SHLD1 is part of the Shieldin (SHLD) complex, which acts downstream of 53BP1 to counteract DNA double-strand break (DSB) end resection and promote DNA repair via non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). While 53BP1 is essential for immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination (CSR), long-range V(D)J recombination and repair of RAG-induced DSBs in XLF-deficient cells, the function of SHLD during these processes remains elusive. Here we report that SHLD1 is dispensable for lymphocyte development and RAG-mediated V(D)J recombination, even in the absence of XLF. By contrast, SHLD1 is essential for restricting resection at AID-induced DSB ends in both NHEJ-proficient and NHEJ-deficient B cells, providing an end-protection mechanism that permits productive CSR by NHEJ and alternative end-joining. Finally, we show that this SHLD1 function is required for orientation-specific joining of AID-initiated DSBs. Our data thus suggest that 53BP1 promotes V(D)J recombination and CSR through two distinct mechanisms: SHLD-independent synapsis of V(D)J segments and switch regions within chromatin, and SHLD-dependent protection of AID-DSB ends against resection.
DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded , V(D)J Recombination , DNA End-Joining Repair , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Immunoglobulin Class Switching/genetics , V(D)J Recombination/genetics
MAD2L2 (REV7) plays an important role in DNA double-strand break repair. As a member of the shieldin complex, consisting of MAD2L2, SHLD1, SHLD2 and SHLD3, it controls DNA repair pathway choice by counteracting DNA end-resection. Here we investigated the requirements for shieldin complex assembly and activity. Besides a dimerization-surface, HORMA-domain protein MAD2L2 has the extraordinary ability to wrap its C-terminus around SHLD3, likely creating a very stable complex. We show that appropriate function of MAD2L2 within shieldin requires its dimerization, mediated by SHLD2 and accelerating MAD2L2-SHLD3 interaction. Dimerization-defective MAD2L2 impairs shieldin assembly and fails to promote NHEJ. Moreover, MAD2L2 dimerization, along with the presence of SHLD3, allows shieldin to interact with the TRIP13 ATPase, known to drive topological switches in HORMA-domain proteins. We find that appropriate levels of TRIP13 are important for proper shieldin (dis)assembly and activity in DNA repair. Together our data provide important insights in the dependencies for shieldin activity.
ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities/genetics , Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics , DNA Repair , DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics , DNA/genetics , Mad2 Proteins/genetics , ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities/chemistry , ATPases Associated with Diverse Cellular Activities/metabolism , Animals , Binding Sites , Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry , Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism , Cell Line , Cell Line, Tumor , Cisplatin/pharmacology , DNA/chemistry , DNA/metabolism , DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded , DNA-Binding Proteins/chemistry , DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism , Fibroblasts/cytology , Fibroblasts/drug effects , Fibroblasts/metabolism , Gene Expression , HEK293 Cells , HeLa Cells , Humans , Mad2 Proteins/chemistry , Mad2 Proteins/metabolism , Mice , Phthalazines/pharmacology , Piperazines/pharmacology , Protein Binding , Protein Interaction Domains and Motifs , Protein Multimerization , Recombinant Proteins/chemistry , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
