This study aimed to longitudinally evaluate talented athletes' levels of perfectionism, irrational beliefs, and motivations with regard to their athletic careers. A total of 390 athletes from U14, U16, and junior categories (MageT1 = 15.42) answered shortened versions of the Sport-MPS2, iPBI, and BRSQ during two consecutive seasons, along with questions referring to their current and predicted prioritization of sports and education. Participants reported high levels of perfectionistic strivings and medium to low levels of socially prescribed perfectionism and concern over mistakes decreasing from T1 to T2. A decrease was also found for demandingness and awfulizing, but increased levels were found for depreciation in T2. Participants report very high intrinsic motivation with low levels of external regulation and amotivation, but intrinsic motivation decreased from season to season. This general profile varied depending upon future expectancies toward dedication to sports and education. Those who foresaw a prioritized dedication to sports presented significantly higher levels of socially prescribed perfectionism, perfectionistic strivings, and intrinsic motivation, while those who considered that sports would not be prioritized in the following 5 years reported higher levels of demandingness, awfulizing, depreciation, and amotivation. Additionally, while current levels of motivation (T2) seemed to be predicted mainly by previous motivation levels (T1), significant predictive capacity was also detected for socially prescribed perfectionism positively predicting external regulations and amotivation, perfectionistic strivings negatively predicting amotivation, and depreciation negatively predicting intrinsic motivation and positively predicting both extrinsic regulation and amotivation. We discuss the potential perils of developing extremely demanding environments, as they could potentially result in poor motivational profiles of athletes in their talent development stage during the junior to senior transition.
Perfectionism , Sports , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Athletes , Motivation
BACKGROUND: During the 20th century the alpha coefficient (α) was widely used in the estimation of the internal consistency reliability of test scores. After misuses were identified in the early 21st century alternatives became widespread, especially the omega coefficient (ω). Nowadays, α is re-emerging as an acceptable option for reliability estimation. METHOD: A review of the recent academic contributions, journal publication habits and recommendations from normative texts was carried out to identify good practices in estimation of internal consistency reliability. RESULTS: To guide the analysis, we propose a three-phase decision diagram, which includes item description, fit of the measurement model for the test, and choice of the reliability coefficient for test score(s). We also provide recommendations on the use of R, Jamovi, JASP, Mplus, SPSS and Stata software to perform the analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Both α and ω are suitable for items with approximately normal distributions and approximately unidimensional and congeneric measures without extreme factor loadings. When items show non-normal distributions, strong specific components, or correlated errors, variants of ω are more appropriate. Some require specific data gathering designs. On a practical level we recommend a critical approach when using the software.
Reproducibility of Results , Humans , Psychometrics/methods , Surveys and Questionnaires
Background: During the 20th century the alpha coefficient (α) was widely used in the estimation of the internal consistency reliability of test scores. After misuses were identified in the early 21st century alternatives became widespread, especially the omega coefficient (ω). Nowadays, α is re-emerging as an acceptable option for reliability estimation. Method: A review of the recent academic contributions, journal publication habits and recommendations from normative texts was carried out to identify good practices in estimation of internal consistency reliability. Results: To guide the analysis, we propose a three-phase decision diagram, which includes item description, fit of the measurement model for the test, and choice of the reliability coefficient for test score(s). We also provide recommendations on the use of R, Jamovi, JASP, Mplus, SPSS and Stata software to perform the analysis. Conclusions: Both α and ω are suitable for items with approximately normal distributions and approximately unidimensional and congeneric measures without extreme factor loadings. When items show non-normal distributions, strong specific components, or correlated errors, variants of ω are more appropriate. Some require specific data gathering designs. On a practical level we recommend a critical approach when using the software.(AU)
Antecedentes: Durante el siglo XX el coeficiente alfa (α) fue ampliamente utilizado en el cálculo de la consistencia interna de las puntuaciones de los test. Después de identificar algunos malos usos, a principios del siglo XXI se difundieron alternativas, especialmente el coeficiente omega (ω). Actualmente α resurge como una opción aceptable. Método: Revisamos aportaciones académicas, hábitos de publicación en revistas y recomendaciones de textos normativos con el fin de identificar buenas prácticas en la estimación de la fiabilidad de consistencia interna. Resultados: Para guiar el análisis, proponemos un diagrama de decisión en tres fases, a saber, descripción de los ítems, ajuste del modelo de medida del test y elección del coeficiente de fiabilidad de las puntuaciones. Para su ejecución proporcionamos recomendaciones sobre el uso de los programas R, Jamovi, JASP, Mplus, SPSS y Stata. Conclusiones: Tanto α como ω son adecuados para ítems que se distribuyen de forma aproximadamente normal y medidas aproximadamente unidimensionales y congenéricas sin cargas factoriales extremas. Cuando los ítems tienen otra distribución, un fuerte componente específico o sus errores están correlacionados, resultan más adecuadas variantes de ω. Algunas de ellas requieren diseños específicos de obtención de datos. A nivel práctico recomendamos un uso crítico del software.(AU)
Humans , Reproducibility of Results , Software , Correlation of Data
The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between academic stress and motivation toward physical education (PE) through a longitudinal design with cross-lagged panel analyses. A sample of 556 Chinese secondary school students participated in the research and completed Perceived Locus of Causality Scale and Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents at the beginning of the semester and 3 months later. The results demonstrated that academic stress factors were positively related to less self-determined motivations except that worry about grades was positively related to more self-determined motivations within each time point. In addition, we found that academic stress negatively predicted more self-determined motivations but positively predicted less self-determined motivations, whereas worry about grades negatively predicted amotivation 3 months later. Meanwhile, the influence of amotivation on despondency was also found. These results suggest that academic stress can obstruct students' participation in PE through an impact on self-determined motivation. Our findings also indicate that self-determined students in PE will seek academic achievement as well, which in turn improves students' academic status.
