstrated that QSM was able to simultaneously detect high level ferumoxytol accumulation in the liver and low level localization near the periphery of tumors. Detection of ferumoxytol distribution in the body by QSM, however, required imaging prior to and post ferumoxytol injection to discriminate exogenous iron susceptibility from other endogenous sources. Intratumoral injection of ferumoxytol combined with AMF produced a ferumoxytol-dose dependent tumor killing. Histology of tumor sections corroborated QSM visualization of ferumoxytol distribution near the tumor periphery, and confirmed the spatial correlation of cell death with ferumoxytol distribution. Due to the dissipation of SPIOs from the injection site, quantitative mapping of SPIO distribution will aid in estimating a change in temperature in tissues, thereby maximizing MFH effects on tumors and minimizing side-effects by avoiding unwanted tissue heating.

Manufacturing and preclinical validation of CAR T cells targeting ICAM-1 for advanced thyroid cancer therapy.

While the majority of thyroid cancer patients are easily treatable, those with anaplastic or poorly differentiated recurrent thyroid carcinomas have a very poor prognosis with a median survival of less than a year. Previously, we have shown a significant correlation between ICAM-1 overexpression and malignancy in thyroid cancer, and have pioneered the use of ICAM-1 targeted CAR T cells as a novel treatment modality. For clinical translation of this novel modality, we designed CAR T cells possessing micromolar rather than nanomolar affinity to ICAM-1 to avoid cytotoxicity in normal cells with basal levels of ICAM-1 expression. Herein, we report the automated process of CAR T cell manufacturing with CliniMACS Prodigy (Miltenyi Biotec) using cryopreserved peripheral blood leukocytes from apheresis collections. Using Prodigy, thawed leukopak cells were enriched for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, subjected to double transduction using lentiviral vector, and expanded in culture for a total of 10 days with a final yield of 2-4 × 109 cells. The resulting CAR T cells were formulated for cryopreservation to be used directly for infusion into patients after thawing with no further processing. We examined cross-reactivity of CAR T cells toward both human and murine ICAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression in human and mouse tissues to demonstrate that both efficacy and on-target, off-tumor toxicity can be studied in our preclinical model. Selective anti-tumor activity in the absence of toxicity provides proof-of-concept that micromolar affinity tuned CAR T cells can be used to target tumors expressing high levels of antigen while avoiding normal tissues expressing basal levels of the same antigen. These studies support the initiation of a phase I study to evaluate the safety and potential efficacy of micromolar affinity tuned CAR T cells against newly diagnosed anaplastic and refractory or recurrent thyroid cancers.

A Fluorescent, [18F]-Positron-Emitting Agent for Imaging Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen Allows Genetic Reporting in Adoptively Transferred, Genetically Modified Cells.

Clinical trials involving genome-edited cells are growing in popularity, where CAR-T immunotherapy and CRISPR/Cas9 editing are more recognized strategies. Genetic reporters are needed to localize the molecular events inside these cells in patients. Specifically, a nonimmunogenic genetic reporter is urgently needed as current reporters are immunogenic due to derivation from nonhuman sources. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is potentially nonimmunogenic due to its natural, low-level expression in select tissues (self-MHC display). PSMA overexpression on human prostate adenocarcinoma is also visible with excellent contrast. We exploit these properties in a transduced, two-component, Human-Derived, Genetic, Positron-emitting, and Fluorescent (HD-GPF) reporter system. Mechanistically analogous to the luciferase and luciferin reporter, PSMA is genetically encoded into non-PSMA expressing 8505C cells and tracked with ACUPA-Cy3-BF3, a single, systemically injected small molecule that delivers positron emitting fluoride (18F) and a fluorophore (Cy3) to report on cells expressing PSMA. PSMA-lentivirus transduced tissues become visible by Cy3 fluorescence, [18F]-positron emission tomography (PET), and γ-scintillated biodistribution. HD-GPF fluorescence is visible at subcellular resolution, while a reduced PET background is achieved in vivo, due to rapid ACUPA-Cy3-BF3 renal excretion. Co-transduction with luciferase and GFP show specific advantages over popular genetic reporters in advanced murine models including, a "mosaic" model of solid-tumor intratumoral heterogeneity and a survival model for observing postsurgical recurrence. We report an advanced genetic reporter that tracks genetically modified cells in entire animals and with subcellular resolution with PET and fluorescence, respectively. This reporter system is potentially nonimmunogenic and will therefore be useful in human studies. PSMA is a biomarker of prostate adenocarcinoma and ACUPA-Cy3-BF3 potential in radical prostatectomy is demonstrated.

