RESUMEN
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
RESUMEN
The relationship between orexin/hypocretin and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep remains elusive. Here, we find that a proportion of orexin neurons project to the sublaterodorsal tegmental nucleus (SLD) and exhibit REM sleep-related activation. In SLD, orexin directly excites orexin receptor-positive neurons (occupying ~3/4 of total-population) and increases gap junction conductance among neurons. Their interaction spreads the orexin-elicited partial-excitation to activate SLD network globally. Besides, the activated SLD network exhibits increased probability of synchronized firings. This synchronized excitation promotes the correspondence between SLD and its downstream target to enhance SLD output. Using optogenetics and fiber-photometry, we consequently find that orexin-enhanced SLD output prolongs REM sleep episodes through consolidating brain state activation/muscle tone inhibition. After chemogenetic silencing of SLD orexin signaling, a ~17% reduction of REM sleep amounts and disruptions of REM sleep muscle atonia are observed. These findings reveal a stabilization role of orexin in REM sleep.
Asunto(s)
Tronco Encefálico/fisiología , Orexinas/metabolismo , Privación de Sueño/fisiopatología , Sueño REM/fisiología , Potenciales de Acción/fisiología , Animales , Conducta Animal , Tronco Encefálico/citología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Electrodos Implantados , Electroencefalografía , Electromiografía , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Transgénicos , Tono Muscular/fisiología , Neuronas/metabolismo , Optogenética , Receptores de Orexina/metabolismo , Orexinas/genética , Técnicas de Placa-Clamp , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Vigilia/fisiologíaAsunto(s)
Errores Diagnósticos , Enfermedades Pulmonares Fúngicas/diagnóstico , Mucormicosis/diagnóstico , Humanos , Enfermedades Pulmonares Fúngicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Pulmonares Fúngicas/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mucormicosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Mucormicosis/patología , Radiografía Torácica , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XRESUMEN
We report measurements of diamagnetic shifts for different exciton complexes confined in small InAs quantum dots. The measured diamagnetic responses are sensitive to the number of carriers in the exciton complexes, with systematic differences between neutral excitons, biexcitons, and trions. Theoretical calculations suggest that such systematic differences arise from very different extents of electron and hole wave functions confined in small quantum dots. The measured magnetic response of Coulomb energies is found to vary with the cube of the wave function extent, and can be a sensitive probe to the electron-hole wave function asymmetry.
RESUMEN
Baicalein may act on the benzodiazepine binding sites to exert an anxiolytic-like effect in mice. Since many benzodiazepine drugs have amnesic side-effect and baicalein can protect cultured cortical neurons from beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced toxicity, this study examined the amnesic effect of baicalein and its effects on beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35) (3 nmol/mouse, i.c.v.)-induced amnesia in mice. Using the step-through passive avoidance test, the results showed that baicalein (10-100 mg/kg, i.p.), unlike the benzodiazepine drug chlordiazepoxide (10 mg/kg, i.p.), had no significant amnesic effect. Baicalein (10-50 mg/kg, i.p.) also had no facilitating effect on the learning and memory. However, one dosage pretreatment, but not post-treatment, of baicalein (5 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) attenuated beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced amnesia. Interestingly, post-treatment for 7 or 13 days of baicalein (10-15 mg/kg/day, i.p.), like melatonin (10 mg/kg/day, i.p.), also attenuated beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced amnesia. Therefore, this study demonstrated that baicalein has protective effect on beta-amyloid peptide-(25-35)-induced amnesia.