Clinical and surgical factors associated with opioid refill rates following septorhinoplasty.

BACKGROUND: Septorhinoplasty is one the most common class of procedures performed worldwide, and opioids are frequently prescribed for post-operative pain [1]. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the rate of post-operative opioid prescription refills following septorhinoplasty. METHODS: This study was a case-control study of patients who underwent septoplasty and other secondary concomitant procedures. RESULTS: Of the 249 patients included in this study, the majority of patients (94.8%) were prescribed 12 tablets of hydrocodone-acetaminophen 5 mg - 325 mg and only 31 patients (13.3%) received refills. The presence of osteotomies and history of prior opioid use were associated with refills. Nasal valve repair type, open versus closed approach, and presence of autologous auricular cartilage graft harvest were not. DISCUSSION: Our study highlights factors that surgeons should consider when prescribing opioids after septorhinoplasty. Twelve tablets of an opioid are likely sufficient for the majority of patients, but if osteotomies are performed or the patient has a history of prior opioid use, more may be indicated to avoid the need for refills. Additional narcotics are not necessary for an open approach or for patients in which auricular cartilage is needed.

Reconstruction of Large Composite Defects Extending Beyond the Nose.

Nasal reconstruction remains one of the most challenging surgeries for facial plastic and reconstructive surgeons. The addition of defects extending beyond the nose adds a layer of complexity to an already technically demanding surgery. This article will focus on the management of composite defects extending beyond the boundaries of the nose. Surgeons need to have a variety of techniques at their disposal. These complex defects often require multiple local flaps, multiple stages, and, in select cases, free tissue transfer.

Buccal Fat Advancement-Transposition Flap for Reconstruction of Midface Volume Defects.

Background: The buccal fat pad (BFP) has previously been utilized for repair of various defects of the head and neck. Objectives: We explore the utility of a pedicled buccal fat advancement-transposition (BFAT) flap in various forms of midface reconstruction through a variety of surgical approaches and characterize its volume and axial reach in human anatomic specimens. Methods: Ten adult full-head human anatomic specimens were dissected, and a single surgical case demonstrating the use of a BFAT flap is described. Results: Nasolabial, subciliary, and deep plane facelift incisions all provided access to the BFP for use as a BFAT flap. The mean volume of mobilizable fat contained within a BFAT flap accessible through external incision was 7.1 cm3. Once fully mobilized, the externalized BFAT flap had a mean axial reach of 6.9 cm without tension. We also present a case illustrating the successful use of a BFAT flap for volumization of a large midface defect secondary to Mohs micrographic surgical resection of a cutaneous malignancy. Discussion: The BFAT flap, which exhibited substantial volume and reach in this study, can be harvested through multiple dissection windows or pre-existing defects and be used to reconstruct a variety of midface defects.

Preseptal transconjunctival approach in orbital floor fracture repairs to prevent postoperative lower eyelid malposition.

PURPOSE: Lower eyelid malposition can be a complication following orbital floor fracture surgeries. We present our incidence of lower eyelid malposition from a large case series of orbital floor fracture repairs using the 'swinging eyelid' approach and 'hang back' technique. METHODS: A retrospective review of all orbital fracture surgeries at our institution from November 2011 to March 2021 was performed. Primary outcomes included the incidence of lower eyelid malposition by category, the average time to presentation after primary surgery, and reoperation rates among cases with lower eyelid complications. RESULTS: A total of 438 cases that involved repair of the fractured orbital floor were identified. Six patients (1.37 %) developed lower eyelid malposition following primary orbital floor repair. Two patients (0.46 %) developed reverse ptosis of the lower eyelid. Two patients (0.46 %) returned with lower lid cicatricial ectropion. One patient (0.23 %) had postoperative lower eyelid retraction. One patient (0.23 %) had postoperative lower eyelid cicatricial entropion. No cases of lower lid flattening, lower eyelid fat flattening, or eyelid notch was noted. All patients with lower eyelid malposition underwent additional surgeries except one patient with reverse ptosis (83.3 %). The average time to the presentation of postoperative complications from the surgery date was 292.8 days (range = 49 days to 3.5 years). CONCLUSION: Lower eyelid malposition after orbital floor repair is a known complication that can be decreased by employing the 'swinging eyelid' with a preseptal approach and closure by the 'hang back' technique.

