Lonicerin promotes wound healing in diabetic rats by enhancing blood vessel regeneration through Sirt1-mediated autophagy.

Among the numerous complications of diabetes mellitus, diabetic wounds seriously affect patients' quality of life and result in considerable psychological distress. Promoting blood vessel regeneration in wounds is a crucial step in wound healing. Lonicerin (LCR), a bioactive compound found in plants of the Lonicera japonica species and other honeysuckle plants, exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and it recently has been found to alleviate ulcerative colitis by enhancing autophagy. In this study we investigated the efficacy of LCR in treatment of diabetic wounds and the underlying mechanisms. By comparing the single-cell transcriptomic data from healing and non-healing states in diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) of 5 patients, we found that autophagy and SIRT signaling activation played a crucial role in mitigating inflammation and oxidative stress, and promoting cell survival in wound healing processes. In TBHP-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), we showed that LCR alleviated cell apoptosis, and enhanced the cell viability, migration and angiogenesis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LCR treatment dose-dependently promoted autophagy in TBHP-treated HUVECs by upregulating Sirt1 expression, and exerted its anti-apoptotic effect through the Sirt1-autophagy axis. Knockdown of Sirt1 significantly decreased the level of autophagy, and mitigated the anti-apoptotic effect of LCR. In a STZ-induced diabetic rat model, administration of LCR significantly promoted wound healing, which was significantly attenuated by Sirt1 knockdown. This study highlights the potential of LCR as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetic wounds and provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects.

Analysis of Soluble Sugar Content in Minute Quantities of Rice Tissues by GC-MS.

Soluble sugars play key roles in plant growth, development, and adaption to the environment. Characterizing sugar content profiling of plant tissues promotes our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these plant processes. Several technologies have been developed to quantitate soluble sugar content in plant tissues; however, it is difficult with only minute quantities of plant tissues available. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based soluble sugar profiling of rice tissues that offers a good balance of sensitivity and reliability, and is considerably more sensitive and accurate than other reported methods. We summarize all the steps from sample collection and soluble sugar extraction to derivatization procedures of the soluble extracted sugars, instrumentation settings, and data analysis.

Plasmodesmata play pivotal role in sucrose supply to Meloidogyne graminicola-caused giant cells in rice.

On infection, plant-parasitic nematodes establish feeding sites in roots from which they take up carbohydrates among other nutrients. Knowledge on how carbohydrates are supplied to the nematodes' feeding sites is limited. Here, gene expression analyses showed that RNA levels of OsSWEET11 to OsSWEET15 were extremely low in both Meloidogyne graminicola (Mg)-caused galls and noninoculated roots. All the rice sucrose transporter genes, OsSUT1 to OsSUT5, were either down-regulated in Mg-caused galls compared with noninoculated rice roots or had very low transcript abundance. OsSUT1 was the only gene up-regulated in galls, at 14 days postinoculation (dpi), after being highly down-regulated at 3 and 7 dpi. OsSUT4 was down-regulated at 3 dpi. No noticeable OsSUTs promoter activities were detected in Mg-caused galls of pOsSUT1 to -5::GUS rice lines. Loading experiments with carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) demonstrated that symplastic connections exist between phloem and Mg-caused giant cells (GCs). According to data from OsGNS5- and OsGSL2-overexpressing rice plants that had decreased and increased callose deposition, respectively, callose negatively affected Mg parasitism and sucrose supply to Mg-caused GCs. Our results suggest that plasmodesmata-mediated sucrose transport plays a pivotal role in sucrose supply from rice root phloem to Mg-caused GCs, and OsSWEET11 to -15 and OsSUTs are not major players in it, although further functional analysis is needed for OsSUT1 and OsSUT4.