The purpose of this study was to test the measurement invariance (across five languages, two time points, and two experimental conditions) of the empowering and disempowering motivational climate questionnaire-coach (EDMCQ-C; Appleton et al., 2016) when completed by 9256 young sport participants (M age = 11.53 years, SD = 1.39 years; 13.5% female). Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling was used to test the validity of a 2-factor (empowering and disempowering) model running a multiple group analysis without any equality constraint (configural invariance) followed by measurement invariance of factor loadings and thresholds (scalar invariance). Findings provided support for partial invariance across languages and scalar invariance across time and experimental groups. The factors were interpretable across the analyses, and items loaded as intended by theory except for item 15. This study provides further evidence regarding the psychometric properties of the EDMCQ-C and suggests this scale (minus item 15) can be used to provide meaningful latent mean comparisons (Marsh et al., 2013) of empowering and disempowering coach-created climates across athletes speaking the five targeted languages, across time, and across experimental groups.
Resumen: Antecedentes: El Cuestionario de Imagen Corporal (BSQ, por sus siglas en inglés) se ha utilizado ampliamente en población clínica y general destacando su carácter unidimensional para la medida de la insatisfacción corporal. Diversas investigaciones han generado hasta 10 versiones cortas basadas en reducciones del BSQ-34. Sin embargo, hasta el momento ninguna de ellas ha sido sometida a pruebas de confiabilidad y validez en muestras independientes. Objetivo: Analizar la estructura interna del BSQ-8D y su relación con los tres factores del Test de Actitudes Alimentarias (EAT-26, por sus siglas en inglés), así como la fiabilidad obtenida con un diseño de consistencia interna y otro de estabilidad temporal en una muestra de mujeres universitarias. Método: Participaron 492 mujeres universitarias quienes contestaron el BSQ-8D y el EAT-26. Resultados: El análisis factorial confirmatorio corroboró la estructura unidimensional del BSQ-8D. La consistencia interna fue adecuada, con α =.91 y ω = .89, así como la confiabilidad test-retest con un CCI = .80. La correlación entre las puntuaciones obtenidas de esta versión del BSQ y el EAT-26 fue de .56 y con sus factores fue .58 para Dieta, .33 para Bulimia y Preocupación por la Comida y .26 para Control Oral. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos aportan evidencia empírica independiente que apoya la unidimensionalidad, la confiabilidad y la relación con las actitudes hacia la comida del BSQ-8D. Para fortalecer la solidez de esta versión del BSQ-8D hace falta recolectar datos en muestra clínica y en muestras de varones con y sin trastornos alimentarios y de la ingestión de alimentos.
Abstract: Background: The Body Shape Questionnaire (BSQ) has been widely used in the clinical and general population, highlighting its unidimensional nature. Research evidence has generated 10 short versions based on reductions of the BSQ-34. Hitherto, short versions have not been applied to analyze validity and reliability with independent samples. Aim: To analyze the internal structure of the BSQ-8D and its relationship with the three factors of the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (AET-26), as well as the reliability obtained with a design of internal consistency and another of temporal stability in a sample of university women. Methods: Participants were 492 undergraduate women who completed the BSQ-8D and the EAT-26. Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported the one factor structure of the BSQ-8D. The internal consistency was adequate, α = .91 and ω = .89, as well as the test-retest reliability ICC = .80. Correlation between this BSQ-8D version and those obtained in the EAT-26 was = .56 besides the correlations with its factors .58 for Dieting, .33 for Bulimia and Food Concerns, and .26 for Oral Control. Conclusions: These findings added independent evidence about the unidimensionality of the instrument. To strengthen the robustness of this version of the BSQ-8D it is necessary to collect data in clinical and men sample with and without feeding and eating disorders.
