De Novo Design and Synthesis of Polypeptide Immunomodulators for Resetting Macrophage Polarization.

Modulating the extracellular matrix microenvironment is critical for achieving the desired macrophage phenotype in immune investigations or tumor therapy. Combining de novo protein design and biosynthesis techniques, herein, we designed a biomimetic polypeptide self-assembled nano-immunomodulator to trigger the activation of a specific macrophage phenotype. It was intended to be made up of (​GGS​GGP​GGG​PAS​AAA​NSA​SRA​TSN​SP)n, the RGD motif from collagen, and the IKVAV motif from laminin. The combination of these domains allows the biomimetic polypeptide to assemble into extracellular matrix-like nanofibrils, creating an extracellular matrix-like milieu for macrophages. Furthermore, changing the concentration further provides a facile route to fine-tune macrophage polarization, which enhances antitumor immune responses by precisely resetting tumor-associated macrophage immune responses into an M1-like phenotype, which is generally considered to be tumor-killing macrophages, primarily antitumor, and immune-promoting. Unlike metal or synthetic polymer-based nanoparticles, this polypeptide-based nanomaterial exhibits excellent biocompatibility, high efficacy, and precise tunability in immunomodulatory effectiveness. These encouraging findings motivate us to continue our research into cancer immunotherapy applications in the future.

A Cuboid Spider Silk: Structure-Function Relationship and Polypeptide Signature.

A unique cuboid spider silk from the outer egg sac of Nephila pilipes, with an unusual square cross-section, is disclosed. The structure-function relationships within this silk are first studied through structural characterization, mechanical measurement, protein conformation, and polypeptide signature of silk proteins. This silk maintains the higher stiffness property of egg sac silks, and also shows a species difference. Environmental response of the mechanical properties within this silk are observed. Synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopy is used to monitor the silk protein conformation in a single natural silk. The ß-sheet structure aligns parallel to the fiber axis with a content of 22% ± 2.6%. The de novo resulting polypeptide from the solid silk fibers are novel, and an abundant polar amino acid insertion is observed. Short polyalanine (An , n ≤ 3), alternating serine and alanine (S/A)X, and alternating glycine and alanine (G/A)X, GGX, and SSX dominates in the resulting de novo polypeptide. This accords with the composition pattern of other egg sac silk proteins, besides the rarely observed GGX. This study broadens the library of egg sac spider silks and provides a new perspective to uncover structure-function relationships in spider silk.