[Functions and applications of Multi-Tower Platform of Qingyuan Forest Ecosystem Research Station of Chinese Academy of Sciences]. / ä¸­å›½ç§‘å­¦é™¢æ¸ åŽŸæ£®æž—ç”Ÿæ€ç³»ç»Ÿè§‚æµ‹ç ”ç©¶ç«™å¡”ç¾¤å¹³å°çš„åŠŸèƒ½å’Œåº”ç”¨.

The relationship between the structure and function of forest ecosystems is the main intere-sts in the research area of forest ecology and management. However, over complex terrains in particular, these studies had been challenged as uneasy tasks due to the limitations in the forest survey and measurement techniques and other supporting technologies. Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) funded "Multi-Tower LiDAR/ECFlux Platform for Monitoring the Structure and Function of Secondary Forest Ecosystems" (Multi-Tower Platform, MTP) as a field station network corner-stone research infrastructure project, which was completed by Qingyuan Forest CERN (Chinese Ecosystem Research Network). In a distinctively-bounded and monitored-outlet watershed, the MTP was integrated by light detection and ranging (LiDAR) scanners, eddy covariance (EC) flux instrument systems, whole- and sub-watershed hydrology station network, long-term forest plot arrays, and live data center. Using LiDAR scanning, the MTP can get cloud data for holographic information on canopy structure. The EC-flux instrument system and hydrology station network along with forest plot arrays could ensure the reliability of water and carbon observations over this complex terrain, which allows to verify the studies on flux measurement technologies and methods, as well as to understand the processes of ecohydrology and CO2 exchange between forest ecosystem and the atmosphere. Further, we can also assess the primary ecosystem services, including water conservation and carbon sequestration. All the data from "tower-station" were streamed through wireless network, which would facilitate data monitoring, management, and sharing. There are three tasks of MTP team: 1) defining innovative methods and descriptors to quantify three-dimensional forest structure; 2) developing theories and techniques to measure CO2/H2O fluxes and other trace gases over complex terrains; 3) understanding the relationship between structure and function of forest ecosystems, providing information and rationales for forest management practices to assure broad and sustainable benefits from forests.

Serum High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol is Significantly Associated with the Presence and Severity of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: To explore the relationship between serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the presence and severity of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). METHODS: A total of 177 patients with PAH and 103 patients without pulmonary hypertension (PH) were enrolled in this study. All patients underwent right heart catheterization (RHC) for diagnosing and assessing the severity of PAH. Demographics, comorbidities, and laboratory data including serum HDL-C levels were collected. RESULTS: Plasma HDL-C levels in patients with PAH were significantly lower compared with patients without PH (1.08 ± 0.36 vs 1.49 ± 0.36, p < 0.001). HDL-C levels positively correlated with cardiac output (r = 0.360, p < 0.001), cardiac index (r = 0.337, p < 0.001), and mixed venous oxygen saturation (r = 0.426, p < 0.001), and negatively with mean pulmonary arterial pressure (r = - 0.529, p < 0.001), right atrial pressure (r = - 0.421, p < 0.001), and pulmonary vascular resistance (r = - 0.583, p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that HDL-C was a significant independent predictor of PAH (OR 0.042, 95% CI 0.006-0.304, p = 0.002). The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that the optimal cutoff value of the serum HDL-C concentration for predicting PAH was 1.32 mmol/L, with a sensitivity of 83.6% and a specificity of 72.8% (area under the curve 0.803, 95% confidence interval 0.750-0.856, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Serum HDL-C is a simple biomarker that might be used for prediction and assessment of PAH in Chinese Han ethnicity, and the mechanism underlying the association needs further study.

A novel three-dimensional copper(I) cyanide coordination polymer constructed from various bridging ligands: synthesis, crystal structure and characterization.