Humans , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Young Adult
La Comisión de Test del Consejo General de la Psicología en España promueve anualmente la revisión de la calidad de diferentes test publicados. Este trabajo tiene un doble objetivo: a) presentar los resultados de la octava edición y b) considerar la aportación dela universidad en dicho proceso. En esta edición participaron 10 especialistas, 332 estudiantes y siete profesores, adaptándose el protocolo estándar de revisión al formato aprendizaje-servicio. En cuanto a los resultados, la calidad de los 11 test evaluados fue adecuada (promedio de 3,9 puntos en una escala 1-5) y similar a años anteriores (r = 0,90). El desarrollo y la baremación fueron puntos fuertes, mientras que se proponen mejoras en otros aspectos. El aprendizaje-servicio contribuyó a la diversificación de voces en el proceso observándose una calidad similar entre los informes del estudiantado y los emitidos por especialistas y un grado de acuerdo esperable (r = 0,67) entre ellos. Concluimos que el presente proyecto ha permitido identificar la oportunidad de profundizaren el uso de lenguaje compartido para fortalecer la comunicación entre las casas editoriales, la comisión promotora del modelo español de revisión de test, y las personas usuarias de los test, particularmente si se trata de principiantes. (AU)
Every year, the Test Commission of the Spanish Psychological Association promotes the assessment of the test quality of several published tests. The aim of the present study is two-fold: a) to present results for the eighth review, and b) to consider the contribution of the universities in this process. Ten experts, 332 students, and seven professors participated in this edition and the standardprotocol for review was aligned towards a service-learning format. For the 11 tests assessed, results showed an adequate quality(average of 3.9 points on a 1-5 rating scale) similar to previous years (r = .90). The strengths were test development andstandardization, and a number of proposals for improving other sections were suggested. The service-learning approach contributed to the diversification of voices in the process with students and experts reports showing similar quality and an expectedlevel of agreement (r = .67). We conclude that this project has helped to identify the opportunity to further deepen the use of shared language in order to strengthen the communication between the test publishers, the promoters of the Spanish model of testassessment, and the test users, especially in the case of beginners. (AU)
Humans , Psychological Tests , Psychometrics , Learning , Spain
Resumen Objetivo. Explorar las similitudes y diferencias de los tipos de motivación hacia la práctica de actividad física (AF) de adolescentes, adultos mayores y exdeportistas de élite, desde la Teoría de la Autodeterminación, para la creación de programas de AF. Método. La recolección de los datos se llevó a cabo mediante grupos focales: tres con adolescentes, dos con adultos mayores y uno con exdeportistas. En total, participaron 17 adolescentes, 14 adultos mayores y cuatro exdeportistas. Se realizó un análisis temático. Resultados. Para cada grupo se encontró un conjunto de factores de motivación autónoma, controlada y amotivacionales hacia la práctica de AF. En común, en los tres grupos estudiados, se identificaron la diversión, la socialización y la salud como factores de motivación hacia la práctica de AF. Conclusión. Las orientaciones para la creación de programas de AF para adolescentes se centraron en la individualización de sus objetivos y la percepción en la libertad de elección relacionada con cada AF. En adultos mayores, el enfoque fue hacia nuevas experiencias, considerando de forma significativa el perfil del monitor. Para el grupo de exdeportistas se propone que el punto de partida sea la reconceptualización de la práctica de AF después de la carrera deportiva.
Abstract Objective. To explore the similarities and differences between the types of motivation towards the practice of physical activity (PA) in different populations (adolescents, older adults and former elite athletes) for the creation of PA programs that reflect the particularities of those populations. Method. The qualitative data collection was carried out through focus groups; three groups with adolescents, two with older adults and one with former elite athletes. In total, 17 adolescents, 14 older adults and four former elite athletes participated in this study. A thematic analysis was conducted. Results. The results are shown based on autonomous, controlled motivation and amotivation towards the practice of physical activity for each group. Fun, socialization and health have been identified as motivating factors towards the PA practice common in the three groups studied. Conclusion. Orientations are proposed for the creation of PA programs. For adolescents, the proposal would include the individualization of their objectives and the perception of the freedom of choice in relation to the PA. For the group of older adults, it is important to offer new experiences, taking into account the profile of the monitor. For the group of former elite athletes, the proposed starting point would be the reconceptualization of the PA practice after the athletic career.
