Biopolymers have gained significant importance in the field of biomedicine, particularly in addressing organ and tissue loss in living organisms. These polymers exhibit temporary functionality during treatment and undergo biodegradation once their intended purpose is fulfilled. The diverse characteristics of these biopolymers expand their range of applications, albeit necessitating extensive experimentation and a time commitment for thorough investigation. Computational models have emerged as a promising avenue for predictive analysis, complementing traditional experimental methods. In this study, we delve into the degradation dynamics of polyester materials with a specific emphasis on the hydrolysis process. We employed an appropriate reaction diffusion model to unveil the underlying mechanisms governing material weight loss and erosion within a two-dimensional framework for a rectangular slice of the implant. By bridging computational modeling with empirical research, this study provides valuable insights into the behavior of biopolymers, contributing to a deeper understanding of these materials and their potential for advanced biomedical applications. To illustrate this framework's effectiveness, we conducted a case study using experimental data from the literature, focusing on poly(d,l-lactic acid) material.
Photocatalytic hydrogen production is a sustainable and greenhouse-gas-free method that requires an efficient and abundant photocatalyst, which minimizes energy consumption. Currently, interests in transition metal chalcogenide materials have been utilized in different applications due to their quantum confinement effect and low band gaps. In this study, different wt % of NiS2-embedded TiO2 nanocomposites were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method and utilized for photocatalytic hydrogen production under extended solar irradiation. Among the materials studied, the highest amount (4.185 mmol g-1) of hydrogen production was observed with 15 wt % of the NiS2/TiO2 nanocomposite. The highest photocatalytic activity may be due to the well separation of photoinduced charge carriers on the catalyst, which was confirmed by the electrochemical studies. Thus, we believe that these photocatalysts are promising candidates for future applications.
TiO2 was known as a golden heterogeneous photocatalyst due to its chemical stability, low cost, nontoxicity, and strong oxidizing power. However, anatase TiO2 predominantly absorbs the photon energy in the ultraviolet region (λ < 387.5 nm); therefore, to increase the utilization of sunlight, the approach of doping of metals and nonmetals into pure TiO2 is implemented. Here we incorporate the dopants of Zr, Si, V, W, Ge, Cr, Sn, Mo, and Pb into the TiO2 lattice and study the optoelectronic properties, including the formation energies and the electron charge distributions, using the Vienna ab initio Simulation Package (VASP) from the hybrid functional of Heyd, Scuseria, and Erhzerhof (HSE06). We observed that V-, Mo-, and Cr-doped systems introduce shallow impurity states within the band gap, and those states influence the shift of the absorbance spectra to visible light by enhancing the photocatalytic efficiency. W-doped anatase TiO2 structure reduces the band gap of the pure anatase TiO2 by 0.7 eV. Notably, this reduction occurs without the introduction of any impurity states between the band edges. Additionally, the absorption edge of the solar spectrum shifts toward lower photon energy from 3.5 to 3.1 eV. From Bader charge analysis, we observed that mainly the charge transfer occurred from the dopants and charge accumulation happened around nearby oxygen atoms. The ferromagnetism was observed in V-, Cr-, Mo-, and W-doped anatase TiO2 structures due to the charge imbalance of the spin-up and spin-down states.
Although the fabrication of hollow nanostructures from single and binary transition metal oxides has been accomplished effectively, there still exists a significant challenge in creating advanced hollow morphologies comprising mixed transition metal oxides such as ternary and quaternary compositions. In this context, we have adopted an alternative approach by employing a straightforward self-templating method to synthesize ternary metal molybdate nanomaterials. These materials possess the chemical composition of NiCoMoOx and exhibit a unique nanoporous yolk-shell hollow structure. Commencing with mixed metal-glycerate solid spheres, we have successfully guided the formation of this chemical composition and distinctive yolk-shell hollow sphere architecture through meticulous thermal treatment control. The consistency of our results is confirmed through SEM images. Thanks to their robust structural integrity, advanced internal morphology, and increased surface area, these hierarchical hollow spheres demonstrate remarkable electrochemical performance when utilized as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors. When serving as electrode materials in supercapacitors, these nanoporous NiCoMoOx yolk-shell hollow spheres deliver a specific capacitance of 1125 F g-1 at a current density of 0.5 A g-1, maintaining an impressive cycling stability of 91.48% even after 5000 cycles. In a hybrid device configuration wherein activated carbon (AC) functions as the negative electrode and NiCoMoOx yolk-shell hollow spheres serve as the positive electrode, exceptional performance is observed. This configuration achieves a substantial specific energy density of 44.67 W h kg-1, alongside a maximum power density of 8000 W kg-1, and exceptional cycling stability of 93.03% even after 5000 cycles.