Characteristics of Facial Trauma in Professional Mixed Martial Arts.

Background: Injuries are common in mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions. However, the risk factors for facial injury have not been delineated. Objective: Identify the facial injuries and associated risk factors of professional MMA fights. Methods: The Nevada State Athletic Commission medical injury reports from all professional Ultimate Fighting Championship bouts from 2010 to 2020 was reviewed. Fighter characteristics, details of the competition, and injuries sustained were collected. Binary logistic regressions determined significant predictors of facial injury. Results: A total of 1462 fighters were included. Most participants were male (91.0%) with mean age of 29.5 ± 4.1 years. Most fights took place between 135 and 185 lbs., lasted ≥3 rounds (59.4%), and resulted in judges' decision (50.5%) or knockout (31.2%). The facial injury rate was 15.8%, which were predominantly lacerations (12.0%) and fractures (3.6%). Multivariate regression revealed being male (p = 0.026), heavier weight (p = 0.028), more rounds fought (p = 0.019), losing (p < 0.001), and nonsubmission outcome (p = 0.017) predicted facial injury. Conclusion: Facial injuries are common in MMA fighting. The risks should be iterated to participants in this sport.

Telemedicine in Otolaryngology During COVID-19: An Exploratory Assessment of Provider and Patient Attitudes.

OBJECTIVE: To determine provider and patient attitudes toward telemedicine in Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS). METHODS: Otolaryngology practitioners conducting outpatient clinics at an academic tertiary referral center were provided with a pre-Study Provider Perception Questionnaire (pre-PPQ) designed to evaluate pre-study perception of telemedicine in otolaryngology. A post-study Provider Perception Questionnaire (post-PPQ) designed to evaluate elements similar to those constituting the PrePPQ was completed at 6 weeks. Additionally, following each visit, providers and patients completed Individual Encounter Survey Questionnaires (IESQ) to evaluate the virtual clinical encounter experience. RESULTS: The pre-PPQ was completed by 29 providers, while the post-PPQ was completed by 12 providers. A total of 236 post-visit provider IESQs were completed, of which 208 were deemed successful. Audio/visual (AV) difficulties and limited server connectivity for the patient were most common causes for unsuccessful encounters. Providers reported that the most appropriate use of telemedicine, on both pre-PPQ and post-PPQ, was triaging patients to determine the need for in-person visits. The inability to perform a physical exam was rated as the primary barrier to telemedicine in OHNS on both pre-PPQ and post-PPQ. Patients strongly agreed with the statements, "My healthcare provider was able to understand my healthcare condition" and, "I felt comfortable communicating with my healthcare provider" 92.0% and 95.4% of the time, respectively. CONCLUSION: Both providers and patients demonstrated an overall positive attitude toward the use of telemedicine in the provision of otolaryngologic care.

Vascularized Prelaminated Thermoplastic Bioabsorbable Scaffold in Tracheal Reconstruction.

Successful tracheal reconstruction remains a challenging task for the reconstructive surgeon. A variety of techniques have been previously employed, using both autografts and allografts. The authors present a novel method for tracheal reconstruction utilizing a prelaminated fascial flap in conjunction with a bioabsorbable scaffold. Laryngoscope, 132:550-553, 2022.

Wraparound nylon foil implant for isolated orbital floor fractures.