The cyanide ligand can act as a strong σ-donor and an effective π-electron acceptor that exhibits versatile bridging abilities, such as terminal, µ2-C:N, µ3-C:C:N and µ4-C:C:N:N modes. These ligands play a key role in the formation of various copper(I) cyanide systems, including one-dimensional (1D) chains, two-dimensional (2D) layers and three-dimensional (3D) frameworks. According to the literature, numerous coordination polymers based on terminal, µ2-C:N and µ3-C,C,N bridging modes have been documented so far. However, systems based on the µ4-C:C:N:N bridging mode are relatively rare. In this work, a novel cyanide-bridged 3D CuI coordination framework, namely poly[(µ2-2,2'-biimidazole-κ2N3:N3')(µ4-cyanido-κ4C:C:N:N)(µ2-cyanido-κ2C:N)dicopper(I)], [Cu2(CN)2(C6H6N4)]n, (I), was synthesized hydrothermally by reaction of environmentally friendly K3[Fe(CN)6], CuCl2·2H2O and 2,2'-biimidazole (H2biim). It should be noted that cyanide ligands may act as reducing agents to reduce CuII to CuI under hydrothermal conditions. Compound (I) contains diverse types of bridging ligands, such as µ4-C:C:N:N-cyanide, µ2-C:N-cyanide and µ2-biimidazole. Interestingly, the [Cu2] dimers are bridged by rare µ4-C:C:N:N-mode cyanide ligands giving rise to the first example of a 1D dimeric {[Cu2(µ4-C:C:N:N)]n+}n infinite chain. Furthermore, adjacent dimer-based chains are linked by µ2-C:N bridging cyanide ligands, generating a neutral 2D wave-like (4,4) layer structure. Finally, the 2D layers are joined together via bidentate bridging H2biim to create a 3D cuprous cyanide network. This arrangement leads to a systematic variation in dimensionality from 1D chain→2D sheet→3D framework by different types of bridging ligands. Compound (I) was further characterized by thermal analysis, solid-state UV-Vis diffuse-reflectance and photoluminescence studies. The solid-state UV-Vis diffuse-reflectance spectra show that compound (I) is a wide-gap semiconductor with band gaps of 3.18 eV. The photoluminescence study shows a strong blue-green photoluminescence at room temperature, which may be associated with metal-to-ligand charge transfer.

High-Performance Ru@C4N Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction in Both Acidic and Alkaline Solutions.

We report a high-performance Ru@C4N electrocatalyst for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in both acidic and alkaline solutions. This catalyst is synthesized by annealing a complex of a covalent organic framework compound coordinated with ruthenium synthesized by a "one-pot" solvothermal method. This Ru@C4N catalyst shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in both acidic and alkaline solutions with very low overpotentials at 10 mA/cm2 (6 mV in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution; 7 mV in 1.0 M KOH solution), which outperforms the commercial catalyst Pt/C. The Ru@C4N electrocatalyst also exhibits high HER turnover frequencies of 0.93 H2 per s in 0.5 M H2SO4 and 0.65 H2 per s in 1.0 M KOH solutions at 25 mV as well as superior performance stability.

Clinical and radiographic outcomes of treatment of comminuted Mason type II radial head fractures with a new implant.

This study aims to evaluate the clinical and radiographic treatment outcomes of comminuted Mason type II radial head fractures, which underwent open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) using a new implant (mother-child screw, MCS).This study included 16 patients (7 male and 9 female patients; mean age: 40.9 years, age range: 19-68 years), who were treated with ORIF, followed by MCS fixation for comminuted type II radial head fractures. The clinical results were evaluated using the Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS). Radiographs, which included the quality of fracture reduction, stability, osteoarthritis, and heterotopic ossification of the elbow, were investigated. The mean follow-up period was 23.4 months.Anatomical reduction and bone union were achieved in all patients treated with MCS, and mean union time was 6.2 weeks. The average flexion-extension arc of elbow motion was 135.6° (range: 125°-150°), and the average arc of forearm rotation was 155.3° (range: 145°-170°). Furthermore, MEPS was 94.1 (range: 85-100), and the rate of excellent and good was 100%. All patients returned to preinjury work within a mean period of 11.7 weeks. No heterotopic ossification and joint stiffness of the elbow were encountered. Two patients had mild arthritic changes (grade I), but none of these patients complained of pain.The use of MCS fixation for comminuted type II radial head fractures resulted in good clinical and radiographic outcomes.