In this study, a natural dye from the flowers of Mussaenda erythrophylla extracted separately in ethanol and de-ionized water was employed as a photosensitizer in DSSCs. The quantitative phytochemical analyses were performed on both extracts. The existence of flavonoids (anthocyanin) and chlorophyll a pigments in the ethanol extract of the dye was confirmed by the UV-Visible spectroscopy. The stability study performed on the said ethanol extract confirmed that the dye extracted in ethanol was stable in the dark and did not degrade for nearly 50 days. The presence of the dye molecules and uniform adsorption of them on the P25-TiO2 surface were confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, respectively. Moreover, the influence of dye concentration and pH on the optical properties of the dye was also studied. The natural dye extracted in ethanol was employed in DSSCs, fabricated by utilizing the said dye sensitized P25-TiO2 photoanodes, [Formula: see text]/[Formula: see text] electrolyte, and Pt counter electrode. Photovoltaic performances of the fabricated devices were determined under simulated irradiation with the intensity of 100 mWcm-2 using AM 1.5 filter. The device fabricated with the P25-TiO2 photoanode sensitized by the dye extracted in ethanol at pH = 5 exhibited the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.41% with the JSC of 0.98 mAcm-2 which could be attributed to the optimum light absorption in the visible region of solar spectrum by the chlorophyll a and anthocyanin molecules in the extracted natural dye.
Although perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have reached a record high conversion efficiency of 25.7%, the materials used to fabricate them invoke costly hole-transporting materials, such as spiro-OMeTAD, and expensive gold back contacts. The cost of fabrication of a solar cell or any other practical device is an important issue in their practical applications. In this study, we describe the fabrication of a low-cost, mesoscopic PSC, eliminating the use of expensive p-type semiconductors and substituting them with electronically conducting activated carbon, and the gold back contact with expanded graphite. The activated carbon hole transporting material was derived from readily available coconut shells and the expanded graphite from graphite attached to rock pieces of graphite vein banks. We drastically reduced the overall cell fabrication cost using these low-cost materials and added commercial value to discarded graphite and coconut shells. Under ambient conditions, our PSC gives a conversion efficiency of 8.60 ± 0.10 % at 1.5 AM simulated sunlight. We have identified the lower fill factor as the limiting factor for the low conversion efficiency. We believe that the lower cost of the materials used and the deceptively simple powder pressing method would compensate for the relatively lower conversion efficiency in its practical application.
The design of hierarchical hollow nanostructures with complex shell architectures is an attractive and effective way to obtain a desirable electrode material for energy storage application. Herein, we report an effective metal-organic framework (MOF) template-engaged method to synthesize novel double-shelled hollow nanoboxes, in terms of chemical composition and structure complexity, for supercapacitor application. Starting from cobalt-based zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-67(Co)) nanoboxes as the removal template, we developed a rational preparation approach to synthesize cobalt-molybdenum-phosphide (CoMoP) double-shelled hollow nanoboxes (donated as CoMoP-DSHNBs) through (i) ion-exchange reaction, (ii) template etching, and (iii) phosphorization treatment, respectively. Notably, despite the previously reported works, the phosphorization was simply done using the facile solvothermal method, without employing annealing and high-temperature conditions, which can be considered as one of the merits of the current work. CoMoP-DSHNBs showed excellent electrochemical properties owing to their unique morphology, high surface area, and optimal elemental composition. In a three-electrode system, the target material showed a superior specific capacity of 1204 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 with a remarkable cycle stability of 87% after 20000 cycles. The hybrid device formed of activated carbon (AC) as the negative electrode and CoMoP-DSHNBs as the positive electrode exhibited a high specific energy density of 49.99 W h kg-1 and a maximum power density of 7539.41 W kg-1 with a great cycling stability of 84.5% after 20,000 cycles.