Resumo Escopo. Explorar as similitudes e as diferencias dos tipos de motivação para a prática física (AF) de adolescentes, idosos, e ex-atletas de elite, desde a Teoria da Autodeterminação, para a criação de programas de AF. Metodologia. A recolecção de dados foi feita em grupos focais: três com adolescentes, dois com idosos e um com ex-atletas. Foi realizada uma análise temática. Resultados. Para cada grupo foi encontrado um conjunto de fatores de motivação autónoma, controlada e amotivacionais para a prática de AF. Em comum, nos três grupos estudados, foram identificadas a diversão, a socialização e a saúde como fatores de motivação para a prática de AF. Conclusão. As orientações para a criação de programas de AF para adolescentes estiveram centradas na individualização dos seus escopos e a percepção na liberdade de eleição relacionada com cada AF. Nos idosos, o enfoque foi para as novas experiências, considerando de forma significativa o perfil do monitor. Para o grupo de ex-atletas se propõe que o ponto de partida seja a reconceptualização da prática de AF depois da carreira esportiva.
BACKGROUND: Measuring complex constructs, such as those from self-determination theory models, is challenging in the elderly due to the response process, particularly in collective data gathering. In order to examine this construct in physical activity settings we aimed at determining whether single-item measures were as good as pre-existing multi-item measures. For that reason, we developed seven single-item measures targeting perceived interpersonal styles, basic needs satisfaction, and well-being. METHOD: We gathered evidence of validity and reliability for multi-item measures and single-item measures based on a sample of 128 elderly adults. Another sample of 62 elderly adults provided test-retest reliability for the single-item measures. RESULTS: Favourable evidence of the expected internal structure, concurrent validity, and reliability was obtained for competence- and relatedness-supportive styles, and for satisfaction of the basic psychological need of relatedness, fairly good evidence was obtained for subjective vitality, whereas mixed evidence was obtained for autonomy-supportive style and the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of autonomy and competence. CONCLUSIONS: Single-item measures proved to be psychometrically sound substitutes for their multi-item counterparts, but the autonomy constructs need to be reconsidered. Furthermore the response process and consequences of testing should play a prominent role when devising questionnaires for the elderly
ANTECEDENTES: medir constructos complejos como los de la Teoría de la auto-determinación es un reto en personas mayores debido al proceso de respuesta. Para examinar estos constructos en actividad física nuestro objetivo fue comparar si las medidas mono-ítem eran igual de óptimas que las medidas multi-ítem pre-existentes. Por ello, desarrollamos siete medidas mono-ítem relacionadas con el estilo interpersonal, la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas y la vitalidad. MÉTODO: obtuvimos evidencias de validez y fiabilidad para las medidas multi-ítem y las medidas mono-ítem en una muestra de 128 personas mayores. Con otra muestra de 62 personas examinamos la fiabilidad test-retest para las medidas mono-ítem. RESULTADOS: se obtuvo evidencia favorable relativa a la estructura interna, validez concurrente y fiabilidad para apoyo a la competencia y a la relación, y para satisfacción de la relación y vitalidad, mientras que para apoyo a la autonomía, satisfacción de la autonomía y de la competencia fue no conclusiva. CONCLUSIONES: las medidas mono-ítem se han comportado como buenos sustitutos psicométricos para sus medidas multi-ítem homólogas, pero es necesario reconsiderar los constructos de autonomía, y además el proceso de respuesta y las consecuencias de la evaluación deben desempeñar un papel preeminente cuando se crean cuestionarios para personas mayores
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Models, Psychological , Interpersonal Relations , Personal Construct Theory , Personal Autonomy , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Exercise/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires , Psychometrics/standards
BACKGROUND: Measuring complex constructs, such as those from self-determination theory models, is challenging in the elderly due to the response process, particularly in collective data gathering. In order to examine this construct in physical activity settings we aimed at determining whether single-item measures were as good as pre-existing multi-item measures. For that reason, we developed seven single-item measures targeting perceived interpersonal styles, basic needs satisfaction, and well-being. METHOD: We gathered evidence of validity and reliability for multi-item measures and single-item measures based on a sample of 128 elderly adults. Another sample of 62 elderly adults provided test-retest reliability for the single-item measures. RESULTS: Favourable evidence of the expected internal structure, concurrent validity, and reliability was obtained for competence- and relatedness-supportive styles, and for satisfaction of the basic psychological need of relatedness, fairly good evidence was obtained for subjective vitality, whereas mixed evidence was obtained for autonomy-supportive style and the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of autonomy and competence. CONCLUSIONS: Single-item measures proved to be psychometrically sound substitutes for their multi-item counterparts, but the autonomy constructs need to be reconsidered. Furthermore the response process and consequences of testing should play a prominent role when devising questionnaires for the elderly.
