A Comprehensive Perspective on Intracranial Pressure Monitoring and Individualized Management in Neurocritical Care: Results of a Survey with Global Experts.

BACKGROUND: Numerous trials have addressed intracranial pressure (ICP) management in neurocritical care. However, identifying its harmful thresholds and controlling ICP remain challenging in terms of improving outcomes. Evidence suggests that an individualized approach is necessary for establishing tolerance limits for ICP, incorporating factors such as ICP waveform (ICPW) or pulse morphology along with additional data provided by other invasive (e.g., brain oximetry) and noninvasive monitoring (NIM) methods (e.g., transcranial Doppler, optic nerve sheath diameter ultrasound, and pupillometry). This study aims to assess current ICP monitoring practices among experienced clinicians and explore whether guidelines should incorporate ancillary parameters from NIM and ICPW in future updates. METHODS: We conducted a survey among experienced professionals involved in researching and managing patients with severe injury across low-middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs). We sought their insights on ICP monitoring, particularly focusing on the impact of NIM and ICPW in various clinical scenarios. RESULTS: From October to December 2023, 109 professionals from the Americas and Europe participated in the survey, evenly distributed between LMIC and HIC. When ICP ranged from 22 to 25 mm Hg, 62.3% of respondents were open to considering additional information, such as ICPW and other monitoring techniques, before adjusting therapy intensity levels. Moreover, 77% of respondents were inclined to reassess patients with ICP in the 18-22 mm Hg range, potentially escalating therapy intensity levels with the support of ICPW and NIM. Differences emerged between LMIC and HIC participants, with more LMIC respondents preferring arterial blood pressure transducer leveling at the heart and endorsing the use of NIM techniques and ICPW as ancillary information. CONCLUSIONS: Experienced clinicians tend to personalize ICP management, emphasizing the importance of considering various monitoring techniques. ICPW and noninvasive techniques, particularly in LMIC settings, warrant further exploration and could potentially enhance individualized patient care. The study suggests updating guidelines to include these additional components for a more personalized approach to ICP management.

Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult Population: The Latin American Brain Injury Consortium Consensus for Definition and Categorization.

Moderate traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a diagnosis that describes diverse patients with heterogeneity of primary injuries. Defined by a Glasgow Coma Scale between 9 and 12, this category includes patients who may neurologically worsen and require increasing intensive care resources and/or emergency neurosurgery. Despite the unique characteristics of these patients, there have not been specific guidelines published before this effort to support decision-making in these patients. A Delphi consensus group from the Latin American Brain Injury Consortium was established to generate recommendations related to the definition and categorization of moderate TBI. Before an in-person meeting, a systematic review of the literature was performed identifying evidence relevant to planned topics. Blinded voting assessed support for each recommendation. A priori the threshold for consensus was set at 80% agreement. Nine PICOT questions were generated by the panel, including definition, categorization, grouping, and diagnosis of moderate TBI. Here, we report the results of our work including relevant consensus statements and discussion for each question. Moderate TBI is an entity for which there is little published evidence available supporting definition, diagnosis, and management. Recommendations based on experts' opinion were informed by available evidence and aim to refine the definition and categorization of moderate TBI. Further studies evaluating the impact of these recommendations will be required.

Recomendaciones en el abordaje del hematoma intracerebral espontáneo durante la internación / Recommendations for the management of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during hospitalization

Resumen El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neuro- lógico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualiza- das del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.

Abstract Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracere- bral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.

[Recommendations For The Management Of Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage During Hospitalization]. / Recomendaciones en el Abordaje del Hematoma Intracerebral Espontáneo Durante la Internación.

Stroke is the leading cause of neurological disability in people over 40 years of age and the fourth leading cause of death in Argentina. In the last ten years, the indexed publications related to the treatment of ischemic stroke were more numerous than those of hemorrhagic stroke. The objective of this material is to provide local and updated recommendations for the management of patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage during hospitalization. For the writing of this manuscript, diferent specialists were convened to form working groups. Ten central topics expressed as epidemiology, initial care, imaging, blood pressure treatment, reversal of antithrombotics, indication for surgery, seizure prophylaxis, prognosis, prevention of complications and resumption of antithrombotics were raised. For each topic, the most frequent questions of daily practice were raised through PICO questions. After a systematic review of the literature, recommendations were generated, evaluated using the GRADE system and agreed between authors and patients.

El accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) constituye la principal causa de discapacidad de origen neurológico en los adultos mayores a 40 años y la cuarta causa de muerte en Argentina. En los últimos diez años las publicaciones indexadas relacionadas al tratamiento del ACV isquémico fueron más numerosas que las de ACV hemorrágico. El objetivo de este material es proporcionar recomendaciones locales y actualizadas del abordaje de pacientes con hematoma intraparenquimatoso espontáneo durante la internación. Para la redacción de este manuscrito se convocó a especialistas en esta enfermedad que conformaron grupos de trabajo. Se plantearon 10 tópicos centrales expresados como epidemiologia, atención inicial, imágenes, tratamiento de la presión arterial, reversión de antitrombóticos, indicación de cirugía, profilaxis anticonvulsivante, pronóstico, prevención de complicaciones y reinicio de antitrombóticos. De cada tópico se plantearon mediante preguntas PICO los interrogantes más frecuentes de la práctica diaria. Luego de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, se generaron recomendaciones evaluadas mediante sistema GRADE y consensuadas entre autores y pacientes.

Predictors of Successful Extubation in Neurocritical Care Patients.

INTRODUCTION: Delayed extubation in neurocritical care patients is associated with an increased length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), a greater incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and a poor outcome. There is no evidence available to support use of certain variables over others as predictors of successful extubation in these patients. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify predictors of successful extubation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a prospective observational study. The following variables were recorded: neurocritical diagnosis, age, sex, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, duration of stay in the ICU, duration of mechanical ventilation, Airway Care Score (ACS), airway occlusion pressure/maximum inspiratory pressure (P 0.1/PIMAx), and the motor score component of the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score. Weaning was defined as successful extubation and absence of ventilatory support for >7 days. RESULTS: In this prospective cohort of consecutive neurocritical care patients treated over a period of 30 months, we evaluated the following parameters daily: neurological status, intubation status, ventilator parameters, and gas exchange. Of 82 patients, 48 were excluded from the analysis and the remaining 34 patients were included in the analysis. A total of 26 participants (73.5%) achieved successful extubation. Their average age was 39.72 ± 16.43 years. None of the variables that were compared in relation to success or failure of extubation showed statistical significance, except for age (Z = -2.014, P < 0.044 with a Wide confidence interval; Spearman's ρ: r = 0.351, P < 0.042). CONCLUSION: In this study, the only predictive factor for successful extubation in neurocritical care patients was an age of <42.5 years.

Consenso sobre accidente cerebrovascular isquémico agudo / Consensus on acute ischemic stroke

El accidente cerebrovascular es la tercera causa de muerte y la primera de discapacidad en la Argentina. Los eventos isquémicos constituyen el 80% de los casos. Los accidentes vasculares cerebrales requieren la implementación de protocolos sistematizados que permitan reducir los tiempos en la atención, la morbilidad y mortalidad. En el consenso participaron especialistas de nueve sociedades médicas relacionadas con la atención de pacientes con enfermedad cerebrovascular. Se consensuó un temario separado en capítulos y para la redacción de los mismos se conformaron grupos de trabajo con miembros de diferentes especialidades médicas. Se discutió y acordó para cada tema el nivel de recomendación en base a la mejor evidencia clínica disponible para cada tópico. Se realizó una adaptación al ámbito local de las recomendaciones cuando se consideró necesario. El sistema de la American Heart Association se utilizó para redactar las recomendaciones y su grado de evidencia. La corrección y edición fue realizada por cinco revisores externos, que no participaron en la redacción y con amplia experiencia en enfermedad vascular. Finalizado el documento preliminar, se organizó una reunión general con todos los integrantes de los grupos de trabajo y los revisores para redactar las recomendaciones definitivas. El consenso abarca la atención del paciente con accidente cerebrovascular isquémico en la fase pre-hospitalaria, evaluación inicial en la central de emergencias, terapias de recanalización (trombolisis y/o trombectomía mecánica), craniectomía descompresiva, neuroimágenes y cuidados clínicos en la internación.