Green hydrogen produced from solar energy could be one of the solutions to the growing energy shortage as non-renewable energy sources are phased out. However, the current catalyst materials used for photocatalytic water splitting (PWS) cannot compete with other renewable technologies when it comes to efficiency and production cost. Transition-metal dichalcogenides, such as molybdenum disulfides (MoS2), have previously proven to have electronic and optical properties that could tackle these challenges. In this work, optical properties, the d-band center, and Gibbs free energy are calculated for seven MoS2 polymorphs using first-principles calculations and density functional theory (DFT) to show that they could be suitable as photocatalysts for PWS. Out of the seven, the two polymorphs 3Ha and 2R1 were shown to have d-band center values closest to the optimal value, while the Gibbs free energy for all seven polymorphs was within 5% of each other. In a previous study, we found that 3Hb had the highest electron mobility among all seven polymorphs and an optimal bandgap for photocatalytic reactions. The 3Hb polymorphs were therefore selected for further study. An in-depth analysis of the enhancement of the electronic properties and the Gibbs free energy through substitutional doping with Al, Co, N, and Ni was carried out. For the very first time, substitutional doping of MoS2 was attempted. We found that replacing one Mo atom with Al, Co, I, N, and Ni lowered the Gibbs free energy by a factor of 10, which would increase the hydrogen evolution reaction of the catalyst. Our study further shows that 3Hb with one S atom replaced with Al, Co, I, N, or Ni is dynamically and mechanically stable, while for 3Hb, replacing one Mo atom with Al and Ni makes the structure stable. Based on the low Gibbs free energy, stability, and electronic bandgap 3Hb, MoS2 doped with Al for one Mo atom emerges as a promising candidate for photocatalytic water splitting.
Hydrothermal synthesis of pristine and Sr doped TiO2 is proposed. The synthesized products were studied for their physiochemical properties. 3% Sr-TiO2 showed a narrow bandgap, which facilitate an increase in oxygen vacancies. The agglomerated morphology was tuned to a nanoball structure after doping with Sr ions. Surface area was increased for the Sr doped TiO2. The samples were used to reduce Janus Green B (JG) dye as a model pollutant. The pure TiO2 showed poor efficiency, while the prepared Sr-TiO2 photocatalyst showed enhanced efficiency with a corresponding increase in the rate constant values of the samples. Tuning of the bandgap, an improvement in the morphology and an increase in the surface area were the major positives of the Sr doped TiO2 samples compared to pure TiO2, 3% Sr-TiO2 is emerging as the best photocatalyst in reducing toxic pollutants. The 3% Sr-TiO2 is a promising candidate for water remediation in the future.
In the modern civilized world, energy scarcity and associated environmental pollution are the center of focus in the search for reliable energy storage and harvesting devices. The need to develop cheaper and more competent binder-free electrodes for high-performance supercapacitors has attracted considerable research attention. In this study, two different procedures are followed to enhance the growth of carbon nanotubes (CNT-E and CNT-NF) directly coated on a Ni-foam substrate by a well-functioning chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Thus, directly grown optimized CNT electrodes are used as electrodes for electrochemical devices. Furthermore, solid-state symmetric supercapacitors are fabricated using CNT-NF//CNT-NF, and fruitful results are obtained with maximum specific capacitance (250.51 F/g), energy density (68.19 Wh/kg), and power density (2799.77 W/kg) at 1 A/g current density. The device exhibited good cyclic stability, with 92.42% capacitive retention and 99.68% Coulombic efficiency at 10â¯000 cycles, indicating the suitability of the electrodes for practical applications. This study emphasizes the importance of studying the direct growth of binder-free CNT electrodes to understand the actual behavior of electrodes and the proper storage mechanism.
