Cannabinoid receptor 2 selective agonist alleviates systemic sclerosis by inhibiting Th2 differentiation through JAK/SOCS3 signaling.

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) poses a significant challenge in autoimmunology, characterized by the development of debilitating fibrosis of skin and internal organs. The pivotal role of dysregulated T cells, notably the skewed polarization toward Th2 cells, has been implicated in the vascular damage and progressive fibrosis observed in SSc. In this study, we explored the underlying mechanisms by which cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) highly selective agonist HU-308 restores the imbalance of T cells to alleviate SSc. Using a bleomycin-induced SSc (BLM-SSc) mouse model, we demonstrated that HU-308 effectively attenuates skin and lung fibrosis by specifically activating CB2 on CD4+ T cells to inhibit the polarization of Th2 cells in BLM-SSc mice, which was validated by Cnr2-specific-deficient mice. Different from classical signaling downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), HU-308 facilitates the expression of SOCS3 protein and subsequently impedes the IL2/STAT5 signaling pathway during Th2 differentiation. The deficiency of SOCS3 partially mitigated the impact of HU-308. Analysis of a cohort comprising 80 SSc patients and 82 healthy controls revealed an abnormal elevation in the Th2/Th1 ratio in SSc patients. The proportion of Th2 cells showed a significant positive correlation with mRSS score and positivity of anti-Scl-70. Administration of HU-308 to PBMCs and peripheral CD4+ T cells from SSc patients led to the upregulation of SOCS3, which effectively suppressed the aberrantly activated STAT5 signaling pathway and the proportion of CD4+IL4+ T cells. In conclusion, our findings unveil a novel mechanism by which the CB2 agonist HU-308 ameliorates fibrosis in SSc by targeting and reducing Th2 responses. These insights provide a foundation for future therapeutic approaches in SSc by modulating Th2 responses.

Identification and validation of anti-protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) antibody as a novel biomarker for systemic sclerosis (SSc).

OBJECTIVES: In the complex panorama of autoimmune diseases, the characterisation of pivotal contributing autoantibodies that are involved in disease progression remains challenging. This study aimed to employ a global antibody profiling strategy to identify novel antibodies and investigate their association with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: We implemented this strategy by conducting immunoprecipitation (IP) following on-bead digestion with the sera of patients with SSc or healthy donors, using antigen pools derived from cell lysates. The enriched antigen-antibody complex was proceeded with mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics and over-represented by bioinformatics analysis. The candidate antibodies were then orthogonally validated in two independent groups of patients with SSc. Mice were immunised with the target antigen, which was subsequently evaluated by histological examination and RNA sequencing. RESULTS: The IP-MS analysis, followed by validation in patients with SSc, revealed a significant elevation in anti-PRMT5 antibodies among patients with SSc. These antibodies exhibited robust diagnostic accuracy in distinguishing SSc from healthy controls and other autoimmune conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome, with an area under the curve ranging from 0.900 to 0.988. The elevation of anti-PRMT5 antibodies was verified in a subsequent independent group with SSc using an additional method, microarray. Notably, 31.11% of patients with SSc exhibited seropositivity for anti-PRMT5 antibodies. Furthermore, the titres of anti-PRMT5 antibodies demonstrated a correlation with the progression or regression trajectory in SSc. PRMT5 immunisation displayed significant inflammation and fibrosis in both the skin and lungs of mice. This was concomitant with the upregulation of multiple proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways, thereby underscoring a potentially pivotal role of anti-PRMT5 antibodies in SSc. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified anti-PRMT5 antibodies as a novel biomarker for SSc.

Circulating Collagen Metabolites and the Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) Score as Fibrosis Markers in Systemic Sclerosis.

Background: Serum fibrosis markers for systemic sclerosis (SSc) remain limited. The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score is a collagen marker set consisting of procollagen type III amino terminal propeptide (PIIINP), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1), and hyaluronic acid (HA). This longitudinal study aimed to examine the performance of the ELF score and its single analytes as surrogate outcome measures of fibrosis in SSc. Methods: Eighty-five SSc patients fulfilling the 2013 ACR/EULAR criteria with the absence of chronic liver diseases were enrolled. Serum PIIINP, TIMP-1, HA, and the ELF score were measured and correlated with clinical variables including the modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS) and interstitial lung disease (ILD). Twenty SSc patients underwent a follow-up serological testing and mRSS evaluation during treatment with immunosuppressants and/or anti-fibrotic drugs. Results: Serum PIIINP, TIMP-1, and ELF score were significantly higher in patients with SSc than in healthy controls [PIIINP: 10.31 (7.83-14.10) vs. 5.61 (4.69-6.30), p < .001; TIMP-1: 110.73 (66.21-192.45) vs. 61.81 (48.86-85.24), p < .001; ELF: 10.34 (9.91-10.86) vs. 9.68 (9.38-9.99), p < .001]. Even higher levels of PIIINP, TIMP-1, and ELF score were found in patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc than those with limited cutaneous SSc. At baseline, both PIIINP and ELF score showed good correlation with mRSS (PIIINP: r = .586, p < .001; ELF: r = .482, p < .001). Longitudinal analysis showed that change in PIIINP positively correlated with change in mRSS (r = 0.701, p = .001), while change in ELF score were not related, in a statistical context, to the change in mRSS (ELF: r = .140, p = .555). Serum TIMP-1 was significantly higher in SSc patients with ILD, compared to the matched group of patients without ILD [109.45 (93.05-200.09) vs. 65.50 (40.57-110.73), p = 0.007]. Conclusion: In patients with SSc, the ELF score well correlates with the extent of skin fibrosis, while serum PIIINP is a sensitive marker for longitudinal changes of skin fibrosis. In the future, circulating collagen metabolites may potentially be used to evaluate therapeutic effects of anti-fibrotic treatments in the disease.