Stroke is the third cause of death and the first cause of disability in Argentina. Ischemic events constitute 80% of cases. It requires the implementation of systematized protocols that allow reducing the time of care, morbidity and mortality. Specialists from nine medical societies related to the care of patients with cerebrovascular disease participated in the consensus. A separate agenda was agreed upon in chapters and for the writing of them, work groups were formed with members of different medical specialties. The level of recommendation was discussed and agreed upon for each topic based on the best clinical evidence available for each of them. An adaptation to the local scope of the recommendations was made when it was considered necessary.The American Heart Association system was used to draft the recommendations and their level of evidence. The correction and editing were done by five external reviewers, who did not participate in the writing and with extensive experience in vascular pathology. Once the preliminary document was finalized, a general meeting was held with all the members of the working groups and the reviewers to reach final recommendations. The consensus covers the management of ischemic stroke in the pre-hospital phase, initial evaluation in the emergency center, recanalization therapies (thrombolysis and/ or mechanical thrombectomy), decompressive craniectomy, neuroimaging and clinical care in the hospital.

Craniectomia descompresiva, recomendaciones actuales / DECOMPRESSIVE CRANIECTOMY, CURRENT RECOMMENDATIONS

Introducción: El ictus no es solo una importante causa de muerte, sino de nuevas formas de vida, en relación a la discapacidad que produce. El infarto hemisférico que resulta usualmente de la oclusión aguda de la arteria carótida interna o cerebral media, representa un subgrupo devastador que comprende el 10% del ictus isquémico en general. El objetivo es relatar el caso de un paciente en quien se realizó craniectomía descompresiva, afortunadamente, con evolución favorable. Caso clínico: Paciente de 29 años, procedente y residente de la ciudad de La Paz, sin antecedentes personales patológicos relevantes, cuadro clínico de 8 horas de evolución caracterizado por alteración del estado de conciencia asociado a hemiplejia braquiocrural derecha, evidenciándose hipodensidad en hemisferio izquierdo a la tomografía simple de cerebro, se realiza craniectomía descompresiva, con evolución lenta del paciente durante 23 días, realizándose traqueostomía, con evolución posterior favorable, siendo dado de alta con nivel Rankin 4 y kinesioterapia intensiva.Discusión: El caso presenta varios datos importantes, tales como la edad del paciente, los hallazgos como hiperhomocisteinemia y alteración anatómica en arteria subclavia izquierda relacionados al evento isquémico, destacando la realización de craniectomía descompresiva, la cual es infrautilizada en nuestro medio y constituye sin duda una alternativa para salvar la vida y preservar la función en la medida de lo posible en los pacientes afectados de cuadros neurovasculares severos.

The Outcome of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) disproportionately affects lower- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The factors influencing outcomes in LMIC have not been examined as rigorously as in higher-income countries. METHODS: This study was conducted to examine clinical and demographic factors influencing TBI outcomes in Latin American LMIC. Data were prospectively collected during a randomized trial of intracranial pressure monitoring in severe TBI and a companion observational study. Participants were aged ≥13 years and admitted to study hospitals with Glasgow Coma Scale score ≤8. The primary outcome was Glasgow Outcome Scale, Extended (GOS-E) score at 6 months. Predictors were analyzed using a multivariable proportional odds model created by forward stepwise selection. RESULTS: A total of 550 patients were identified. Six-month outcomes were available for 88%, of whom 37% had died and 44% had achieved a GOS-E score of 5-8. In multivariable proportional odds modeling, higher Glasgow Coma Scale motor score (odds ratio [OR], 1.41 per point; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.23-1.61) and epidural hematoma (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.17-2.86) were significant predictors of higher GOS-E score, whereas advanced age (OR, 0.65 per 10 years; 95% CI, 0.57-0.73) and cisternal effacement (P < 0.001) were associated with lower GOS-E score. Study site (P < 0.001) and race (P = 0.004) significantly predicted outcome, outweighing clinical variables such as hypotension and pupillary examination. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality from severe TBI is high in Latin American LMIC, although the rate of favorable recovery is similar to that of high-income countries. Demographic factors such as race and study site played an outsized role in predicting outcome; further research is required to understand these associations.