Characterization of Putative Effectors from the Cereal Cyst Nematode Heterodera avenae.

Few molecular details of effectors of Heterodera avenae parasitism are known. We performed a high-throughput sequencing analysis of the H. avenae transcriptome at five developmental stages. A total of 82,549 unigenes were ultimately obtained, and 747 transcripts showed best hits to genes putatively encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes in plant-parasitic nematodes that play an important role in the invasion process. A total of 1,480 unigenes were homologous to known phytonematode effectors, and 63 putative novel effectors were identified in the H. avenae transcriptomes. Twenty-three unigenes were analyzed by qRT-PCR and confirmed to be highly expressed during at least one developmental stage. For in situ hybridization, 17 of the 22 tested putative effectors were specifically expressed and located in the subventral gland cells, and five putative novel effectors were specifically expressed in the dorsal gland. Furthermore, 115 transcripts were found to have putative lethal RNA interference (RNAi) phenotypes. Three target genes with lethal RNAi phenotypes and two of the four tested putative effectors were associated with a decrease in the number of cysts through in vitro RNAi technology. These transcriptomic data lay a foundation for further studies of interactions of H. avenae with cereal and H. avenae parasitic control.

A cyanide-bridged heterometallic coordination polymer constructed from square-planar [Ni(CN)4](2-): synthesis, crystal structure, thermal decomposition, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum and magnetic properties.

Square-planar complexes are commonly formed by transition metal ions having a d(8) electron configuration. Planar cyanometallate anions have been used extensively as design elements in supramolecular coordination systems. In particular, square-planar tetracyanometallate(II) ions, i.e. [M(CN)4](2-) (M(II) = Ni, Pd or Pt), are used as good building blocks for bimetallic Hofmann-type assemblies and their analogues. Square-planar tetracyanonickellate(II) complexes have been extensively developed with N-donor groups as additional co-ligands, but studies of these systems using O-donor ligands are scarce. A new cyanide-bridged Cu(II)-Ni(II) heterometallic compound, poly[[diaquatetra-µ2-cyanido-κ(8)C:N-nickel(II)copper(II)] monohydrate], {[Cu(II)Ni(II)(CN)4(H2O)2]·H2O}n, has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction analyses, vibrational spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal analysis, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and magnetic moment measurements. The structural analysis revealed that it has a two-dimensional grid-like structure built up of cationic [Cu(H2O)2](2+) and anionic [Ni(CN)4](2-) units connected through bridging cyanide ligands. The overall three-dimensional supramolecular network is expanded by a combination of interlayer O-H...N and intralayer O-H...O hydrogen-bond interactions. The first decomposition reactions take place at 335 K under a static air atmosphere, which illustrates the existence of guest water molecules in the interlayer spaces. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrum confirms that the Cu(II) cation has an axial coordination symmetry and that the unpaired electrons occupy the d(x(2)-y(2)) orbital. In addition, magnetic investigations showed that antiferromagnetic interactions exist in the Cu(II) atoms through the diamagnetic [Ni(CN)4](2-) ion.

Large-scale identification of wheat genes resistant to cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae using comparative transcriptomic analysis.