In this work, pristine, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06 M neodymium (Nd)-doped barium tungstate nanostructures were synthesized via a simple co-precipitation method for the water oxidation process. The obtained X-ray diffraction high-intensity peak at a 2θ value of 26.4° corresponding to the (112) lattice plane confirmed the formation of a tetragonal structure of BaWO4. Moreover, the BaWO4 morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy, which showed the existence of nanospindles. An energy-dispersive X-ray spectrum confirmed the subsistence of the produced materials, for example, barium (Ba), tungsten (W), oxide (O), and neodymium (Nd), with weight percentages of 28.58, 46.63, 16.64, and 8.16%, respectively. The 0.04 M Nd-doped BaWO4 product was explored to attain a high surface area of 18.18 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.079 cm3/g, and a pore diameter of 2.215 nm. Compared to the other prepared electrodes, the 0.04 M Nd-doped BaWO4 product exhibited low overpotential values of 330 mV and 450 mV to deliver current densities of 10 mA/cm2 and 50 mA/cm2, respectively. In addition, the optimized electrode achieved a small Tafel slope value of 158 mV dec-1 and followed the Volmer-Heyrovsky mechanism. Moreover, the electrical conductivity of BaWO4 was tuned due to the addition of a rare-earth metal dopant, and it exhibited the charge-transfer resistance and solution resistance values of 0.98 and 1.01 Ω, respectively. The prepared electrocatalyst was further studied by using cyclic voltammetry, and it exhibited a high double-layer capacitance value of 29.3 mF/cm2 and high electrochemically active surface areas of 1.465 cm2. The electrochemical performance was greatly improved depending on the concentration of the doping agent, and it was well consistent with the obtained results. The best electrocatalyst was subjected to a chronoamperometry test, which exhibited excellent stability even after 20 h. Hence, this work suggests that alkaline metal tungstates have a cost-effective, efficient, and promising electrocatalyst, and it is a new approach for the water oxidation process.
Bi2S3, 5 ml EG-Bi2S3, and 10 ml EG-Bi2S3 were synthesized by employing solvothermal route. X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorption, photoluminescence, Raman, scanning electron microscopic studies confirmed the structural, optical, morphological behaviors. The XRD pattern of Bi2S3, 5 ml EG-Bi2S3, and 10 ml EG-Bi2S3 was correlated well with JCPDS # 65-2435. The crystallite size was found to be 57, 49, and 40 nm. The photoluminescence spectra showed semiconducting property of prepared Bi2S3, 5 ml EG-Bi2S3, and 10 ml EG-Bi2S3. The absorption spectra of Bi2S3, 5 ml EG-Bi2S3, and 10 ml EG-Bi2S3 nanorods were well matched with the spectra of a previous report. The bandgap values of Bi2S3, 5 ml EG-Bi2S3, and 10 ml EG-Bi2S3 were calculated to be 1.56, 1.45, and 1.3 eV in reducing order. The morphology of Bi2S3, 5 ml EG-Bi2S3, and 10 ml EG-Bi2S3 samples showed the development of nanorods. The 10 ml EG-Bi2S3 sample showed better development of nanorods with the addition of ethylene glycol. The agglomeration was considerably reduced with the mixing of solvent. Bi2S3, 5 ml EG-Bi2S3, and 10 ml EG-Bi2S3 catalysts were added to the methylene blue dye solution and its photocatalytic properties were investigated by reducing toxic pollutants under light. The 10 ml EG-Bi2S3 sample with neutral pH and 0.1 g of catalyst was added and investigated which showed 86% of efficiency towards dye degradation. The narrow bandgap, defined morphology of 10 ml EG-Bi2S3, made a positive result towards efficient photocatalytic activity.
Light , Nanotubes , Nanotubes/chemistry , Catalysis , Hydrogen-Ion Concentration , X-Ray Diffraction
In the emerging photovoltaic (PV) technologies, the golden triangle rule includes higher efficiency, longevity (or stability), and low cost, which are the foremost criteria for the root of commercial feasibility. Accordingly, a unique low-cost, ecofriendly, all-solution-processed, "bio-inspired" graphitic carbon (extracted from the most invasive plant species of Eichhornia crassipes: listed as one of the 100 most dangerous species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature) and a mixed halide perovskite interface-engineered, unique single-cell large-scale (10 × 10 sq.cm with an active area of 88 cm2) carbon-based perovskite solar cell (C-PSC) are demonstrated for the first time, delivering a maximum PCE of 6.32%. Notable performance was observed under low light performance for the interface-engineered champion device fabricated using the layer-to-layer approach, which, even when tested under fluorescent room light condition (at 200 lux of about â¼0.1 SUN illumination), exhibited a significant PCE. In terms of addressing the stability issues in the fabricated PSC devices, the present work has adopted a two-step strategy: the instability toward the extrinsic factors is addressed by encapsulation, and the subsequent intrinsic instability issue is also addressed through interfacial engineering. Surprisingly, when tested under various stability conditions (STC) such as ambient air, light (continuous 1 SUN, under room light illumination (0.1 SUN) and direct sunlight), severe damp up to a depth of â¼25 mm water (cold (â¼15 °C) and hot (â¼65 °C)), acidic pH (â¼5), and alkaline pH (â¼11)) conditions, the fabricated large-scale carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-LSPSCs) retained unexpected long-term stability in their performance for over 50 days. As to appraise the performance superiority of the fabricated C-LSPSC devices under various aforesaid testing conditions, a working model of a mini-fan has been practically powered and demonstrated.
