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The information concerning the effects of microplastics (MPs) on lake sediment environment, particularly structural properties, is still scant. This study aimed to investigate the effect of MPs characteristics (including concentration and size) on the sediment rheological properties, which affected sediment resuspension. After 60-day experiments, it was found that (0.5-2 %) MP in sediments decreased sediment viscosity, yield stress, and flow point shear stress by 14.7-38.4 %, 3.9-24.1 % and 13.5-36.5 %. Besides, sediment (with 50 µm MP addition) yield stress and flow point shear stress also dropped by 1.1-14.1 % and 9.6-12.9 % compared to 100 and 200 µm MP addition. The instability in sediment structure could be attributed to MP-induced EPS production and cation exchange capacity (CEC) changes. Accordingly, the decreases in rheological properties induced by different sizes and concentrations MPs might facilitate the sediments resuspension with wind and wave disturbances. The study shed light on previously overlooked environmental issues caused by MPs characteristics from a new perspective, thereby enhancing our understanding about the environmental behavior of MPs in lake sediment ecosystems.
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Color phase-shifting fringe projection profilometry is one of the single-shot three-dimensional shape measurement techniques. The color crosstalk of the projector-camera system yields undesired phase errors when using phase-shifting method. In this paper, a color crosstalk compensation method based on phase correction matrix is proposed. In this method, the phase correction matrix is established to compensate the deviations between the actual phase-shift values in the acquired fringes and the standard ones in the ideal fringes. Only two fringe patterns are utilized to obtain the phase correction matrix. The quadratic equations for calculating the actual phase-shift values of the fringes in the three color channels are derived. The actual phase-shift values and the corresponding standard ones are employed to form the equilibrium equations for computing the phase correction coefficients in the matrix. Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method and it can effectively reduce the induced overall phase error caused by the color crosstalk.
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Canine distemper virus (CDV) poses a severe threat to both domesticated and wild animals, including multiple carnivores. With the continued expansion of its host range, there is an urgent need for the development of a safer and more effective vaccine. In this study, we developed subunit vaccines based on a bacterium-like particle (BLP) delivery platform containing BLPs-F and BLPs-H, which display the CDV F and H glycoprotein antigens, respectively, using the antigen-protein anchor fusions produced by a recombinant baculovirus insect cell expression system. The combination of BLPs-F and BLPs-H (CDV-BLPs), formulated with colloidal manganese salt [Mn jelly (MnJ)] adjuvant, triggered robust CDV-specific antibody responses and a substantial increase in the number of interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in mice. Dogs immunized intramuscularly with this vaccine not only produced CDV-specific IgG but also displayed elevated concentrations of IFN-γ and interleukin 6 in their serum, along with an increase of the CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cell subsets. Consequently, this heightened immune response provided effective protection against disease development and reduced viral shedding levels following challenge with a virulent strain. These findings suggest that this BLP-based subunit vaccine has the potential to become a novel canine distemper vaccine. IMPORTANCE: Many sensitive species require a safe and effective distemper vaccine. Non-replicating vaccines are preferred. We constructed subunit particles displaying canine distemper virus (CDV) antigens based on a bacterium-like particle (BLP) delivery platform. The CDV-BLPs formulated with theMn jelly adjuvant induced robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to CDV in mice and dogs, thereby providing effective protection against a virulent virus challenge. This work is an important step in developing a CDV subunit vaccine.
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Virus del Moquillo Canino , Vacunas Virales , Perros , Animales , Ratones , Virus del Moquillo Canino/genética , Vacunas Virales/genética , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Proteínas Recombinantes , Vacunas de Subunidad/genéticaRESUMEN
Microplastic (MP) contamination is a growing global concern, with lake sediments serving as a significant sink for MP due to both anthropogenic and natural activities. Given the increasing evidence of MP accumulation in sediments, it was crucial to assess their influence on sediment erosion resistance, which directly affected sediment resuspension. To fill this gap, this study focused on the effect of MP on the sediments rheological properties. After 60-day experiments, it was found that MP addition into sediments reduced sediment viscosity, yield stress, and flow point shear stress. Meanwhile, MPs also significantly altered sediment properties and extracellular polymer composition. MP addition reduced extracellular polymeric substances production and cation exchange capacity, which then worked together and led to a weak sediment structure. Seemingly, MPs changed fluid sediment characteristics and caused stronger fluidity under less shear force. Consequently, the accumulation of MP might facilitate the resuspension of sediments under smaller wind and wave disturbances. This study provided novel insights into the direct impact of MPs on sediment physical properties using rheology, thereby enhancing our understanding of the environmental behavior of MPs in lake ecosystems.