A Consensus-Based Interpretation of the Benchmark Evidence from South American Trials: Treatment of Intracranial Pressure Trial.

Widely-varying published and presented analyses of the Benchmark Evidence From South American Trials: Treatment of Intracranial Pressure (BEST TRIP) randomized controlled trial of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring have suggested denying trial generalizability, questioning the need for ICP monitoring in severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI), re-assessing current clinical approaches to monitored ICP, and initiating a general ICP-monitoring moratorium. In response to this dissonance, 23 clinically-active, international opinion leaders in acute-care sTBI management met to draft a consensus statement to interpret this study. A Delphi method-based approach employed iterative pre-meeting polling to codify the group's general opinions, followed by an in-person meeting wherein individual statements were refined. Statements required an agreement threshold of more than 70% by blinded voting for approval. Seven precisely-worded statements resulted, with agreement levels of 83% to 100%. These statements, which should be read in toto to properly reflect the group's consensus positions, conclude that the BEST TRIP trial: 1) studied protocols, not ICP-monitoring per se; 2) applies only to those protocols and specific study groups and should not be generalized to other treatment approaches or patient groups; 3) strongly calls for further research on ICP interpretation and use; 4) should be applied cautiously to regions with much different treatment milieu; 5) did not investigate the utility of treating monitored ICP in the specific patient group with established intracranial hypertension; 6) should not change the practice of those currently monitoring ICP; and 7) provided a protocol, used in non-monitored study patients, that should be considered when treating without ICP monitoring. Consideration of these statements can clarify study interpretation.

Intracranial pressure monitoring in severe traumatic brain injury in latin america: process and methods for a multi-center randomized controlled trial.

In patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), the influence on important outcomes of the use of information from intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring to direct treatment has never been tested in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). We are conducting an RCT in six trauma centers in Latin America to test this question. We hypothesize that patients randomized to ICP monitoring will have lower mortality and better outcomes at 6-months post-trauma than patients treated without ICP monitoring. We selected three centers in Bolivia to participate in the trial, based on (1) the absence of ICP monitoring, (2) adequate patient accession and data collection during the pilot phase, (3) preliminary institutional review board approval, and (4) the presence of equipoise about the value of ICP monitoring. We conducted extensive training of site personnel, and initiated the trial on September 1, 2008. Subsequently, we included three additional centers. A total of 176 patients were entered into the trial as of August 31, 2010. Current enrollment is 81% of that expected. The trial is expected to reach its enrollment goal of 324 patients by September of 2011. We are conducting a high-quality RCT to answer a question that is important globally. In addition, we are establishing the capacity to conduct strong research in Latin America, where TBI is a serious epidemic. Finally, we are demonstrating the feasibility and utility of international collaborations that share resources and unique patient populations to conduct strong research about global public health concerns.

Hyperglycemia in nondiabetic patients during the acute phase of stroke.

OBJECTIVE: To determine patterns of hyperglycemic (HG) control in acute stroke. METHODS: Anonymous survey through Internet questionnaire. Participants included Latin-American physicians specialized in neurocritical care. RESULTS: The response rate was 74%. HG definition varied widely. Fifty per cent considered it when values were >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). Intravenous (IV) regular insulin was the drug of choice for HG correction. One fifth of the respondents expressed adherence to a protocol. Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) was used by 23%. Glucose levels were measured in all participants at admission. Routine laboratory test was the preferred method for monitoring. Reactive strips were more frequently used when monitoring was intensive. Most practitioners (56.7%) monitored glucose more than two times daily throughout the Intensive Care Unit stay. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variability and heterogeneity in the management of elevated blood glucose during acute phase of stroke by the surveyed Latin-American physicians.