Personal Autonomy , Personal Satisfaction , Adult , Aged , Humans , Reproducibility of Results , Surveys and Questionnaires , Trust
OBJECTIVE: This meta-review aims to discuss the methodological, research and practical applications of tools that assess the measurement properties of instruments evaluating health-related quality of life (HRQoL) that have been reported in systematic reviews. DESIGN: Meta-review. METHODS: Electronic search from January 2008 to May 2020 was carried out on PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SCOPUS, WoS, Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) database, Google Scholar and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. RESULTS: A total of 246 systematic reviews were assessed. Concerning the quality of the review process, some methodological shortcomings were found, such as poor compliance with reporting or methodological guidelines. Regarding the procedures to assess the quality of measurement properties, 164 (66.6%) of reviewers applied one tool at least. Tool format and structure differed across standards or scientific traditions (ie, psychology, medicine and economics), but most assess both measurement properties and the usability of instruments. As far as the results and conclusions of systematic reviews are concerned, only 68 (27.5%) linked the intended use of the instrument to specific measurement properties (eg, evaluative use to responsiveness). CONCLUSIONS: The reporting and methodological quality of reviews have increased over time, but there is still room for improvement regarding adherence to guidelines. The COSMIN would be the most widespread and comprehensive tool to assess both the risk of bias of primary studies, and the measurement properties of HRQoL instruments for evaluative purposes. Our analysis of other assessment tools and measurement standards can serve as a starting point for future lines of work on the COSMIN tool, such as considering a more comprehensive evaluation of feasibility, including burden and fairness; expanding its scope for measurement instruments with a different use than evaluative; and improving its assessment of the risk of bias of primary studies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42017065232.
Quality of Life , Research Design , Bias , Consensus , Humans , Systematic Reviews as Topic
Afrontar las propias emociones supone una de las demandas más importantes del deporte formativo, existiendo importantes diferencias en función de las características del deporte practicado. Algunas de estas diferencias (e.g., deporte individual o de equipo) han sido extensamente estudiadas en la literatura previa. En cambio, otras características como el tipo de habilidades perceptivo-motoras (i.e., deportes de habilidad abierta o cerrada) han recibido escasa atención. Centrándonos en esta distinción, el objetivo de este estudio fue el de explorar las posibles diferencias en los niveles de ansiedad rasgo competitiva y los estilos de afrontamiento en función de si el deporte practicado requiere de habilidades abiertas o cerradas. Para ello, un total de 804 deportistas (M = 15.59; DE = 1.97) que practicaban deportes de habilidad abierta (n = 593) y cerrada (n = 211) completaron medidas de ansiedad competitiva y afrontamiento. Tras realizarse un análisis de invariancia para comprobar la comparabilidad de los grupos, se efectuaron un total de cinco modelos de regresión para las subescalas de ansiedad competitiva y afrontamiento. Además del tipo de deporte, se incluyeron el género y edad como variables predictoras de los modelos. Los resultados obtenidos muestran mayores niveles de ansiedad somática para el grupo de habilidad cerrada y mayores niveles de ansiedad cognitiva (i.e., preocupación y desconcentración) para el grupo de habilidad abierta. Por su parte, el afrontamiento mostró valores equivalentes entre ambos grupos respecto al uso del estilo de afrontamiento orientado a la tarea, y un mayor uso del estilo de afrontamiento orientado a la resignación en los deportes de habilidad abierta. En conjunto, los resultados observados constituyen respuestas psicológicas coherentes con la mayor inmediatez de rendimiento exigida en los deportes de habilidad cerrada y con la menor previsibilidad de los deportes de habilidad abierta
Coping with emotions represents one of the most important demands of youth sport, yet existing important differences depending on the characteristics of each sport. Some of these characteristics (e.g., individual or team sport) have been comprehensively studied in previous literature. In contrast, other characteristics such as perceptive-motor skills required by each sport (i.e., open versus closed skill sports) have received less attention. Focusing on this specific characteristic, this study aimed to explore the possible differences in trait competitive anxiety levels and coping usage depending on whether practised sport required an opened or closed skill. Within this purpose, 804 athletes (M = 15.59; SD = 1.97) who practised an open (n = 593) and closed (n = 211) skill sports participated in this study. Participants completed competitive anxiety and coping measures. Once invariance analysis showed the equivalence among groups, we made a regression analysis for each competitive anxiety and coping subscale. We also included gender and age as predictive variables of the models. Results showed higher somatic anxiety levels in open skills sports and higher levels of cognitive anxiety (i.e., worry and concentration disruption) in closed skill sports. Regarding coping, results suggested equivalent levels of task-oriented coping usage; and higher disengagement-oriented coping usage in open skills sports. These results are coherent with the performance immediacy requested in closed skill sports, and the low predictability of open skill sports