[18F]Fluoroethyltriazolyl Monocyclam Derivatives as Imaging Probes for the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4.

Determining chemokine receptor CXCR4 expression is significant in multiple diseases due to its role in promoting inflammation, cell migration and tumorigenesis. [68Ga]Pentixafor is a promising ligand for imaging CXCR4 expression in multiple tumor types, but its utility is limited by the physical properties of 68Ga. We screened a library of >200 fluorine-containing structural derivatives of AMD-3465 to identify promising candidates for in vivo imaging of CXCR4 expression by positron emission tomography (PET). Compounds containing fluoroethyltriazoles consistently achieved higher docking scores. Six of these higher scoring compounds were radiolabeled by click chemistry and evaluated in PC3-CXCR4 cells and BALB/c mice bearing bilateral PC3-WT and PC3-CXCR4 xenograft tumors. The apparent CXCR4 affinity of the ligands was relatively low, but tumor uptake was CXCR4-specific. The tumor uptake of [18F]RPS-534 (7.2 ± 0.3 %ID/g) and [18F]RPS-547 (3.1 ± 0.5 %ID/g) at 1 h p.i. was highest, leading to high tumor-to-blood, tumor-to-muscle, and tumor-to-lung ratios. Total cell-associated activity better predicted in vivo tumor uptake than did the docking score or apparent CXCR4 affinity. By this metric, and on the basis of their high yielding radiosynthesis, high tumor uptake, and good contrast to background, [18F]RPS-547, and especially [18F]RPS-534, are promising 18F-labeled candidates for imaging CXCR4 expression.

18F-Positron Emitting/Trimethine Cyanine-Fluorescent Contrast for Image-Guided Prostate Cancer Management.

[18/19F]-4, an anionic GCPII/PSMA inhibitor for image-guided intervention in prostate cancer, is described. [19F]-4 is radiolabeled with a radiochemical yield that is ≥27% and a molar activity of 190 ± 50 mCi/µmol in a <1 h, one-step, aqueous isotopic exchange reaction. [19F]-4 allows PSMA expression to be imaged by fluorescence (FL) and [18F]-PET. PC3-PIP (PSMA-positive, EC50 = 6.74 ± 1.33 nM) cancers are specifically delineated in mice that bear 3 million (18 mg) PC3-PIP and PC3 (control, PSMA-negative) cells. Colocalization of [18/19F]-4 PET, fluorescence, scintillated biodistribution, and PSMA expression are observed.

[18F]RPS-544: A PET tracer for imaging the chemokine receptor CXCR4.