PURPOSE: There are a variety of implant materials available for orbital floor fracture repair. Implant selection is guided by surgeon experience, availability, and patient specific needs. The purpose of this study is to describe a "wraparound" technique for nylon foil implant placement for large, isolated floor fractures that provides excellent results with low incidence of enophthalmos or other complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review from 2012 to 2020 was conducted in patients who underwent isolated orbital floor fracture repair with the use of the "wraparound" nylon foil implant. The surgical technique is described. Preoperative CT scans were assessed, and the patients were divided into groups based on the size of the floor fracture. Postoperative data was collected including Hertel measurements and complications related to the implant. RESULTS: There were eighty patients who underwent orbital floor fracture repair with the described technique and had adequate follow-up. There were 18 (22.5%) small-sized fractures, 32 (40%) medium-sized fractures, and 30 (37.5%) large-sized fractures in the study group. One patient (3.33%) in the large fracture group had clinically significant enophthalmos of 2 mm postoperatively. There were no other patients with clinically significant enophthalmos. There were no instances of any complications related to the implant, and no patients required implant removal. CONCLUSIONS: The "wraparound" technique for a nylon foil implant provides excellent results for isolated orbital floor fractures. It provides more support and stability than traditional nylon implants for larger fractures and has minimal complication rates.

Aerosol and Droplet Generation from Open Rhinoplasty: Surgical Risk in the Pandemic Era.

Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has led to concerns over transmission risk from head and neck operations including facial cosmetic surgeries. Objectives: To quantify droplet and aerosol generation from rhinoplasty techniques in a human anatomic specimen model using fluorescein staining and an optical particle sizer. Methods: Noses of human anatomic specimens were infiltrated using 0.1% fluorescein. Droplets and aerosols were measured during rhinoplasty techniques including opening the skin-soft tissue envelope, monopolar electrocautery, endonasal rasping, endonasal osteotomy, and percutaneous osteotomy. Results: No visible droplet contamination was observed for any rhinoplasty techniques investigated. Compared with the negative control of anterior rhinoscopy, total 0.300-10.000 µm aerosols were increased after monopolar electrocautery (p < 0.001) and endonasal rasp (p = 0.003). Opening the skin-soft tissue envelope, endonasal osteotomies, and percutaneous osteotomies did not generate a detectable increase in aerosols (p > 0.15). Discussion and Conclusions: In this investigation, droplets were not observed under ultraviolet light, and aerosol generation was noted only with cautery and endonasal rasping.

Aerosol and droplet generation from orbital repair: Surgical risk in the pandemic era.

INTRODUCTION: The highly contagious COVID-19 has resulted in millions of deaths worldwide. Physicians performing orbital procedures may be at increased risk of occupational exposure to the virus due to exposure to secretions. The goal of this study is to measure the droplet and aerosol production during repair of the inferior orbital rim and trial a smoke-evacuating electrocautery handpiece as a mitigation device. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The inferior rim of 6 cadaveric orbits was approached transconjunctivally using either standard or smoke-evacuator electrocautery and plated using a high-speed drill. Following fluorescein inoculation, droplet generation was measured by counting under ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light against a blue background. Aerosol generation from 0.300-10.000 µm was measured using an optical particle sizer. Droplet and aerosol generation was compared against retraction of the orbital soft tissue as a negative control. RESULTS: No droplets were observed following the orbital approach using electrocautery. Visible droplets were observed after plating with a high-speed drill for 3 of 6 orbits. Total aerosol generation was significantly higher than negative control following the use of standard electrocautery. Use of smoke-evacuator electrocautery was associated with significantly lower aerosol generation in 2 of 3 size groups and in total. There was no significant increase in total aerosols associated with high-speed drilling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Droplet generation for orbital repair was present only following plating with high-speed drill. Aerosol generation during standard electrocautery was significantly reduced using a smoke-evacuating electrocautery handpiece. Aerosols were not significantly increased by high-speed drilling.

Aerosol and droplet generation from mandible and midface fixation: Surgical risk in the pandemic era.