Enfrentar as emoções representa uma das demandas mais importantes do desporto juvenil, mas existem diferenças, na função das características do deporto praticado. Algumas dessas características (por exemplo, desporto individual ou em equipa) foram amplamente estudadas na literatura anterior. Em contraste, outras características desportivas, como habilidades percetivas-motoras requeridas (i.e., desportos abertos contra fechados) receberam menos atenção. Com foco nessa característica específica, este estudo teve como objetivo explorar as possíveis diferenças nos níveis de ansiedade competitiva e no uso de estratégias de coping, dependendo se o desporto praticado exige habilidades abertas ou fechadas. Nesse sentido, um total de 804 desportistas (M = 15,59; DE = 1,97) praticam desportos de habilidade aberta (n = 593) e fechada (n = 211), participaram deste estudo. Os participantes completaram medidas de ansiedade competitiva e coping. Uma vez que a análise de invariância mostrou a comparabilidade entre os grupos, fizemos um modelo de regressão para competitiva de ansiedade e coping. Além disso, ou desporto, inclua o género e idade como variáveis preditivas dos modelos preditivos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram níveis mais altos de ansiedade somática em desportos de habilidades abertas e níveis mais altos de ansiedade cognitiva (i.e., preocupação e desconcentração) para o grupo de habilidades fechadas. As escalas de coping mostram valores iguais para ambos os grupos, como o estilo de coping orientado a tarefas, e um prefeito usa o coping orientado a resignação nos desportos de habilidade aberta. No conjunto, os resultados observados constituem as questões psicológicas coerentes com o desempenho imediato, exigindo o retorno dos desportos de habilidades fechadas e com a menor previsibilidade dos desportos de habilidades abertas
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Young Adult , Performance Anxiety/psychology , Adaptation, Psychological , Sports/physiology , Sports/psychology
The present study aimed to measure motivation in physical education by the Perceived Locus of Causality Scale (PLOC) within a cross-cultural context. A sample of 2,293 adolescents from China (n = 1,287) and Spain (n = 1,006) completed the scales. The results largely supported the reliability and the validity of PLOC in both cultures as well as its cross-cultural equivalence except three problematic items found in the Chinese sample. Moreover, Chinese adolescents scored higher in intrinsic motivation and identified regulation, and lower in introjected regulation, external regulation, and a motivation than Spanish adolescents. These findings supported the universality of motivation structure across different cultures. However, problematic items encountered in Chinese adolescents and differences in motivation suggest that cultural values may cause adolescents to interpret certain motives differently, which highlighted the importance of cultural adaptation when measuring adolescents' motivation
El presente estudio intentó a medir la motivación en educación física por la Escala de locus de causalidad percibido (PLOC) dentro un contexto transcultural. En total 2,293 adolescentes de China (n = 1,287) y de España (n = 1,006) completaron las escalas. Se apoyan la fiabilidad y la validez de PLOC y su equivalencia transcultural excepto tres ítems problemáticos encontrado en la muestra china. Además, los adolescentes chinos obtuvieron puntuaciones más altas en motivación intrínseca, regulación identificada, y puntuaciones más bajas en regulación introyectada, regulación externa y amotivación que los españoles. Los resultados indican transculturalmente una estructura universal de motivación. Sin embargo, los ítems problemáticos en la muestra china y las diferencias de motivación sugieren que los valores culturales afectan la interpretación de unos motivos de los adolescentes, que destaca la importancia de adaptación cultural a medir la motivación de los adolescentes
O presente estudo teve como objetivo mensurar motivação na educação física pelo Escala do locus de causalidade percibido (PLOC) dentro de um contexto transcultural. No total, 2.293 adolescentes da China (n = 1.287) e da Espanha (n = 1.006) completaram as escalas. Os resultados apoiaram amplamente a confiabilidade e validade do PLOC em ambas as culturas, ebm como sua equivalência transcultural, exceto por três itens problemáticos encontrados na amostra chinesa. Além disso, os adolescentes chineses pontuaram mai em motivação intrínseca, regulação identificada, e menor em regulação introjetada, regulação externa e amotivação do que os adolescentes espanhóis. Essas descobertas apoiaram a universalidade da estrutura de motivação. No entanto, os itens problemáticos encontrados em adolescentes chineses e as diferenças na motivação sugerem que os valores culturais podem levar os adolescentes a interpretar certos motivos de maneira diferente, o que destacou a importância da adaptação cultural ao medir motivação dos adolescentes
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Motivation , Physical Education and Training , Causality , Spain , China , Psychometrics , Cultural Characteristics , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results
INTRODUCTION: Using specific tools to assess the measurement properties of health status instruments is recommended both to standardise the review process and to improve the methodological quality of systematic reviews. However, depending on the measurement standards on which these tools are developed, the approach to appraise the measurement properties of instruments may vary. For this reason, the present meta-review aims to: (1) identify systematic reviews assessing the measurement properties of instruments evaluating health-related quality of life (HRQoL); (2) identify the tools applied to assess the measurement properties of HRQoL instruments; (3) describe the characteristics of the tools applied to assess the measurement properties of HRQoL instruments; (4) identify the measurement standards on which these tools were developed or conform to and (5) compare the similarities and differences among the identified measurement standards. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A systematic review will be conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols Guidelines. Electronic search will be carried out on bibliographic databases, including PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Psychological Information, SCOPUS, Web of Science, COSMIN database and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, being limited by time (2008-2018) and language (English). Descriptive analyses of different aspects of tools applied to evaluate the measurement properties of HRQoL instruments will be presented; the different measurement standards will be described and some recommendations about the methodological and research applications will be made. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval is not necessary for systematic review protocols. The results will be disseminated by its publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at a relevant conference. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42017065232.