INTRODUCTION: CXCR4 specific [18F]-labeled positron emission tomography (PET) imaging agents are needed which would enable general distribution of the radiotracer for clinical investigation. We sought to synthesize, radiolabel and evaluate [18F]RPS-544, a novel non-peptide CXCR4 antagonist as a CXCR4 specific probe. We compared [18F]RPS-544 with the previously published [18F]-3 ([18F]RPS-510 in this paper) in a bi-lateral tumor model of differential CXCR4 expression for its ability to selectively target CXCR4 expression. METHODS: Radiolabeling of [18F]RPS-544 and [18F]RPS-510 was performed by aromatic substitution on a 6-nitropyridyl group using no-carrier-added [18F]fluoride under basic conditions. 18F incorporation was determined by radioHPLC. Semi-preparative HPLC was used to purify the final product prior to reformulation. Imaging and biodistribution was performed in nude mice with bilateral PC3 (CXCR4+ and WT) xenograft tumors at 1, 2 and 4 h post injection. RESULTS: RPS-544 bound CXCR4 with an IC50 of 4.9 ±â€¯0.3 nM. [18F]RPS-544 showed preferential uptake in CXCR4+ tumors, with a CXCR4/WT ratio of 3.3 ±â€¯1.3 at 1 h p.i. and 2.3 ±â€¯0.5 at 2 h p.i. Maximum uptake in the CXCR4+ tumors was 3.4 ±â€¯1.2%ID/g at 1 h p.i., significantly greater (p = 0.003) than the uptake in the WT tumor. Tumor/blood ratios were 2.5 ±â€¯0.4 and 3.6 ±â€¯0.3 at 1 and 2 h p.i. Tumor/muscle ratios were >4 at all time-points. Tumor/lung ratios were >2 at 1 h and 2 h p.i. Substantial uptake was observed in the liver (15-25%ID/g), kidneys (25-35%ID/g), the small intestine (1-7%ID/g) and the large intestine (1-12%ID/g). Blood concentrations varied over time (0.5-2%ID/g). All other organs showed uptake of <1%ID/g at all time points studied with clearance profiles similar to blood clearance. CONCLUSIONS: Here we present, to the best of our knowledge, the first high affinity [18F]-labeled tracer, suitable for in vivo PET imaging of CXCR4. [18F]RPS-544 displayed high affinity for CXCR4 and good tumor uptake with a maximum uptake at 1 h p.i.. CXCR4 dependent uptake was demonstrated using bilateral tumors with differential CXCR4 expression as well as pharmacological blockade using the known CXCR4 antagonist, AMD-3100. Tissue contrast as judged by tumor to normal tissue ratios was positive in several key tissues. The structural and pharmacological similarities between [18F]RPS-544 and the approved drug AMD-3465, combined with the ease of synthesis and high molar activity (>185 GBq/µmol) achieved during radiosynthesis could lead to accelerated translation into the clinic.

Micromolar affinity CAR T cells to ICAM-1 achieves rapid tumor elimination while avoiding systemic toxicity.

Adoptive transfer of high-affinity chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting hematological cancers has yielded impressive clinical results. However, safety concerns regarding target expression on healthy tissue and poor efficacy have hampered application to solid tumors. Here, a panel of affinity-variant CARs were constructed targeting overexpressed ICAM-1, a broad tumor biomarker, using its physiological ligand, LFA-1. Anti-tumor T cell potency in vitro was directly proportional to CAR affinity and ICAM-1 density. In a solid tumor mouse model allowing simultaneous monitoring of anti-tumor potency and systemic off-tumor toxicity, micromolar affinity CAR T cells demonstrated superior anti-tumor efficacy and safety compared to their nanomolar counterparts. Longitudinal T cell tracking by PET/CT and concurrent cytokine measurement revealed superior expansion and contraction kinetics of micromolar affinity CAR T cells. Therefore, we developed an ICAM-1 specific CAR with broad anti-tumor applicability that utilized a reduced affinity targeting strategy to significantly boost efficacy and safety.

CAR T Therapy Targeting ICAM-1 Eliminates Advanced Human Thyroid Tumors.

Purpose: Poorly differentiated thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) are rare yet lethal malignancies with limited treatment options. Many malignant tumors, including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and ATC, are associated with increased expression of ICAM-1, providing a rationale for utilizing ICAM-1-targeting agents for the treatment of aggressive cancer. We developed a third-generation chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting ICAM-1 to leverage adoptive T-cell therapy as a new treatment modality.Experimental Design: ICAM-1 CAR T cells were applied to multiple malignant and nonmalignant target cells to investigate specific target cell death and "off-tumor" toxicity in vitroIn vivo therapeutic efficacy of ICAM-1 CAR T cells was examined in ATC mouse models established from a cell line and patient-derived tumors that rapidly develop systemic metastases.Results: ICAM-1 CAR T cells demonstrated robust and specific killing of PTC and ATC cell lines in vitro Interestingly, although certain ATC cell lines showed heterogeneous levels of ICAM-1 expression, addition of cytotoxic CAR T cells induced increased ICAM-1 expression such that all cell lines became targetable. In mice with systemic ATC, a single administration of ICAM-1 CAR T cells mediated profound tumor killing that resulted in long-term remission and significantly improved survival. Patient-derived ATC cells overexpressed ICAM-1 and were largely eliminated by autologous ICAM-1 CAR T cells in vitro and in animal models.Conclusions: Our findings are the first demonstration of CAR T therapy against both a metastatic, thyroid cancer cell line and advanced ATC patient-derived tumors that exhibit dramatic therapeutic efficacy and survival benefit in animal studies. Clin Cancer Res; 23(24); 7569-83. ©2017 AACR.