PURPOSE: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to concerns over transmission risk from healthcare procedures, especially when operating in the head and neck such as during surgical repair of facial fractures. This study aims to quantify aerosol and droplet generation from mandibular and midface open fixation and measure mitigation of airborne particles by a smoke evacuating electrocautery hand piece. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The soft tissue of the bilateral mandible and midface of two fresh frozen cadaveric specimens was infiltrated using a 0.1% fluorescein solution. Surgical fixation via oral vestibular approach was performed on each of these sites. Droplet splatter on the surgeon's chest, facemask, and up to 198.12 cm (6.5 ft) away from each surgical site was measured against a blue background under ultraviolet-A (UV-A) light. Aerosol generation was measured using an optical particle sizer. RESULTS: No visible droplet contamination was observed for any trials of mandible or midface fixation. Total aerosolized particle counts from 0.300-10.000 µm were increased compared to baseline following each use of standard electrocautery (n = 4, p < 0.001) but not with use of a suction evacuating electrocautery hand piece (n = 4, p = 0.103). Total particle counts were also increased during use of the powered drill (n = 8, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Risk from visible droplets during mandible and midface fixation is low. However, significant increases in aerosolized particles were measured after electrocautery use and during powered drilling. Aerosol dispersion is significantly decreased with the use of a smoke evacuating electrocautery hand piece.

Impact of the COVID-19 Global Pandemic on the Otolaryngology Fellowship Application Process.

On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 a global pandemic. In addition to massive social disruption, this pandemic affected the traditional fellowship interview season for otolaryngology subspecialties, including head and neck surgical oncology, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, laryngology, rhinology, neurotology, and pediatric otolaryngology. The impact on the fellowship interview process, from the standpoint of the institution and the applicant, necessitated the use of alternative interview processes. This change may alter the future of how interviews and the match proceed for years to come, with nontraditional methods of interviewing becoming a mainstay. While the impact this pandemic has on the fellowship match process is not yet fully realized, this commentary aims to discuss the challenges faced on both sides of the equation and to offer solutions during these unprecedented times.

Telehealth Opportunities for the Otolaryngologist: A Silver Lining During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The utilization of telemedicine has seen a relatively slow progression over the past 50 years in the US health care system. Technological challenges limiting the ease of use of robust video platforms have been a major factor. Additionally, the perception by many health care providers that telehealth is reserved for only the rural population or that it provides limited value due to the inability to perform in-depth physical examinations contributes to the slow adoption. The COVID-19 pandemic, with its massive disruption in social interaction by way of "stay at home" orders, is serving as a catalyst for improving telehealth. Large health systems are investing millions of dollars and increasing telehealth visit numbers 100-fold to access patients. The "telehealth movement" is here to stay and will undoubtedly be incorporated into providers' daily lives years after the COVID-19 pandemic. By embracing virtual access to health care, otolaryngologists will be able to influence improvements to these systems and broaden access options for patient care well into the future.

Nasal bone fractures and the use of radiographic imaging: An otolaryngologist perspective.

OBJECTIVE: To determine radiologic preferences of practicing otolaryngologists regarding isolated nasal bone fractures. STUDY DESIGN: An 8-question survey on isolated nasal bone fractures was designed. SETTING: Surveys were sent to all otolaryngology residency program directors for distribution among residents and faculty. Additional surveys were distributed to private practice otolaryngology groups. RESULTS: 140 physicians responded to the survey. 57% of the respondents were practicing otolaryngologists (75% with 10+ years of experience), while 43% of respondents were residents-in-training. 56% of respondents treated 1-5 nasal bone fractures per month. 80% of all respondents reported imaging being performed prior to consultation. If imaging was obtained before consultation, plain films and computed tomography (CT) maxillofacial/sinus scans were the most frequent modalities. 33% of residents and 70% of practicing otolaryngologists report imaging as 'rarely' or 'never' helpful in guiding management. 42% of residents and 20% of practicing otolaryngologists report asking for imaging when it wasn't already obtained. Decreased use of radiography was associated with greater years in practice and higher frequency of fractures treated. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Otolaryngologists seldom request imaging to evaluate and treat isolated nasal bone fractures. When ordered, imaging is utilized more often among residents-in-training and non-otolaryngology consulting physicians. This study highlights an opportunity to educate primary care and emergency room providers as well as otolaryngology residents on the value of comprehensive physical exam over radiographic imaging in the work-up of isolated nasal fractures. In addition, widespread adoption of a "no x-ray policy" in this setting may result in better resource utilization.