Hyperglycemia in nondiabetic patients during the acute phase of stroke / Hiperglucemia en no diabéticos durante fase aguda del ictus

OBJECTIVE: To determine patterns of hyperglycemic (HG) control in acute stroke. METHODS: Anonymous survey through Internet questionnaire. Participants included Latin-American physicians specialized in neurocritical care. RESULTS: The response rate was 74 percent. HG definition varied widely. Fifty per cent considered it when values were >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). Intravenous (IV) regular insulin was the drug of choice for HG correction. One fifth of the respondents expressed adherence to a protocol. Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) was used by 23 percent. Glucose levels were measured in all participants at admission. Routine laboratory test was the preferred method for monitoring. Reactive strips were more frequently used when monitoring was intensive. Most practitioners (56.7 percent) monitored glucose more than two times daily throughout the Intensive Care Unit stay. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variability and heterogeneity in the management of elevated blood glucose during acute phase of stroke by the surveyed Latin-American physicians.

OBJETIVO: Determinar patrones de control de hiperglucemia (HG) en el ictus agudo. MÉTODOS: Encuesta anónima, mediante cuestionario vía Internet. Los participantes incluyan médicos latinoamericanos especializados en cuidados neurocríticos. RESULTADOS: Las encuestas fueron respondidas por el 74 por cento de los convocados. Las definiciones de hiperglucemia fueron variadas. El 50 por cento de los que respondieron consideran HG cuando glucemia >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). Insulina regular intravenosa fue la droga de elección para su control. Solo la quinta parte de los encuestados manifestaron adherencia a un protocolo. El 23 por cento emplea el régimen insulínico intensivo (TII). Glucemia fue obtenida a la admisión a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UCI) por el total de los participantes. Test rutinario de laboratorio fue el método preferido para la monitorización. Tiras reactivas fueron utilizadas con mayor frecuencia cuando se aplicó monitoreo intensivo. El 56.7 por cento monitoriza glucemia más de dos veces al día durante la estadía en UCI. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una considerable variabilidad y heterogeneidad en el manejo de la hiperglucemia durante la fase aguda del ictus entre los médicos latinoamericanos encuestados.

[Optimal management of blood glucose levels in neurocritical patients]. / Manejo óptimo de la glucemia en el paciente neurocrítico.

AIM: To review the most significant studies on the pathophysiology of hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia in neurocritical patients and the therapeutic interventions used to control them. DEVELOPMENT: Available evidence shows that hypoglycaemia and hyperglycaemia increase brain injury and aggravate the prognosis, but it fails to establish the most suitable levels of blood glucose. Intensive treatment with insulin, compared with more moderate regimes, has not improved the prognosis and leads to further episodes of hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoglycaemia must always be avoided. Intensive treatment to control hyperglycaemia does not offer any kind of advantages and increases the likelihood of hypoglycaemia; it therefore cannot be recommended in neurocritical patients. No evidence is available showing the optimal level of blood glucose or the most suitable insulin regime, although its use is generally indicated when blood glucose levels are higher than 180-200 mg/dL. The value of the pharmacological control of blood glucose levels to improve the prognosis remains uncertain.

Early prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury in an urban argentinian trauma center.

BACKGROUND: : Previous studies indicate that age, Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS), arterial hypotension, computed tomography (CT) findings, and pupillary reactivity are strong predictors of outcome for patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the predictive validity of these variables has never been rigorously tested in patients from the developing world. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of these variables in a resource-limited setting and to test their predictive power by using them to create an outcome model. METHODS: : The study was conducted at Hospital Emergencias "Dr. Clemente Alvarez" in Rosario, Argentina. All patients with severe TBI meeting criteria between August 2000 and February 2003 were included. Outcome at 6 months postinjury was measured by mortality and by the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale score. Two logistic regression models were created for predicting mortality and outcome. RESULTS: : Outcome measures were acquired for 100% of the sample (N = 148). There was 58% mortality; 30% had moderate to good recovery, and 12% were severely disabled. The model accurately predicted 83.9% of mortality, and 81.1% of outcome. Because of variation in timing of CT scans, the models were recalculated without the CT variable. The accuracy of prediction was 79.7% and 79% for mortality and Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: : This study provides rigorous, prospective data that (1) validates the generalizability of the five World Health Organization/Organization Mondiale de la Santé TBI prognostic predictors outside of the developed world, and (2) provides outcome benchmarks for mortality and morbidity from severe TBI in developing countries.