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Microplásticos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Microplásticos/química , Lagos/química , Plásticos , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Ecosistema , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are among the major health problems. However, blood-brain barrier (BBB) makes traditional oral and intravenous delivery of CNS drugs inefficient. The unique direct connection between the nose and the brain makes nasal administration a great potential advantage in CNS drugs delivery. However, nasal mucociliary clearance (NMCC) limits the development of drug delivery systems. Appropriate nasal gel viscosity alleviates NMCC to a certain extent, gels based on gellan gum, chitosan, carbomer, cellulose and poloxamer have been widely reported. However, nasal gel formulation design and key properties for alleviating NMCC have not been clearly discussed. This article summarizes gel formulations of different polymers in existing nasal gel systems, and attempts to provide a basis for researchers to conduct in-depth research on the key characteristics of gel matrix against NMCC.
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Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos , Mucosa Nasal , Administración Intranasal , Encéfalo , Fármacos del Sistema Nervioso Central , GelesRESUMEN
Fringe projection profilometry is an efficient and accurate technique for three-dimensional (3D) measurement to calibrate a camera and projector setup. The feature centers of circles on a calibration board are extracted on the camera image plane and mapped to the projector image plane during the calibration procedure. The accuracy of the mapping between camera pixels and projector pixels is crucial to the calibration accuracy, which directly affects the measurement precision of the system. In this paper, we investigate an improved subpixel mapping with local gray distribution from the camera to the projector. The mapped pixels and their gray values are regarded as a set of 3D grayscale space points. The subpixel coordinates of the feature centers on the projector image plane are obtained by directly processing the 3D points. The entire procedure retains the subpixel precision. Calibration experiments were designed to verify the feasibility of our calibration method, which was compared to three existing methods. The reprojection errors and object-space errors were used to evaluate the calibration accuracy of the methods. Additionally, measurement experiments of displacement and in-plane distance were employed to verify the calibration results of the methods. Compared to the three existing methods, we believe our method can improve the calibration accuracy for fringe projection profilometry.
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ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Radix et Rhizoma Salviae Miltiorrhizae (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge., Lamiaceae, Danshen in Chinese) and Chuanxiong Rhizoma (rhizomes of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort., Apiaceae, Chuanxiong in Chinese) both are important traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for activating blood and eliminating stasis. Danshen-chuanxiong herb pair has been used for more than 600 years in China. Guanxinning injection (GXN) is a Chinese clinical prescription refined from aqueous extract of Danshen and Chuanxiong at the ratio of 1:1 (w/w). GXN has been mainly used in the clinical therapy of angina, heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease in China for almost twenty years. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to explore the role of GXN on renal fibrosis in heart failure mice and the regulation of GXN on SLC7A11/GPX4 axis. MATARIALS AND METHODS: The transverse aortic constriction model was used to mimic HF accompanied by kidney fibrosis model. GXN was administrated by tail vein injection in dose of 12.0, 6.0, 3.0 mL/kg, respectively. Telmisartan (6.1 mg/kg, gavage) was used as a positive control drug. Cardiac ultrasound indexes of ejection fraction (EF), cardiac output (CO), left ventricle volume (LV Vol), HF biomarker of pro-B type natriuretic peptide (Pro-BNP), kidney function index of serum creatinine (Scr), kidney fibrosis index of collagen volume fraction (CVF) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were evaluated and contrasted. Metabolomic method was employed to analyze the endogenous metabolites changes in kidneys. Besides, contents of catalase (CAT), xanthine oxidase (XOD), nitricoxidesynthase (NOS), glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), the x(c)(-) cysteine/glutamate antiporter (SLC7A11) and ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) in kidney were quantitatively analyzed. In addition, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to analyze the chemical composition of GXN and network pharmacology was used to predict possible mechanisms and the active ingredients of GXN. RESULTS: The cardiac function indexes of EF, CO and LV Vol, kidney functional indicators of Scr, the degree of kidney fibrosis indicators CVF and CTGF were all relieved to different extent for the model mice treated with GXN. 21 differential metabolites involved in redox regulation, energy metabolism, organic acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, etc were identified. Aspartic acid, homocysteine, glycine, and serine, methionine, purine, phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism were found to be the core redox metabolic pathways regulated by GXN. Furthermore, GXN were found to increase CAT content, upregulate GPX4, SLC7A11 and FTH1 expression in kidney significantly. Not only that, GXN also showed good effect in down-regulating XOD and NOS contents in kidney. Besides, 35 chemical constituents were initially identified in GXN. Active ingredients of GXN-targets-related enzymes/transporters-metabolites network was established to find out that GPX4 was a core protein for GXN and the top 10 active ingredients with the most relevant to renal protective effects of GXN were rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide E, protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, danshensu, L-Ile, vanillic acid, salvianolic acid A. CONCLUSION: GXN could significantly maintain cardiac function and alleviate the progression of fibrosis in the kidney for HF mice, and the mechanisms of action were related to regulating redox metabolism of aspartate, glycine, serine, and cystine metabolism and SLC7A11/GPX4 axis in kidney. The cardio-renal protective effect of GXN may be attributed to multi-components like rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, senkyunolide E, protocatechualdehyde, protocatechuic acid, danshensu, L-Ile, vanillic acid, salvianolic acid A et al.