In this work, zeolite NaA (RA) and NaX (RX) have been successfully synthesized using rice husk ash and it is a low cost synthesis process and it does not produce environmental hazards. Sodium silicate (SS) is extracted from rice husk ash which is an alternative silica source for zeolite synthesis. The zeolites are prepared by using a SS silica source extracted from the rice husk ash, and it has been used as an adsorbent for the CO2 adsorption process which may help in controlling the global warming problems. The zeolites are synthesized by a hydrothermal method without using any organic templating agent. FESEM and TEM micrographs revealed that the synthesized zeolites RA and RX have "Ice cube" and octahedral morphology respectively. From the N2 sorption studies, the BET surface area of the synthesized zeolites have been found and are 106.25 m2 g-1 and 512.79 m2 g-1 respectively. The maximum CO2 adsorption capacities of zeolite RA and RX are 2.22 and 2.45 mmol g-1, respectively at a temperature of 297.15 K. The recorded data are fitted by using non-linear adsorption isotherm models of Langmuir, Freundlich and Toth isotherm models. The fitted isotherm models are observed to be a type I adsorption isotherm according to the IUPAC classification criterion.
In the present work, samarium-doped nickel manganese oxide was produced by employing a straightforward co-precipitation method. A peak with a 2θ of 36° corresponded to the (110) plane confirming the formation of the rhombohedral crystal structure of NiMnO3. The existence of Mn-O and Ni-O stretching vibration modes was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy. FTIR spectra confirmed the existence of the metal-oxygen bond of NiMnO3. The synthesized ternary Ni-based material was found to be spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 0.81 µm. The electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) performance was explored on 0.02 M samarium (Sm)-doped NiMnO3 demonstrating outstanding OER action with low 321 mV, a low Tafel slope value (109 mV dec-1), and low charge-transfer resistance (0.19 Ω). Moreover, the BET results suggest that the 0.02 M Sm-doped NiMnO3 exhibited elevated surface area (78.78 m2 g-1) with a mesoporous character. Therefore, NiMnO3 doped with high concentrations of a rare earth metal, Sm, is proposed as a suitable material for next-generation water splitting applications.
Conversion and reducing agent (NaBH4) effect on zero valent iron into Fe3O4 nanoparticles with diverse molar ratios of reducing agent was produced through chemical reduction technique. The structural, optical, vibrational analyses were executed via XRD, UV-Vis, Raman, and FT-IR analysis. The crystallite size obtained were 35 nm, 27 nm, and 18 nm for Fe:NaBH4 (1:1), Fe:NaBH4 (1:2) and Fe:NaBH4 (1:3). The morphology of the Fe:NaBH4 (1:1) was not in good orientation with higher dimensions. As explored in Fe:NaBH4 (1:2) and (1:3) samples, there is a proper growth of nanoneedles and nanosheets formation. This was due to the addition of reducing agent which greatly helped in enhancement of morphology. The prepared photocatalysts were tested to reduce Malachite Green (MG) under UV illumination. The pure dye solution obtained 57% efficiency after irradiation. Fe:NaBH4 (1:3) photocatalyst achieved 97% efficiency on reducing pollutants. The rate constant values calculated was 0.007, 0.013, 0.02 and 0.03 min-1 for pure, Fe: NaBH4 (1:1), Fe: NaBH4 (1:2) and Fe: NaBH4 (1:3) assisted MG samples. The as prepared photocatalyst is more potential one on removal of toxic pollutants from wastewater which is due to the better enhancement of nanoneedles and nanosheets oriented by the effect of reducing agent. The advantage of Fe3O4 nanoparticles for wastewater is that the removal of these nanoparticles can be ease with magnetic separation methods. On considering the advantage of removing of photocatalyst and efficiency, this prepared product is suitable one for wastewater remediation process in future days.