BACKGROUND: Cereal cyst nematode Heterodera avenae, an important soil-borne pathogen in wheat, causes numerous annual yield losses worldwide, and use of resistant cultivars is the best strategy for control. However, target genes are not readily available for breeding resistant cultivars. Therefore, comparative transcriptomic analyses were performed to identify more applicable resistance genes for cultivar breeding. METHODS: The developing nematodes within roots were stained with acid fuchsin solution. Transcriptome assemblies and redundancy filteration were obtained by Trinity, TGI Clustering Tool and BLASTN, respectively. Gene Ontology annotation was yielded by Blast2GO program, and metabolic pathways of transcripts were analyzed by Path_finder. The ROS levels were determined by luminol-chemiluminescence assay. The transcriptional gene expression profiles were obtained by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS: The RNA-sequencing was performed using an incompatible wheat cultivar VP1620 and a compatible control cultivar WEN19 infected with H. avenae at 24 h, 3 d and 8 d. Infection assays showed that VP1620 failed to block penetration of H. avenae but disturbed the transition of developmental stages, leading to a significant reduction in cyst formation. Two types of expression profiles were established to predict candidate resistance genes after developing a novel strategy to generate clean RNA-seq data by removing the transcripts of H. avenae within the raw data before assembly. Using the uncoordinated expression profiles with transcript abundance as a standard, 424 candidate resistance genes were identified, including 302 overlapping genes and 122 VP1620-specific genes. Genes with similar expression patterns were further classified according to the scales of changed transcript abundances, and 182 genes were rescued as supplementary candidate resistance genes. Functional characterizations revealed that diverse defense-related pathways were responsible for wheat resistance against H. avenae. Moreover, phospholipase was involved in many defense-related pathways and localized in the connection position. Furthermore, strong bursts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within VP1620 roots infected with H. avenae were induced at 24 h and 3 d, and eight ROS-producing genes were significantly upregulated, including three class III peroxidase and five lipoxygenase genes. CONCLUSIONS: Large-scale identification of wheat resistance genes were processed by comparative transcriptomic analysis. Functional characterization showed that phospholipases associated with ROS production played vital roles in early defense responses to H. avenae via involvement in diverse defense-related pathways as a hub switch. This study is the first to investigate the early defense responses of wheat against H. avenae, not only provides applicable candidate resistance genes for breeding novel wheat cultivars, but also enables a better understanding of the defense mechanisms of wheat against H. avenae.

CT features of focal organizing pneumonia: an analysis of consecutive histopathologically confirmed 45 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To study the CT characteristics of solitary focal organizing pneumonia (FOP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chest CT of consecutive 45 patients (34 males and 11 females, median age: 56 years) with confirmed FOP were analyzed. The CT features between large FOP (>3 cm, n=27) and small FOP (≤ 3 cm, n=18) were compared. RESULTS: FOP lesions predominately located in peripheral lungs (86.7%), with the right lower lobe being most common lobe (44.4%). No lesion mainly located in the inner 1/3 of lungs. All large lesions were polygon in shape and had an irregular margin, while small lesions were more likely to be round or oval with an irregular or smooth border. Air bronchogram or small bubble-like lucency was present in majority of the lesions. 42.2% of lesions had incompact internal structure with inhomogeneous density besides air component. Most lesions were associated with a contraction or convergence of surrounding vessels; while no pulmonary vessel was interrupted abruptly by a small FOP lesion. Majority of large lesions had broad contact with the pleura, while only one patient had mild pleural effusion. Mild mediastinal lymph nodes enlargement was present in about 1/5 of the patients. CONCLUSION: Compared with the known CT features of lung cancer, our results suggest differential diagnosis can often be made for large FOP, while small FOP may resemble lung cancer.

Geometric optimization of a mathematical model of radiofrequency ablation in hepatic carcinoma.

Radio frequency ablation (RFA) is an effective means of achieving local control of liver cancer. It is a particularly suitable mode of therapy for small and favorably located tumors. However, local progression rates are substantially higher for large tumors (>3.0 cm). In the current study, we report on a mathematical model based on geometric optimization to treat large liver tumors. A database of mathematical models relevant to the configuration of liver cancer was also established. The specific placement of electrodes and the frequency of ablation were also optimized. In addition, three types of liver cancer lesion were simulated by computer guidance incorporating mathematical models. This approach can be expected to provide a more effective and rationale mechanism for employing RFA in the therapy of hepatic carcinoma.