Cutting Edge: Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3 Activity Induces the Generation and Enhanced Suppressive Function of Human IL-10+ FOXP3+-Induced Regulatory T Cells.

IL-10 is critical for Foxp3+ regulatory T cell (Tregs)-mediated immune suppression, but how to efficiently upregulate IL-10 production in Tregs remains unclear. In this article, we show that human IL-10+ FOXP3+-induced regulatory T cell (iTreg) generation can be dramatically promoted by inhibiting GSK3 activity. IL-10+ FOXP3+ iTregs induced by GSK3 inhibition exhibit classical features of immune-suppressive T cells. We further demonstrate that IL-10+ iTregs exhibit enhanced suppressive function in both IL-10-dependent and -independent manners. The enhanced suppressive function of IL-10+ Tregs is not due to a single factor such as IL-10, although IL-10 may mediate this enhanced suppressive function to some extent. Mechanistically, the increased transcriptional activity of IL-10 promoter and the enhanced expression of C-Maf and BLIMP1 coordinately facilitate IL-10 expression in human iTregs under GSK3 inhibition. Our study provides a new strategy to generate human immune-suppressive IL-10+ FOXP3+ Tregs for immunotherapies.

Leptin facilitates the differentiation of Th17 cells from MRL/Mp-Fas lpr lupus mice by activating NLRP3 inflammasome.

Both NLRP3 inflammasome and Th17 cells play important roles in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we tried to investigate whether leptin promotes the differentiation of Th17 cells from lupus mice by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Th17 cells induced from MRL/Mp-Fas lpr mice splenocytes under Th17 polarizing condition were treated with leptin at scalar doses during the last 18 h of culture. The mRNA levels of IL-17A, IL-17F, RORγt, IL-1ß, IL-18, NLRP3, ASC, and IL-1R1 were detected by quantitative PCR. IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-1ß, and IL-18 were tested by ELISA, while the activity of caspase-1 and number of Th17 cells were counted by flow cytometry before/after inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. We found that leptin pushed up the expression of IL-17A, IL-17F, NLRP3, and IL-1ß and increased the number of Th17 cells in lupus mice, while the expression of IL-17A, RORγt, and IL-1ß and the number of Th17 cells were decreased after inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Leptin promoted the differentiation of Th17 cells from lupus mice by activating the NLRP3 inflammasome.

Promotion of Myofibroblast Differentiation and Tissue Fibrosis by the Leukotriene B4 -Leukotriene B4 Receptor Axis in Systemic Sclerosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of the inflammatory lipid mediator leukotriene B4 (LTB4 ) and its receptor, BLT1, in the development and progression of systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: Serum levels of LTB4 were compared in 64 patients with SSc and 80 healthy controls. Skin and lung tissue sections from patients with SSc and healthy donors were immunostained for leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4 H), the critical enzyme for LTB4 synthesis, and BLT1, in combination with different cell markers. In mouse models of SSc using bleomycin or angiotensin II challenge or immunization with the DNA topoisomerase I, genetic or pharmacologic interruption of the LTB4 -BLT1 axis in mice was carried out to assess its effects on systemic disease features and myofibroblast markers. Immunoblotting was performed to examine the signaling pathway in fibroblasts and endothelial cells following stimulation with LTB4 or with serum from SSc patients. RESULTS: Serum LTB4 levels were 44.93% higher in patients with SSc than in matched healthy controls (mean ± SD 220.3 ± 74.75 pg/ml versus 152.0 ± 68.05 pg/ml; P < 0.0001), and this was associated with the patient subsets of SSc-associated interstitial lung disease and diffuse cutaneous SSc. Levels of LTA4 H and BLT1 were increased in lesional areas of the skin and lungs of SSc patients, and both were abundant in myofibroblasts and endothelial cells. Interruption of the LTB4 -BLT1 axis in mouse models of SSc significantly mitigated dermal and pulmonary fibrosis, with 54.00% and 52.65% fewer α-smooth muscle actin-positive myofibroblasts accumulating in the skin and lungs of mice, respectively, after bleomycin challenge. Immunoblotting of cultures with recombinant LTB4 -stimulated fibroblasts and endothelial cells or with serum from SSc patients showed that fibroblast-myofibroblast and endothelial-mesenchymal transitions were promoted via BLT1, and that this was dependent on activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway but independent of the release of transforming growth factor ß (TGFß) by fibroblasts or endothelial cells. CONCLUSION: The LTB4 -BLT1 axis may contribute to fibrosis in SSc by directly promoting myofibroblast differentiation via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and this appears to operate independently of autocrine secretion of TGFß.