Iron , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Catalysis , Iron/chemistry , Light , Reducing Agents , Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared , Ultraviolet Rays , Wastewater/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
In this study, zeolite sodalite SOD (50NaO2:Al2O3:5SiO2), zeolite LTA (2NaO2:Al2O3:1.926SiO2) and zeolite FAU (16NaO2:Al2O3:4SiO2) of different structures were synthesized successfully through simple conventional hydrothermal crystallization technique without using any template agent. Morphological analysis of three different types of zeolites revealed that the samples exhibit three different shapes such as the "Raspberry-like", "Dice" cube like and "Octahedral" shaped morphology respectively. The thermal stability was found to be about 4.8%, 14.6% and 20.5% for the synthesized zeolites SOD, LTA and FAU respectively. From the N2 adsorption-desorption studies, it was observed that adsorption types IV and I correspond to the synthesized samples. CO2 adsorption by the synthesized zeolite SOD, LTA and FAU were examined in the pressure range from 0 to 101.325 kPa at a constant temperature of 297.15 K. The highest adsorption capacity of 3.7 mmol/g was obtained for zeolite FAU. The synthesized zeolite was studied using a nonlinear regression curve fit to determine the adsorption isotherm model using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model. It has been found that the synthesized zeolites have a large electric field gradient due to which they can strongly adsorb quadrupole of CO2 molecules.
Perovskite materials are considered as the most alluring successor to the conventional semiconductor materials to fabricate solar cells, light emitting diodes and electronic displays. However, the use of the perovskite semiconductors as a channel material in field effect transistors (FET) are much lower than expected due to the poor performance of the devices. Despite low attention, the perovskite FETs are used in widespread applications on account of their unique opto-electrical properties. This review focuses on the previous works on perovskite FETs which are summarized into tables based on their structures and electrical properties. Further, this review focuses on the applications of perovskite FETs in photodetectors, phototransistors, light emitting FETs and memory devices. Moreover, this review highlights the challenges faced by the perovskite FETs to meet the current standards along with the future directions of these FETs. Overall, the review summarizes all the available information on existing perovskite FET works and their applications reported so far.
This study focuses on fabricating efficient CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells with thermally evaporated cuprous iodide (CuI) as hole-transporting material (HTM) by replacing Cu back contact in conventional CdS/CdTe solar cells to avoid Cu diffusion. In this study, a simple thermal evaporation method was used for the CuI deposition. The current-voltage characteristic of devices with CuI films of thickness 5 nm to 30 nm was examined under illuminations of 100 mW/cm2 (1 sun) with an Air Mass (AM) of 1.5 filter. A CdS/CdTe solar cell device with thermally evaporated CuI/Au showed power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.92% with JSC, VOC, and FF of 21.98 mA/cm2, 0.64 V, and 0.49 under optimized fabrication conditions. Moreover, stability studies show that fabricated CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells with CuI hole-transporters have better stability than CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells with Cu/Au back contacts. The significant increase in FF and, hence, PCE, and the stability of CdS/CdTe solar cells with CuI, reveals that Cu diffusion could be avoided by replacing Cu with CuI, which provides good band alignment with CdTe, as confirmed by XPS. Such an electronic band structure alignment allows smooth hole transport from CdTe to CuI, which acts as an electron reflector. Hence, CuI is a promising alternative stable hole-transporter for CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells that increases the PCE and stability.
Electrochemical energy storage has attracted much attention due to the common recognition of sustainable energy development. Transition metal sulfides and post-transition metal sulfides have been intensively been focused on due to their potential as electrode materials for energy storage applications in different types of capacitors such as supercapacitors and pseudocapacitors, which have high power density and long cycle life. Herein, the physicochemical properties of transition and post-transition metal sulfides, their typical synthesis, structural characterization, and electrochemical energy storage applications are reviewed. Various perspectives on the design and fabrication of transition and post-transition metal sulfides-based electrode materials having capacitive applications are discussed. This review further discusses various strategies to develop transition and/or post-transition metal sulfide heterostructured electrode-based self-powered photocapacitors with high energy storage efficiencies.