Health Status , Outcome Assessment, Health Care , Quality of Life , Humans , Minimal Clinically Important Difference , Systematic Reviews as Topic
PURPOSE: The aim of the present study was to test a structural equation model of patient satisfaction with different key facets of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). In this model, the three dimensions of patient satisfaction with methadone as a medication (ie, personal functioning and well-being, anti-addictive effect on heroin, and anti-addictive effect on non-opioid substances) were expected to predict satisfaction with the basic interventions delivered by the staff of treatment centers to implement MMT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A sample of 210 heroin-dependent patients, resistant to MMT treatment (mean age =41.66 years, SD =6.50; 75.7% male), participated voluntarily in this study. Preliminary analysis based on exploratory structural equation modeling supported the expected three-factor measurement model of the scale to assess satisfaction with medications for addiction treatment - methadone for heroin addiction. Moreover, the 15 items measuring staff's basic interventions were shown to be compatible with the expected single-factor measurement model. Then, both measurement models were included in a structural model. RESULTS: Results of this model show that patient satisfaction with the compatibility of methadone with personal functioning and well-being, as well as with the anti-addictive effects of methadone on non-opioid substances, predicts satisfaction with basic interventions conducted at methadone treatment centers (ß=0.191 and ß=0.152, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our results provide further understanding regarding patient satisfaction with MMT, which could help professionals to better understand patient perspective and experience during MMT.
Framed in cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotions (Lazarus, 1999), this study aimed to test how coping mediated the relationship between competitive anxiety and sport commitment in a sample of adolescent athletes. Five-hundred adolescents (M = 16.42; SD = 1.54) participated in our study. Participants completed competitive anxiety, coping, and sport commitment measures. We defined the measurement model using confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling; and compared two different models of mediation (i.e., total and partial mediation) using structural equation modeling. Results favored partial mediation model where cognitive anxiety factors predicted sport commitment. Results from this model suggest direct and mediated structural relations between concepts. Somatic anxiety had a weak influence on sport commitment (total effects = 0.090 [-.131, .311]). Worry showed a positive influence on sport commitment (total effects = .375 [.262, .486]) through direct and mediated effects. Concentration disruption showed a negative impact on sport commitment (total effects = -.544 [-.724, -.363]) trough mediated effects only, showing a negative path on task-oriented coping and a positive path on disengagement-oriented coping. As a whole, our findings identify task coping efforts undertaken by adolescent athletes as a key element in the relationship between competitive anxiety and sport commitment. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the design of coping interventions in adolescents.
