Does the incidence of unexpected malignancy in 'benign' rectal neoplasms undergoing trans-anal endoscopic microsurgery vary according to lesion morphology?

AIM: Mucosectomy by trans-anal endoscopic microsurgery (TEMS) allows safe and effective excision of benign rectal lesions. Preoperative endoscopic, clinical and ultrasonographic assessment aims to select benign lesions whilst avoiding inappropriate mucosectomy in lesions with malignancy. This study examines the relationship between lesion morphology and accurate benign preoperative classification of rectal lesions undergoing TEMS. METHOD: Primary lesions preoperatively assessed as benign were identified from a prospective TEMS database. Operative specimen morphology was independently classified by two blinded investigators, using photographs, into flat-sessile, exophytic or mixed morphology. The accuracy of the preoperative assessment by rectal ultrasonography was compared with the results of histological examination of the excised specimen (χ(2) and Fisher's exact tests). RESULTS: Of 167 lesions with adequate data, the morphological classification showed 60 flat-sessile, 56 mixed morphology and 51 exophytic tumours, of which 5, 7 and 9, respectively, contained unexpected malignancy (P=0.48). Accurate preoperative assessment of a lesion as benign occurred in 89% of flat-sessile and mixed morphology (n=55 and 49, respectively) and in 70% of exophytic lesions (n=36) (P=0.01). Only the exophytic group contained patients in whom preoperative endoscopic and ultrasonographic staging could not be confidently made (uTx). Histology demonstrated six of the seven uTx cases to be benign. CONCLUSION: In this study exophytic polyps were less likely to be accurately classified as benign using preoperative ultrasonography/endoscopy when compared with flat-sessile or mixed morphology polyps.

Prevalence and significance of anaemia in patients receiving long-course neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal carcinoma.

AIM: The study aimed to assess the prevalence and significance of anaemia during long-course neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer at our centre. METHOD: Hospital coding and a prospective oncology database were used to identify all patients undergoing long-course neoadjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer at our centre between 2004 and 2009. A retrospective review of computerized records was used to extract individual patient data. Anaemia was defined as a haemoglobin level of < 11.5 g/dl for women and of < 13 g/dl for men. Downstaging was assessed by comparing radiological stage (rTNM) with histological stage (ypTNM). Tumour regression after radiotherapy was assessed using the Rectal Cancer Regression Group (RCRG) scores of 1-3. The results were analysed using Gnu PSPP statistical software. RESULTS: There were 70 patients (51 men) of median age 66 (interquartile range 60-72.75) years. Of these, 24 were anaemic. Two (3%) had no haemoglobin level recorded and were excluded. Forty-two per cent of anaemic patients demonstrated mural (T) downstaging compared with 68% of nonanaemic patients (P = 0.03). There was no difference in nodal downstaging between the groups. The RCRG scores showed more tumour regression in nonanaemic patients than in anaemic patients, as follows: RCRG 1, 59%vs 30%; RCRG 2, 11%vs 17%; and RCRG 3, 38%vs 46% (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of anaemia in patients undergoing long-course neoadjuvant radiotherapy was 35%. Anaemia during long-course neoadjuvant radiotherapy was associated with significant reductions in tumour downstaging and regression.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of wound dressings in the prevention of surgical-site infections in surgical wounds healing by primary intention.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative surgical-site infections are a major source of morbidity and cost. This study aimed to identify and present all randomized controlled trial evidence evaluating the effects of dressings on surgical-site infection rates in surgical wounds healing by primary intention; the secondary outcomes included comparisons of pain, scar and acceptability between dressings. METHODS: Randomized controlled trials comparing alternative wound dressings, or wound dressings with leaving wounds exposed for postoperative management of surgical wounds were included in the review regardless of their language. Databases searched included the Cochrane Wounds Group Specialised Register and Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase and EBSCO CINAHL from inception to May 2011. Two authors performed study selection, risk of bias assessment and data extraction, including an assessment of surgical contamination according to the surgical procedure. Where levels of clinical and statistical heterogeneity permitted, data were pooled for meta-analysis. RESULTS: Sixteen controlled trials with 2594 participants examining a range of wound contamination levels were included. They were all unclear or at high risk of bias. There was no evidence that any dressing significantly reduced surgical-site infection rates compared with any other dressing or leaving the wound exposed. Furthermore, no significant differences in pain, scarring or acceptability were seen between the dressings. CONCLUSION: No difference in surgical-site infection rates was demonstrated between surgical wounds covered with different dressings and those left uncovered. No difference was seen in pain, scar or acceptability between dressings.