CT and MR features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis: an analysis of consecutive 49 cases.

OBJECTIVE: To study the CT and MR features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 49 patients had pathologically confirmed XGC. All patients underwent contrast enhanced CT, and 10 patients had additional plain MRI. The CT and MRI results were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: On CT, all patients had thickening of gallbladder wall, with 87.8% cases showed diffuse thickening. 85.7% cases had intramural hypo-attenuated nodules in the thickened wall. Continuous mucosal line and luminal surface enhancement were noted in 79.6% and 85.7% cases, respectively. Gallbladder stones were seen in 69.4% patients. The coexistence of the above 5 CT features was seen in 40% cases, and 80% cases had the coexistence of ≥ 4 features. Diffused gallbladder wall thickening in XGC is more likely to have disrupted mucosal line, and XGC with disrupted mucosal line is more likely to be associated with liver infiltration. In 60% patients the inflammatory process extended beyond gallbladder, with the interface between gallbladder and liver and/or the surrounding fat blurred. 40% cases had an early enhancement of liver parenchyma. Infiltration to other surrounding tissues included bowel (n=3), stomach (n=2), and abdominal wall (n=1). On MR images, 7 of 9 intramural nodules in 7 subjects with T1-weighted dual echo MR images showed higher signal intensity on in-phase images than out-of-phase images. CONCLUSION: Coexisting of diffuse gallbladder wall thickening, hypo-attenuated intramural nodules, continuous mucosal line, luminal surface enhancement, and gallbladder stone highly suggest XGC. XGC frequently infiltrate liver and surrounding fat. Chemical-shift MRI helps classifying intramural nodules in the gallbladder wall.

Formation of stable iron/cobalt NHC complexes via unexpected ring opening and in situ generation of a tridentate ligand.

The reactions of FeCl(2) and CoCl(2) with a bistriazolium salt yields the NHC complexes [Fe(III)(L1)(2)]I·H(2)O, [Fe(III)(L2)(2)]PF(6)·CH(3)CN and [Co(III)(L1)(2)]I·0.5CH(3)CN, through an unusual ring opening of one of the triazoyl rings, which leads to the formation of C,N,O tridentate ligands L1 or L2. Furthermore, a Fe(ii) species [Fe(II)(L1)(2)]·CH(2)Cl(2) was also obtained.

[Effect of swimming exercise on the expression of apelin and its receptor in pulmonary tissues of rats with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of swimming exercise on the expression of apelin and its receptor (APJ) system in pulmonary tissues of rats with pulmonary hypertension induced by hypoxia. METHODS: Forty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into control group, hypoxia group (seven-week) and swimming group (four-week swimming group after three-week hypoxia). The animal model of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension was established by exposing the rats to isobaric hypoxic chamber (8 h/d, 6 d/w). The rats of swimming group swam 60 min/day, 7 d/week for 4 weeks after three-week hypoxia. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) and the mean carotid arterial pressure (mCAP) were measured by either right or left cardiac catheterization, and the weight ratio of right ventricule/left ventricle plus septum [RV/(LV + S)] were calculated. The Masson's trichrome stained lung specimens were used by light microscope to examine the vessel wall area/total area (WA/TA), vessel cavity area/total area (CA/TA) and media thickness of pulmonary arterioles (PAMT). Meanwhile, apelin/ APJ expressions were determined by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: (1) mPAP and RV/(LV + S) of hypoxia group were higher than those of control group by 73.6% and 31.2% (P < 0.01), and mPAP and RV/(LV + S) of swimming group were lower than those of hypoxia group by 21.1%and 8.9 % (P < 0.05), respectively. (2) Masson's trichrome staining revealed that WA/TA and PAMT of hypoxia group were higher than those of control group by 70.8% and 102%. However, WA/TA and PAMT of swimming group were lower than those of hypoxia group by 24.8% and 40.1% (all P < 0.01), respectively. CA/TA of hypoxia group was lower than that of control group by 15.1%, and CA/TA of swimming group was lower than that of hypoxia group by 10.3% (all P < 0.01). (3) Compared with control group, hypoxia group showed up-regulated apelin expression and down-regulated APJ expression in pulmonary tissues (all P < 0.01). Compared with hypoxia group, swimming group showed decreased apelin expression and elevated APJ expression in pulmonary tissues (all P < 0.01). (4) Apelin localized mainly in intracytoplasm of inflammatory cell and tunica adventitia of vessel, and APJ were in vascular intima and tunica externa and plasmalemma of inflammatory cell. CONCLUSION: The improving effect of swimming exercise on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats could be mediated by regulating the pulmonary apelin/APJ system.