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Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Salvia miltiorrhiza , Ratones , Animales , Cromatografía Liquida , Ácido Vanílico/análisis , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/uso terapéutico , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/química , Salvia miltiorrhiza/química , Fibrosis , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/tratamiento farmacológico , Glicina , Ácido RosmarínicoRESUMEN
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a relapsing and chronic skin inflammation with a common incidence worldwide. Ta-Xi-San (TXS) is a Chinese herbal formula usually used for atopic dermatitis in clinic; however, its active compounds and mechanisms of action are still unclear. Our study was designed to reveal the pharmacological activities, the active compounds, and the pharmacological mechanisms of TXS for atopic dermatitis. Mice were induced by 2,4-dinitrocluorobenzene (DNCB) to build atopic dermatitis model. The pathological evaluation, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) assay were performed. The UPLC-Q-Exactive-MSE and network pharmacology analysis were performed to explore active ingredients and therapeutic mechanisms of TXS. TXS treatment decreased levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE), interleukin-4 (IL-4), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in serum induced by DNCB. TXS reduced scratching behavior and alleviated inflammatory pathology of skin and ear. Meanwhile, TXS decreased the spleen index and increased spleen index. The UPLC-Q-Exactive-MSE results showed that 65 compounds of TXS were detected and 337 targets were fished. We collected 1371 AD disease targets, and the compound-target gene network reveled that the top 3 active ingredients were (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, and esculetin, and the core target genes were PTGS2, PTGS1, and HSP90AA1. The KEGG pathway and GO analysis showed that TXS remedied atopic dermatitis via PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway with the regulation of inflammatory response and transcription. Further, we found that the targets of PTGS2 and HSP90AA1 were both elevated in ears and skin of AD model mouse; however, TXS decreased the elevated expressions of PTGS2 and HSP90AA1. Our study revealed that TXS ameliorated AD based on (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, apigenin, and esculetin via targeting PTGS2 and HSP90AA1.
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While fluid sediments normally formed through hydrodynamic erosion and transport was well known, the fluid sediments caused by organic matter accumulation and degradation in eutrophic lakes was rarely investigated. Here, the effects of cyanobacterial bloom biomass (CBB) accumulation and water depth on the occurrence of fluid sediments were studied. Within 30 days of experiments, the variation of sediment height firstly increased to the maximum with rising in water depth, then decreased due to the high hydraulic pressure. While the surface sediments density decreased slightly from 1.35 g cm-3 to around 1.32 g cm-3 without CBB accumulation, and CBB accumulation led to lower density (around 1.02 g cm-3) but higher shear stress of sediments. Through analyzing the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), it was found that CBB accumulation improved the polysaccharide/protein ratios of sediment. The infrared analysis further indicated that the bound-EPS could protect fluid sediments bio-stabilization. Meanwhile, the enriched Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas in sediments with CBB accumulation might play roles in EPS production, which benefited the bio-stabilization of fluid sediments. Furthermore, the stability of fluid sediments increased with increase in water depth, and the resuspension of biological fluid sediments would occur more likely in the low water depth area. Altogether, this study reported the formation and stability of the biological fluid sediments in eutrophic shallow lakes, and could help provide clues against sediment resuspension in lake ecosystems.
