Child delinquency and intelligence testing at Santiago's Juvenile Court, Chile, 1929-1942.

This article deals with intelligence testing conducted at Santiago's Juvenile Court, in Chile, between 1929 and 1942. It is based on an analysis of 56 court records containing psychological or psychopedagogical reports filed by the Section for Observation and Classification at Santiago's House of Juveniles, an institution created in 1929 as part of the Juvenile Protection Law. To understand the purposes for juvenile intelligence testing in this field, several articles published at the time by the key actors involved in these institutions will also be analyzed. The results of this research signal, first, that psychology did indeed play a role in the juvenile justice system by laying the groundwork for the idea that it was necessary to measure and diagnose intelligence. The Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale, developed in France between 1904 and 1911 and adapted for Chile between 1922 and 1925, was systematically administered to juveniles in Santiago's Juvenile Court; the results were deployed as technical-scientific recommendations at the service of the presiding juvenile judge. On the one hand, this instrument, supposedly scientific and objective, helped legitimize the nascent field of psychology. On the other, it emerged as a useful tool in its own right to assess children. Second, the notions of intelligence underpinning these practices, while certainly in debt to the American approaches from which they were appropriated, managed to forge a more balanced stance between nature and nurture, positioning intelligence testing as a way of conceiving of and planning to prevent crime and reeducate juveniles. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Higiene mental infantil y psicoanálisis en la clínica de conducta, Santiago de Chile, 1936-1938 / Child mental hygiene and psychoanalisis at the clinic of conduct, Santiago de Chile, 1936-1938

Tomando en cuenta la importancia del estudio situado en historia de las ciencias, en este artículo se explora una temprana iniciativa de higiene mental infantil en Chile que aun no ha sido abordada por la literatura especializada: la Clínica de Conducta, fundada en Santiago en 1936 como parte de la Escuela Especial de Desarrollo, la cual había sido creada por la Reforma Educacional de 1928. La Clínica de Conducta puso en marcha un programa estatal de higiene mental infantil que incluía como referencia central al psicoanálisis, en un periodo en que no era habitual encontrarlo en la bibliografía médica local. Se analizará aquí el contexto de creación de estos servicios, así como los modos en que la higiene mental y el psicoanálisis fueron apropiados y utilizados en una institución cuyo principal interés no era la defensa o legitimación de una teoría, sino el abordaje de problemáticas sociales como la delincuencia y la educación infantil. Aparecen así algunas características de la historia de los saberes psi en Chile, mostrando cómo se despliegan en el escenario de problemáticas sociales y cómo se vinculan con el devenir de otras disciplinas y prácticas como la criminología y la pedagogía (AU)

Taking stance in a situated perspective, this article looks into one of the first Chilean state initiatives aimed at the study and care of child psyche. This institution that has not yet been explored by specialized literature: the Clinic of Conduct, founded in the city of Santiago in 1936 as part of the Special School of Development, which was created in the context of a the Educational Reform of 1928. The Clinic of Conduct launched a state managed mental hygiene programme that included psychoanalysis as its main reference at a time when psychoanalysis was not yet a regular reference in the local medical world. We are thus interested in analysing context in which this initiatives were created and the ways in which mental hygiene and psychoanalysis were appropriated and used in an institution in which the principal interest was not the defence or legitimation of a singular theory, but the approach to specific social problems such as child delinquency and education. Some characteristics of the history of psy knowledges in Chile emerge from this study, showing how they unfold on the scenario of social problems and how they relate to other disciplines and practices such as criminology and pedagogy (AU)

La dictadura militar en la historia oficial del psicoanálisis chileno: sobre la construcción de un pathos discursivo / The military dictatorship in the official history of Chilean psychoanalysis: on the construction of a discursive pathos

A partir del análisis de una controversia suscitada en los preparativos del Congreso de la Asociación Psicoanalítica Internacional, realizado en Santiago de Chile en julio de 1999, este artículo intenta trazar los modos en los que la dictadura militar de Pinochet aparece en el corpus de textos con vocación histórica producidos en el seno de la Asociación Psicoanalítica Chilena. Se revela, así, la construcción de un pathos discursivo, caracterizado por la negación, la búsqueda apresurada del consenso y el eufemismo, que sin embargo no sólo nace de los fantasmas de la única sociedad psicoanalítica local de la época, sino que se alimenta de las políticas institucionales implementadas por la asociación internacional a partir del nazismo y por la retórica de la reconciliación elaborada en Chile desde la recuperación de la democracia (AU)

Drawing from the analysis of a controversy developed before the Congress of the International Psychoanalytical Association, held in Santiago, Chile, in 1999, this article attempts to retrace the ways in which the military dictatorship appears in the corpus of texts with historical inspiration produced within the Chilean Psychoanalytical Association. The building of a discursive pathos is thus revealed, characterized by denial, hasty search for consensus and the use of euphemisms. Nevertheless, not only from the ghosts of the local psychoanalytic society is this pathos constructed. It also feeds on institutional policies implemented by the International Association since Nazism and on the rhetoric of reconciliation elaborated in Chile since the recovery of democracy (AU)