6,6'-Dihydr-oxy-3,3'-dithio-dibenzoic acid.

In the title compound, C(14)H(10)O(6)S(2), the dihedral angle between the planes of the two phenyl-ene rings is 55.9 (1)°. Both hydr-oxy groups form intra-molecular hydrogen bonds; however, one of them also engages in inter-molecular hydrogen bonding. In the crystal, mol-ecules are connected into helical chains by O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The crystal studied was an inversion twin with a domain ratio of 0.51 (13):0.49 (13).

[Effect of tamoxifen on proliferation of cultured breast cancer and cervical carcinoma cell lines].

AIM: To investigate the effects of tamoxifen on proliferation of human breast cancer Bcap-37 cells and cervical carcinoma HeLa cells and to explore it's possible mechanism. METHODS: The techniques of cell culture, growth curves, flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscope were used. RESULTS: Tamoxifen (10(-6) mol/L) shifted the growth curve of Bcap-37 cells downward, and shifted the growth curve of HeLa cells upward. Tamoxifen (10(-8) - 10(-6) mol/L) inhibited the proliferation of Bcap-37 cells in a dose-dependent manner, but stimulated the proliferation of HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Bcap-37 cells appeared apoptosis when treated with tamoxifen (10(-6) mol/L), and the same dose stimulated the proliferation of HeLa cells at GI/S phases. The apoptotic rate of Bcap-37 cells was 97.5%. It blocked G1 phase of HeLa cells from 55.5% to 32.8%, and increased the S phase from 29.0% to 49.4%. Tamoxifen (10(-6) mol/L) also increased the releasing of calcium in Bcap-37 and HeLa cells. CONCLUSION: Tamoxifen can significantly influence the proliferation of breast cancer and cervical carcinoma cells possibly by affecting cell cycle and stimulating the releasing of Ca2+ in the cells.

[Enhancement effect of IL-2 on the proliferation of cultured mammary carcinoma cell line Bcap-37].

AIM: To investigate the effects of IL-2 on the proliferation of human mammary carcinoma cell line Bcap-37 and explore its possible mechanism. METHODS: Enhancement effect of IL-2 on proliferation of cultured Bcap-37 cells, the IL-2 expression on the cells, the expressions of IL-2Ralpha, beta, gamma mRNAs in the cells, the effect of IL-2 on DNA content at various periods of cell cycle and on Ca(2+) concentration in the cells were detected or observed by MTT colorimetry, immunohistochemical staining, RT-PCR, flow cytometry and laser scanning confocal microscope, respectively. RESULTS: IL-2 of 1x10(5) to 1x10(6) U/L significantly stimulated the proliferation of cultured Bcap-37 cells. IL-2 was secreted and IL-2Ralpha, beta and gamma were expressed by cultured Bcap-37 cells. IL-2(1x10(5) U/L) increased ratio of Bcap-37 cells in G(2) and S phases and decreased the Ca(2+) release from Bcap-37 cells. CONCLUSION: IL-2 significantly enhance the proliferation of mammary carcinoma cell line Bcap-37. The enhancement effect of IL-2 on Bcap-37 cell proliferation is possibly related to the expression of IL-2R and decreased Ca(2+) concentration in the cells.