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Cianobacterias , Eutrofización , Biomasa , China , Ecosistema , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiología , Lagos/microbiología , AguaRESUMEN
In eutrophic shallow lakes, cyanobacterial blooms will occur frequently and then accumulate on sediments, leading to the variation in the surface sediment properties. In this study, the influence of accumulated cyanobacterial blooms biomass (CBB) content on surface sediment properties was determined in microcosm experiments through monitoring surface sediment physicochemical and rheological properties. During one-month incubation, it was found that surface sediment volume increased, and the density decreased from 1.36 g cm-3 to 1.13 g cm-3 with increase in accumulated CBB contents. The results of particle size distribution indicated that CBB accumulation in sediments led to sediment flocculation and agglomeration. In the meantime, there were high ratios polysaccharide/protein in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) with a decrease in bound EPS/colloid EPS under high CBB contents, which enhanced the sediment particle agglomeration and reduced fluid sediment stability. Further, the critical shear stress in rheological test for sediments on day 30 presented an exponential decay (R2 = 0.97) with increase in accumulated CBB contents. And a threshold value at 0.15% accumulated CBB content indicated sediments could be resuspended easier when accumulated CBB content was higher than 0.15%. Altogether, this study showed that the accumulated CBB content had a strong influence on surface fluid sediment properties. The results were important in sediment management since CBB affects sediment suspension for eutrophication shallow lakes.
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Cianobacterias , Lagos , Biomasa , China , Eutrofización , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Lagos/químicaRESUMEN
Consistently, the multiple heart-kidney interactions make pharmaceutical research for cardiorenal syndrome difficult and complex. Guanxinning Injection (GXN) has been reported to provide unique advantage for treating cardiac and renal diseases compared to typical monotherapies. However, the protection mechanism of GXN is largely unknown. This study explored the acting mechanism of GXN on heart failure with renal dysfunction from a metabolic perspective. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) surgery was performed on C57/BL/6 mice to induce heart failure with renal dysfunction. Using telmisartan as a positive control, GXN treatment was applied during the 12th to 16th week after TAC. Cardiac function and structure were examined using M-mode echocardiography, and renal function was evaluated via representative biochemical parameters and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Moreover, untargeted metabolomic analyses of urine were conducted to screen for differential substances associated with the cardiorenal protection effect of GXN. As a result, GXN provided good cardioprotective effects on left ventricular ejection fraction elevation, fractional shortening, internal diastolic, and mass maintenance. GXN also reduced TAC-induced elevation of blood urea nitrogen, and serum Cystatin C and relieved kidney pathological damage. Metabolomic analyses identified 21 differential metabolites in the TAC model group. Ten metabolites involving the metabolic pathways of carnitine synthesis, valine, leucine and isoleucine degradation, and glutamate metabolism, taurine and hypotaurine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and purine metabolism were restored by GXN. The main cardiorenal protection mechanism of GXN was found to be related to energy metabolism and oxidative stress. Taken together, this study provides the first evidence of the metabolic protection mechanism of GXN on heart failure with renal dysfunction for the first time and provides a research basis for the application of GXN in CRS-2 pharmaceuticals.
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Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Enfermedades Renales , Animales , Metabolómica , Ratones , Volumen Sistólico , Función Ventricular IzquierdaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although the adriamycin-induced nephropathy model is frequently employed in the study of nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, the accompanying myocardial damage has always been a cause for concern. Therefore, there is a great need to study cardiorenal communication in this model. METHODS: An adriamycin-induced nephropathy model was established via tail vein injection. The levels of the biochemical indicators serum albumin, serum globulin, serum total protein, serum cholesterol, serum creatinine (SCr), urinary protein, and urinary creatinine (UCr) were measured, and histopathological changes in the heart and kidneys were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin staining. Metabolomic changes in the heart, blood, and kidneys were analyzed using the metabolomics method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the model group showed significant decreases in serum protein and total protein levels, albumin/globulin ratio, and creatinine clearance rate as well as significant increases in serum cholesterol, SCr, urinary protein, and UCr levels. Significant pathological changes were observed in the renal pathology sections in the model group, including diffusely merged glomerular epithelial cells, inflammatory infiltration, and vacuolated glomerular cells. Additionally, thickened myocardial fibers, swollen nuclei, inflammatory infiltration, and partial myocardial necrosis could be seen in the cardiac pathology sections in the model group. Based on multivariate statistical analysis, a total of 20 differential metabolites associated with 15 metabolic pathways were identified in the heart, 7 differential metabolites with 7 metabolic pathways were identified in the blood, and 16 differential metabolites with 21 metabolic pathways were identified in the kidney. Moreover, 6 common metabolic pathways shared by the heart and kidney were identified: arginine and proline metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; glutathione metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; beta-alanine metabolism; and histidine metabolism. Among these metabolic pathways, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism was shared by the heart, blood, and kidney. Succinic acid was found to be the key regulatory metabolite in cardiorenal metabolic communication. CONCLUSION: Six metabolic pathways were found to be involved in cardiorenal metabolic communication in an adriamycin-induced nephropathy model, in which alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism may be the metabolic link between the heart and kidney in the development and maintenance of oxidative stress and inflammation. Succinic acid may serve as a key regulatory metabolic switch or marker of cardiac and renal co-injury, as shown in an adriamycin-induced nephropathy model.