Longitudinal PET imaging demonstrates biphasic CAR T cell responses in survivors.

Clinical monitoring of adoptive T cell transfer (ACT) utilizes serial blood analyses to discern T cell activity. While useful, these data are 1-dimensional and lack spatiotemporal information related to treatment efficacy or toxicity. We utilized a human genetic reporter, somatostatin receptor 2 (SSTR2), and PET, to quantitatively and longitudinally visualize whole-body T cell distribution and antitumor dynamics using a clinically approved radiotracer. Initial evaluations determined that SSTR2-expressing T cells were detectable at low densities with high sensitivity and specificity. SSTR2-based PET was applied to ACT of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting intercellular adhesion molecule-1, which is overexpressed in anaplastic thyroid tumors. Timely CAR T cell infusions resulted in survival of tumor-bearing mice, while later infusions led to uniform death. Real-time PET imaging revealed biphasic T cell expansion and contraction at tumor sites among survivors, with peak tumor burden preceding peak T cell burden by several days. In contrast, nonsurvivors displayed unrelenting increases in tumor and T cell burden, indicating that tumor growth was outpacing T cell killing. Thus, longitudinal PET imaging of SSTR2-positive ACT dynamics enables prognostic, spatiotemporal monitoring with unprecedented clarity and detail to facilitate comprehensive therapy evaluation with potential for clinical translation.

Novel strategy for selection of monoclonal antibodies against highly conserved antigens: phage library panning against ephrin-B2 displayed on yeast.

Ephrin-B2 is predominately expressed in endothelium of arterial origin, involved in developmental angiogenesis and neovasculature formation through its interaction with EphB4. Despite its importance in physiology and pathological conditions, it has been challenging to produce monoclonal antibodies against ephrin-B2 due to its high conservation in sequence throughout human and rodents. Using a novel approach for antibody selection by panning a phage library of human antibody against antigens displayed in yeast, we have isolated high affinity antibodies against ephrin-B2. The function of one high affinity binder (named as 'EC8') was manifested in its ability to inhibit ephrin-B2 interaction with EphB4, to cross-react with murine ephrin-B2, and to induce internalization into ephrin-B2 expressing cells. EC8 was also compatible with immunoprecipitation and detection of ephrin-B2 expression in the tissue after standard chemical fixation procedure. Consistent with previous reports on ephrin-B2 induction in some epithelial tumors and tumor-associated vasculatures, EC8 specifically detected ephrin-B2 in tumors as well as the vasculature within and outside of the tumors. We envision that monoclonal antibody developed in this study may be used as a reagent to probe ephrin-B2 distribution in normal as well as in pathological conditions and to antagonize ephrin-B2 interaction with EphB4 for basic science and therapeutic applications.

Self-assembled nanoplatform for targeted delivery of chemotherapy agents via affinity-regulated molecular interactions.

Site-specific delivery of drugs while minimizing unwanted distribution has been one of the pursued goals in cancer therapy. In this endeavor, we have developed targeted polymeric nanoparticles called amphiphilic urethane acrylate nonionomer (UAN) for encapsulation of diverse water-insoluble drugs and diagnostic agents, as well as for simple and reproducible surface conjugation of targeting ligands. Using monoclonal antibodies or lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) I domain engineered for varying affinities to intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, we were able to deliver UAN nanoparticles to human cancer cells with the efficiency dependent on the strength of the molecular interactions and the degree of ICAM-1 expression on cell surface. Compared to non-specific uptake of free drugs, targeted delivery of UAN nanoparticles carrying equal amount of drugs produced more potent cytotoxicity. Notably, without the targeting ligands attached, UAN nanoparticles were largely precluded from non-specific uptake by the cells, resulting in much lower toxicity. The versatility of our UAN nanoparticles in both payload encapsulation and presentation of targeting ligands may facilitate developing a robust platform for evaluating various combinations of cancer drugs and molecular interactions toward developing effective cancer therapy formulations.