Mortality and morbidity from moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in Argentina.

UNLABELLED: After adopting the Guidelines for the Management of Severe Head Injury, critical care physicians in Argentina reduced the mortality rate of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, there is no in-hospital or postdischarge rehabilitation services for persons with TBI in Argentina. Thus, severely disabled survivors were being discharged to home without follow-up or long-term care. OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this project were to establish a structure for conducting research about TBI in Argentina, and to conduct a prospective, observational study of outcomes from TBI in hospitals that had adopted the acute care guidelines. The goal was to document outcomes for people treated in a medical system that does not provide TBI rehabilitation. The focus of this report is mortality and morbidity during the acute care and hospital ward treatment of TBI in Argentina. METHODS: We established a data-collection system in 5 hospitals in Argentina, using instruments and protocols developed by the NIDRR-funded TBI Model System program. Data-collection intervals were established to be comparable with intervals used in the TBI Model System program. The Argentine team consists of 11 neurocritical care physicians and 1 project manager/translator. All patient evaluation, data collection and entry, quality control, and local administration were conducted by this group. RESULTS: Over 31 months, 278 patients were entered into the study. Approximately 61% were discharged from acute care directly to home. The in-hospital mortality rate was 31%. Seventy-six percent of expired patients died from secondary complications such as sepsis and pneumonia, and 93% while in the hospital. DISCUSSION: TBI is a major public health concern in Argentina. However, rehabilitation for TBI is not a part of this country's medical system. The greatest proportion of expired patients in the Argentine sample died of secondary complications such as pneumonia or sepsis, which may have been avoided employing basic medical rehabilitation. The next research questions to be addressed in this population should be designed to identify solutions to the immediate need for rehabilitation, including treatment efficacy questions as well as questions about systems for delivering treatments.

Inmunodepresión secundaria a traumatismo encefalocraneano / Immunodepression induced by traumatic brain injury

Introducción: Los pacientes que sobreviven a la injuria inicial por trauma severo presentan con elevada frecuencia complicaciones infecciosas, sépticas y disfunción multiorgánica. El traumatismo de cráneo (TEC) parece ser un factor de riesgo independiente en relación con la aparición de esas complicaciones. Los mecanismos causales estarían relacionados a una parálisis de la inmunidad celular inducida por el TEC. Objetivos: Analizar el grado de alteración de la competencia inmunológica en pacientes con TEC severo, determinado por los niveles plasmáticos de las citokinas IL-10, IL-6 y TNF-O y el nivel de expresión de HLA-DR de los monocitos sanguíneos CD14+. Pacientes y métodos: Se incorporaron 15 pacientes ingresados con TEC severo (GCS 8). Ninguno de los pacientes había recibido corticoides ni catecolaminas. Trece voluntarios normales se utilizaron como controles...(AU)

Inmunodepresión secundaria a traumatismo encefalocraneano / Immunodepression induced by traumatic brain injury

Introducción: Los pacientes que sobreviven a la injuria inicial por trauma severo presentan con elevada frecuencia complicaciones infecciosas, sépticas y disfunción multiorgánica. El traumatismo de cráneo (TEC) parece ser un factor de riesgo independiente en relación con la aparición de esas complicaciones. Los mecanismos causales estarían relacionados a una parálisis de la inmunidad celular inducida por el TEC. Objetivos: Analizar el grado de alteración de la competencia inmunológica en pacientes con TEC severo, determinado por los niveles plasmáticos de las citokinas IL-10, IL-6 y TNF-Ó y el nivel de expresión de HLA-DR de los monocitos sanguíneos CD14+. Pacientes y métodos: Se incorporaron 15 pacientes ingresados con TEC severo (GCS ¾ 8). Ninguno de los pacientes había recibido corticoides ni catecolaminas. Trece voluntarios normales se utilizaron como controles...