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Doxorrubicina/efectos adversos , Cardiopatías/metabolismo , Enfermedades Renales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Renales/metabolismo , Redes y Vías Metabólicas , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cardiopatías/etiología , Cardiopatías/patología , Humanos , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Riñón/patología , Enfermedades Renales/complicaciones , Enfermedades Renales/patología , Masculino , Redes y Vías Metabólicas/efectos de los fármacos , Metabolómica , Miocardio/metabolismo , Miocardio/patología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
The co-occurrence of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms and contaminants is an increasing environmental concern in freshwater worldwide. Our field investigations coupled with laboratory incubations demonstrated that the microbial degradation potential of 17ß-estradiol (E2) with estrone as the intermediate was primarily driven by increased dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the water column of a cyanobacterial bloom. To explain the intrinsic contribution of cyanobacterial-derived DOM (C-DOM) to estrogen biodegradation, a combination of methods including bioassay, ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry, and microbial ecology were applied. The results showed that preferential assimilation of highly biodegradable structures, including protein-, carbohydrate-, and unsaturated hydrocarbon-like molecules sustained bacterial growth, selected for more diverse microbes, and resulted in greater estrogen biodegradation compared to less biodegradable molecules (lignin- and tannin-like molecules). The biodegradability of C-DOM decreased from 78% to 1%, whereas the E2 biodegradation rate decreased dramatically at first, then increased with the accumulation of recalcitrant, bio-produced lipid-like molecules in C-DOM. This change was linked to alternative substrate-induced selection of the bacterial community under highly refractory conditions, as suggested by the greater biomass-normalized E2 biodegradation rate after a 24-h lag phase. In addition to the increased frequency of potential degraders, such as Sphingobacterium, the network analysis revealed that C-DOM molecules distributed in high H/C (protein- and lipid-like molecules) were the main drivers structuring the bacterial community, inducing strong deterministic selection of the community assemblage and upregulating the metabolic capacity for contaminants. These findings provide strong evidence that estrogen biodegradation in eutrophic water may be facilitated by cyanobacterial blooms and provide a theoretical basis for ecological remediation of estrogen pollution.
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Cianobacterias , Lagos , Estrógenos , Estrona , AguaRESUMEN
The purpose of current study was to investigate the effects of sediment desiccation on nutrient dynamics and eutrophication in wetlands during the presence or absence of wiry and sturdy rooted emergent macrophytes, based on the hypothesis that sediment desiccation negatively correlated with plants nutrient uptake abilities and positively with nutrients fluxes at sediment-water interface. Growth of four emergent macrophytes, including two wiry rooted plants, i.e., Alocasia cucullata and Aglaonema commutatum, and two sturdy rooted plants, i.e., Cannabis indica and Acorus calamus, were grown and investigated in dried-rewetted sediments (DS) and constantly wet sediments (WS), respectively, for 6 months. The findings revealed that sediment drying and rewetting process significantly decreased the diffusion of overlying nutrient into sediment and the particle size density, porosity, and nutrients' repository ability in DS treatments, while the sediment bulk density and mineralization of organic macronutrients increased. Compared to WS treatments, the DS treatments impaired plant growth, root biomass, shoot biomass, and stimulated higher fluxes of ammonium nitrogen ([Formula: see text]-N, 0.042-0.081 mg m - 2 d - 1) and phosphate (P[Formula: see text] 0.009-0.030 mg m-2 d-1) at sediment-water interface upon rewetting. The higher internal release of macronutrients and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from DS led to the higher chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations (34.47-21.28 to 41.76-33.36 µg L-1) in their water column than in the water column of WS. The wiry rooted plants with higher root biomass displayed lower internal release of [Formula: see text]-N, PO43-P and DOC and water column Chl-a concentrations than the sturdy rooted plants in two sediment types. Root biomass of plants correlated positively with TN (63-87%) and TP (56-78%) removal percentages from WS and DS. These results demonstrated that sediment desiccation process reduced plant growth and enhanced internal loading of nutrients and consequently accelerated eutrophication in these wetlands.