Adaptation, Psychological/physiology , Adolescent Behavior/physiology , Anxiety/psychology , Athletes/psychology , Attention/physiology , Competitive Behavior/physiology , Motivation/physiology , Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male
Framed in cognitive-motivational-relational theory of emotions (Lazarus, 1999), this study aimed to test how coping mediated the relationship between competitive anxiety and sport commitment in a sample of adolescent athletes. Five-hundred adolescents (M = 16.42; SD = 1.54) participated in our study. Participants completed competitive anxiety, coping, and sport commitment measures. We defined the measurement model using confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling; and compared two different models of mediation (i.e., total and partial mediation) using structural equation modeling. Results favored partial mediation model where cognitive anxiety factors predicted sport commitment. Results from this model suggest direct and mediated structural relations between concepts. Somatic anxiety had a weak influence on sport commitment (total effects = 0.090 .131, .311]). Worry showed a positive influence on sport commitment (total effects = .375 [.262, .486]) through direct and mediated effects. Concentration disruption showed a negative impact on sport commitment (total effects = 544 [-.724, /.363]) trough mediated effects only, showing a negative path on task-oriented coping and a positive path on disengagement-oriented coping. As a whole, our findings identify task coping efforts undertaken by adolescent athletes as a key element in the relationship between competitive anxiety and sport commitment. These findings provide preliminary evidence for the design of coping interventions in adolescents
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Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adaptation, Psychological/physiology , Adolescent Behavior/physiology , Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Athletes/psychology , Attention/physiology , Competitive Behavior/physiology , Motivation/physiology , Stress, Physiological , Factor Analysis, Statistical
heating in young soccer players. Participants were 197 soccer players aged between 13 and 19 from a club in Barcelona. Cuestionario deDisposición al Engaño en el Deporte (CDED), Multidimensional Sportspersonship Orientations Scale (MSOS) and Empowering and DisempoweringMotivational Climate Questionnaire (EDMCQ-C) were administered. Results showed that the perception of an empowering climate is linked to prosocialbehaviors (i.e., sportspersonship). Contrary, a perception of a disempowering climate is linked to the acceptance of antisocial behaviors (i.e., cheatingand gamesmanship). Moreover, gamesmanship behaviors are more accepted than cheating. This enlightens the importance of the coach-createdmotivational climate as an aspect that can influence in the player
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Soccer/psychology , Motivation , Personal Autonomy , Social Behavior , Interpersonal Relations , Athletic Performance/psychology , Surveys and Questionnaires
Based on recent psychometric developments, this paper presents a conceptual and practical guide for estimating internal consistency reliability of measures obtained as item sum or mean. The internal consistency reliability coefficient is presented as a by-product of the measurement model underlying the item responses. A three-step procedure is proposed for its estimation, including descriptive data analysis, test of relevant measurement models, and computation of internal consistency coefficient and its confidence interval. Provided formulas include: (a) Cronbachs alpha and omega coefficients for unidimensional measures with quantitative item response scales, (b) coefficients ordinal omega, ordinal alpha and nonlinear reliability for unidimensional measures with dichotomic and ordinal items, (c) coefficients omega and omega hierarchical for essentially unidimensional scales presenting method effects. The procedure is generalized to weighted sum measures, multidimensional scales, complex designs with multilevel and/or missing data and to scale development. Four illustrative numerical examples are fully explained and the data and the R syntax are provided (AU)
En este trabajo se presenta una guía conceptual y práctica para estimar la fiabilidad de consistencia interna de medidas obtenidas mediante suma o promedio de ítems con base en las aportaciones más recientes de la psicometría. El coeficiente de fiabilidad de consistencia interna se presenta como un subproducto del modelo de medida subyacente en las respuestas a los ítems y se propone su estimación mediante un procedimiento de análisis de los ítems en tres fases, a saber, análisis descriptivo, comprobación de los modelos de medida pertinentes y cálculo del coeficiente de consistencia interna y su intervalo de confianza. Se proporcionan las siguientes fórmulas: (a) los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y omega para medidas unidimensionales con ítems cuantitativos (b) los coeficientes omega ordinal, alfa ordinal y de fiabilidad no lineal para ítems dicotómicos y ordinales, y (c) los coeficientes omega y omega jerárquico para medidas esencialmente unidimensionales con efectos de método. El procedimiento se generaliza al aná- lisis de medidas obtenidas por suma ponderada, de escalas multidimensionales, de diseños complejos con datos multinivel y/o faltantes y también al desarrollo de escalas. Con fines ilustrativos se expone el análisis de cuatro ejemplos numéricos y se proporcionan los datos y la sintaxis en R (AU)
Humans , Psychometrics/instrumentation , Psychological Tests/standards , Reproducibility of Results , Reproducibility of Results , Factor Analysis, Statistical
Framed on a Self-Determination Theory perspective, the purpose of this study was to explore the predictive capacity of coaches' interpersonal controlling style on the competitive anxiety of young athletes, considering the mediating effect of the athletes' controlled motivation on this relationship. The sample consisted of 1166 athletes, aged between 9 and 18, who ranked their perceptions of coaches' controlling style, as well as the reasons for participating in sport and their competitive anxiety before or during competition. The structural models assessing both the direct effect of the controlling style on the anxiety and the complete mediated effect of the controlled motivation on this relationship revealed good fit indices. However, a significant difference of the chi-square was obtained when comparing these models to the partial mediation model, providing evidence of this last model to be more adequate to describe the relationship between coaches' controlling style and athletes' competitive anxiety. Positive significant effects of coach controlling style on the three forms of competitive anxiety were found (ß CS-SA = 0.21, p < 0.001; ß CS-W = 0.14, p < 0.001; ß CS-CD = 0.30, p < 0.001) indicating that coach controlling style could be an antecedent for athletes' anxiety in a direct way. Although this style also predicts athletes' motivation to participate, this indirect path seems to predict competitive anxiety in a less clear way. We discuss our results facing them up to Vallerand's hierarchical model postulates, focusing on the relevant influence of coaches on the young athletes' experience in the sport context.