Regional Reconstruction of Orbital Exenteration Defects.

Aggressive disease such as invasive fungal infections or malignancies may necessitate orbital exenteration. The defects of orbital exenteration are often complex involving adjacent structures. Rehabilitation of the orbital exenteration defect poses unique challenges to the reconstructive surgeon. Various options have been described ranging from secondary intention to microvascular free tissue reconstruction. Here the authors review local/regional options for reconstruction of orbital exenteration defects.

Extra-ocular movement restriction and diplopia following orbital fracture repair.

PURPOSE: To report a series of patients with extra-ocular movement restriction and diplopia after orbital fracture repair, and determine the effect of timing of repair and the type of implant used. METHODS: A chart review was conducted identifying all patients >18years of age at our institution between June 2005 and June 2008 who underwent orbital fracture repair, and presented with clinically significant diplopia and extra-ocular movement restriction persisting longer than one month after repair. Data collected included timing of repair, implant used within the orbit, and need for revision. RESULTS: Ten patients were identified with a mean time to primary orbital fracture repair at 9days (range 1-48). Seven patients underwent revision of their orbital fracture repair with removal of the previously placed implant and replacement with non-porous 0.4mm Supramid Foil, whereas one patient underwent lateral and inferior rectus recessions without revision of primary fracture repair. Titanium mesh was the intra-orbital implant found in all patients requiring revision of orbital fracture repair. All revisions resulted in resolution of clinically significant diplopia. CONCLUSIONS: Clinically significant diplopia and extra-ocular movement restriction is not an uncommon complication after orbital fracture repair. In our series, there was a strong association between these complications and the use of porous titanium mesh implants. Revision of fractures significantly improved diplopia in all but one patient. This suggests that meticulous fracture repair and the use of non-porous implants primarily or secondarily may preclude the need for strabismus surgery after orbital trauma.

Application of Ultrasonic Aspirators in Rhinology and Skull Base Surgery.

Ultrasonic aspirators (UAs) are increasingly being used in rhinology and skull base surgery. The use of ultrasonic vibration for the removal of bony tissue transfers minimal heat to surrounding tissues and is relatively atraumatic to nearby soft tissue structures. This article details the development and application of this technology in septoturbinoplasty, endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR), and skull base surgery. The benefits and limitations of UAs compared with conventionally powered instruments are discussed.

Reconstruction of midface defect from idiopathic destructive process using Medpor implant.

IMPORTANCE: Reconstruction of the midface remains a challenging task for even the most experienced surgeon, with a host of reconstructive options including free tissue transfer, allografts, or prosthetic implants. Presented here is a case of idiopathic bony destruction of the right midface in a 19year old female, creating a unique defect requiring repair. OBJECTIVE: Demonstrate a unique case of severe maxillary degeneration and discuss the associated reconstructive challenges and final repair with a prosthetic implant. DESIGN: Case report. RESULTS: The patient presented with a 7month history of an idiopathic progressive deformity of the right cheek. Computed tomography of the paranasal sinuses revealed extensive bone loss of the right midface and orbit. The patient underwent facial reconstruction using a customized Medpor (Stryker Corp, Kalamazoo, MI) implant. At 6month follow-up the patient and physician were both pleased with the patient's overall appearance. The patient did have some residual lower lid retraction present as well as some lateral pull at the lateral canthus outward from the orbit itself. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative planning for midface reconstruction requires a deep understanding of the aesthetic, functional, and supportive roles this structure holds. Computer assistance allows the creation of custom made implants, providing the reconstructive surgeon with innovative options for reconstruction with minimal morbidity to the patient. As the technology around the design and creation of the custom implants continues to improve, the role of computer assistance in reconstruction will become more prominent.