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Sedimentos Geológicos , Fósforo , Desecación , Materia Orgánica Disuelta , Eutrofización , Nitrógeno/análisisRESUMEN
Sophocarpine (SPC) as a quinolizidine alkaloid displays powerful effects on inflammatory diseases through regulating multiple targets. Asthma is a complex heterogeneous and inflammatory disease with an increasing incidence worldwide. Here we established a mice asthma model and investigated the effect of SPC. Mice induced by ovalbumin (OVA) exhibits exacerbated Th1/Th2 immune imbalance and allergic lung inflammation. SPC treatment regulated Th1/Th2 cytokines production (IL-4, IL-5 and INF-γ) in BALF, reduced IgE level in serum, inhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, and improved the lung tissue pathology. Proteomic results showed that 5064 proteins in lung tissue were detected and among them 223 preliminary therapeutic targets of SPC were selected. Subsequently, excluding non-human genes, 109 targets with established crystal structures were harvested. Meanwhile, the molecular docking results showed that the binding energy of 87 targets with SPC was varied from -9.72 kcal/mol to 227.16 kcal/mol. Further, SPC suppressed arrb2, anxa1, myd88 and sphk1 expression and activated p-stat1. All of the five targets based on the screened results of proteomics and molecular docking are critical in allergic asthma. Thus, our data revealed that SPC alleviated bronchial asthma via targeting multi-targets.
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Alcaloides/uso terapéutico , Antiasmáticos/uso terapéutico , Asma/tratamiento farmacológico , Pulmón/patología , Alérgenos/inmunología , Animales , Asma/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina E/sangre , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Ovalbúmina/inmunología , Proteoma , Células Th2/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Eutrophication of natural water commonly involves the pollution of both P and N. Here, we developed a new application of drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs) for suspensions that permits the simultaneous removal of excess P and N from natural water and demonstrates that DWTRs recycling can provide a means for eutrophication control. Based on 364-day continuous flow tests, the suspension application of DWTRs effectively adsorbed P from overlying water under various conditions, decreasing total P concentrations from 0.0739 ± 0.0462 to 0.0111 ± 0.0079-0.0149 ± 0.0106 mg L-1, which achieved a class â ¡ level of the China surface water quality standards during the tests. The total N concentrations were also reduced from 1.46 ± 0.63-1.52 ± 0.63 to 0.435 ± 0.185-0.495 ± 0.198 mg L-1, which achieved a class â ¢ level during the stable stage of the tests. N removal was closely related to doses of DWTRs and aeration intensities. Effective N removal was mediated by the enriched microbial communities in the suspended DWTRs with simple, stable, and resilient networks, including many taxa associated with the N cycle (e.g., Rhodoplanes, Brevibacillus, and Pseudomonas). Further analysis indicated that both effective P adsorption and functional microbial community construction were closely related to Fe and Al in DWTRs. Suspension application prevented the burial effect of solids sinking from overlying water, which aided the ability of DWTRs to control pollution, and is potentially applicable to other materials for natural water remediation.
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Agua Potable , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Purificación del Agua , China , Agua Potable/análisis , Estudios de Factibilidad , Fósforo/análisisRESUMEN
Sediment bulking is intently related to the occurrence of black water agglomerate, sediment resuspension and erosion in aquatic environments. In this study, five different lake sediments were sampled to study effects of sediment characteristics on sediment bulking and then investigate how sediment bulking affected in turn sediment physicochemical properties. Within 30 days of experiments, the sediment properties showed an obvious influence on variation in sediment height (VSH) ranging from only 0.03 to 1.26 cm for five sediment samples. It was found that labile nutrients were closely related to the VSH (P < 0.05) during sediment bulking. In addition, the high-throughput sequencing revealed that the microbial communities in sediments associated with degradation of organic matter and anaerobic environments, were also related to sediment bulking. Through comparing sediments with and without bulking, it was found that sediment bulking would clearly increase the proportion of air around 2.14 times, and reduce the critical shear stress of sediment with a decrease by 67.33% after 30 days, which favored sediment resuspension and erosion. Thus, this study could provide a deep insight in the key factors and the environmental effects of sediment bulking, and then be helpful in protecting the aquatic environments against ecological disasters.