High-resolution resonant and nonresonant fiber-scanning confocal microscope.

We present a novel, hand-held microscope probe for acquiring confocal images of biological tissue. This probe generates images by scanning a fiber-lens combination with a miniature electromagnetic actuator, which allows it to be operated in resonant and nonresonant scanning modes. In the resonant scanning mode, a circular field of view with a diameter of 190 µm and an angular frequency of 127 Hz can be achieved. In the nonresonant scanning mode, a maximum field of view with a width of 69 µm can be achieved. The measured transverse and axial resolutions are 0.60 and 7.4 µm, respectively. Images of biological tissue acquired in the resonant mode are presented, which demonstrate its potential for real-time tissue differentiation. With an outer diameter of 3 mm, the microscope probe could be utilized to visualize cellular microstructures in vivo across a broad range of minimally-invasive procedures.

Enhanced recovery in colorectal resections: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to produce a comprehensive up-to-date meta-analysis exploring the safety and efficacy of enhanced recovery (ER) programmes after colorectal resection. METHOD: Key-word and MESH-heading searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Databases from 1966 to February 2007 were used to identify all available randomized and clinical controlled studies. Two independent reviewers assessed studies for inclusion and exclusion based on methodological quality criteria prior to undertaking data extraction. Summary estimates of treatment effects using a fixed effect model were produced with RevMan 1.0.2, using weighted means for length-of-stay data and relative risks of morbidity, mortality and readmission rates. RESULTS: Analysis of four papers including 376 patients demonstrated primary and total length-of-stays (primary + readmission length-of-stay) to be significantly reduced (P < 0.001) with ER programmes [weighted mean differences of -3.64 days (95% confidence interval, 95% CI -4.98 to -2.29) and -3.75 days (95% CI-5.11 to -2.40)]. Analysis of controlled clinical trial data showed morbidity rates to be reduced and readmission rates increased. These trends were not seen amongst the randomized controlled trial data. There were no differences in mortality rates. CONCLUSION: Enhanced recovery programmes after colorectal resections reduce length-of-stay and may reduce 30 days morbidity and increase 30 days readmission without increasing mortality.

Prophylactic perifoveal laser treatment of soft drusen.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of perifoveal laser to cause drusen to resorb, and establish a treatment protocol. METHODS: Treatment technique was determined by the outcome in one patient with 15-year follow-up. In an uncontrolled series a perifoveal ring of gentle laser was applied to 30 eyes of 28 patients, 18 with bilateral drusen and 10 with exudative disease in the fellow eye. Comparison was made between treated and untreated eyes in 14 patients with bilateral drusen. Mean follow-up was 16.8 months (range, three to 42 months). RESULTS: Soft drusen resorbed in all treated eyes in the vicinity of laser and within the fovea. Large soft confluent drusen (> 500 microns) responded most rapidly. Visual acuity improved one or more lines in 12 (40%) treated eyes, was unchanged in 16 (53%) and deteriorated in two (7%). In 14 patients with bilateral drusen in whom only one eye was treated, VA remained unchanged in 10 eyes and improved in four treated eyes while none of the untreated eyes improved (P = 0.03, chi 2) and decreased in four eyes. Atrophic expansion of laser burns was minimal. CNV developed in two of 30 eyes (7%). CONCLUSION: Perifoveal laser treatment appears to expedite the regression of soft drusen within the fovea. The risks of complications may be reduced by treating eyes early, before pigment changes develop and by applying a minimum number of burns at a distance greater than 750 microns from the foveal centre. Treatment should currently be administered only in the context of a prospective clinical trial, which is required to assess whether this treatment results in lowered risk of visual loss from CNV or geographic atrophy.

Disc leak in the pathogenesis of posterior retinal degenerations.

Pathogenesis of the posterior retinal degenerations and the role of argon laser para-disc coagulation in its treatment. The posterior retinopathies sometimes follow the degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium with a release of the hypothetical vasoproliferative factor. There is clinical evidence to show that a slow degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium also produces a vasoproliferation from the circulation which comes from the choroidal vessels supplying the disc. Treatment by argon laser at the disc margin inhibits the rate of degeneration, and extension of the vasoproliferation.