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Sedimentos Geológicos , Lagos , Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Polygonatum sibiricum (PS) is a traditional Chinese herb used in both food and medicine with great bioactivity. The wine-processed pieces of PS are the main form for clinical application, while research has focused on the polysaccharides of their crude form. This study evaluated the physicochemical properties and immunological activities of water-soluble polysaccharides from both crude (PSPC) and wine-processed PS (PSPW). PSPC and PSPW had significant differences in their physicochemical properties. PSPC was mainly composed of galactose, mannose, glucose, and galacturonic acid, in molar ratios of 29.63:36.10:15.09:10.20, while PSPW was mainly composed of galactose, mannose, and galacturonic acid, in molar ratios of 78.77:5.50:13.84. Both kinds of polysaccharides can enhance the cells viability, phagocytic capacity, acid phosphatase activity, and NO production of RAW264.7 cells. We found that PSPC and PSPW enhanced the immune functions of the immunosuppressive model for spleen deficient mice and reversed the decline of the secretions of IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ to a normal range. The PSPW showed more potent immunological activities than PSPC. The results of the study identify the importance of wine-processing for PS and provide application foundations for the further development of PSPW as a functional food.
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Polygonatum/química , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Animales , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Galactosa/química , Glucosa/química , Manosa/química , Ratones , Polygonatum/inmunología , Polisacáridos/inmunología , Células RAW 264.7 , Vino/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Sediment bulking was closely related to the occurrence of black water agglomerate in anoxic aquatic sediments. Real-time monitoring of sediment bulking can be labor intensive and technically difficult, especially in dynamic environments where a record of variation in height over time is desired. In this study, a vertically distributed multi-anodes sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) as biosensor was developed for monitoring the changes in sediment height. According to the principle of sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC), the voltage of SMFC would increase when the anode embedded into the sediment. The results showed that when the anode buried in the sediment, the biosensing system delivered voltage can increase to 40â¯mV, where the power density of SMFC exceeded 10â¯mWâ¯m-2 with overshoot of power density appeared. However, for the anodes above the water-sediment interface, the voltages and power densities kept at around 0. The redundancy analysis further indicated that the labile carbon pool-I of sediment was a key factor for sediment bulking, which led to drastic changes in sediment characteristics. The results from this study can provide a simple strategy for identifying sediment bulking in shallow lakes.
Asunto(s)
Fuentes de Energía Bioeléctrica , Técnicas Biosensibles , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Electrodos , Sedimentos Geológicos , LagosRESUMEN
Macrophytes root functional traits (RFTs) play central roles in the cycling of aquatic contaminants, and there is evidence that emerged macrophytes differ in macronutrients (N and P) and heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn) abatement due to difference in RFTs. However, it remains ambiguous what root type of emerged macrophytes and their RFTs play more significant roles in the mineralization and removal of nutrients and heavy metals in aquatic systems. There is a clear need of intensive investigation on fibrous- and thick-root emerged macrophytes and their diverse RFTs in previous literatures to identify appropriate plants for phytoremediation technology. Morphological, physiological, anatomical, and symbiotic RFTs of fibrous-root emerged macrophytes favour the nutrients and heavy metals uptake. Thick-root emerged macrophytes with greater root rhizomes, lignifications and suberization illustrate tolerance under higher stress. Besides higher removal abilities of fibrous-root macrophytes, their limited lifespan and stress tolerance are the challenges for long-term removal of metals. Thus, it is still infancy to wrap up at once that the fibrous-root macrophytes and their RFTs are equally efficient for removal of heavy metals from aquatic ecosystems. Several advance techniques include cisgenesis intragenesis, symbiotic endophytes, and plant-harboring microbes are emerging to improve the RFTs of plants. These techniques need to be employed in emerged macrophytes to achieve desirable RFTs and targets. Still, these macrophytes require advanced studies on emerging contaminants, such as pharmaceutical and personal care products, organic carbon stability, and mitigation of greenhouse gases emission.