Wafer Scale Gallium Nitride Integrated Electrode Toward Robust High Temperature Energy Storage.

Gallium Nitride (GaN), as the representative of wide bandgap semiconductors, has great prospects in accomplishing rapid charge delivery under high-temperature environments thanks to excellent structural stability and electron mobility. However, there is still a gap in wafer-scale GaN single-crystal integrated electrodes applied in the energy storage field. Herein, Si-doped GaN nanochannel with gallium oxynitride (GaON) layer on a centimeter scale (denoted by GaN NC) is reported. The Si atoms modulate electronic redistribution to improve conductivity and drive nanochannel formation. Apart from that, the distinctive nanochannel configuration with a GaON layer provides adequate active sites and extraordinary structural stability. The GaN-based supercapacitors are assembled and deliver outstanding charge storage capabilities at 140 °C. Surprisingly, 90% retention is maintained after 50 000 cycles. This study opens the pathway toward wafer-scale GaN single-crystal integrated electrodes with self-powered characteristics that are compatible with various (opto)-electronic devices.

Silicon carbide single crystals for high-temperature supercapacitors.

Designing advanced electrode materials that can be reliably cycled at high temperatures and used for assembling advanced energy storage devices remain a major challenge. As a representative of novel wide bandgap semiconductors, silicon carbide (SiC) single crystals have broad prospects in high-temperature energy storage due to their excellent characteristics such as low thermal expansion coefficient, high temperature radiation resistance and stable chemical properties. In this work, an N-type SiC single-crystal material with a high-density porous structure was successfully designed and prepared by using an improved electrochemical anodic oxidation strategy. Besides, the N-type SiC single crystals were used in electrochemical energy storage as an integrated electrode material, exhibiting superior electrochemical performance. In addition, the high-temperature supercapacitor device assembled with ionic liquids has a wide operating temperature range and maintains a capacity of 88.24% after 5000 cycles at 150 °C. The reasons for its high energy storage performance are discussed through electrochemical tests and first-principles calculation methods. This study proves that the application of SiC single crystals in supercapacitor devices has great potential in the field of high-temperature energy storage, providing a reference for the further development of novel semiconductors in the field of energy storage and optoelectronic devices.

HBP1 promotes chicken preadipocyte proliferation via directly repressing SOCS3 transcription.

Preadipocyte proliferation is an essential process in adipose development. During proliferation of preadipocytes, transcription factors play crucial roles. HMG-box protein 1 (HBP1) is an important transcription factor of cellular proliferation. However, the function and underlying mechanisms of HBP1 in the proliferation of preadipocytes remain unclear. Here, we found that the expression level of HBP1 decreased first and then increased during the proliferation of chicken preadipocytes. Knockout of HBP1 could inhibit the proliferation of preadipocytes, while overexpression of HBP1 could promote the proliferation of preadipocytes. ChIP-seq data showed that HBP1 had the unique DNA binding motif in chicken preadipocytes. By integrating ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq, we revealed a total of 3 candidate target genes of HBP1. Furthermore, the results of ChIP-qPCR, RT-qPCR, luciferase reporter assay and EMSA showed that HBP1 could inhibit the transcription of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) by binding to its promoter. Moreover, we confirmed that SOCS3 can mediate the regulation of HBP1 on the proliferation of preadipocytes through RNAi and rescue experiments. Altogether, these data demonstrated that HBP1 directly targets SOCS3 to regulate chicken preadipocyte proliferation. Our findings expand the transcriptional regulatory network of preadipocyte proliferation, and they will be helpful in formulating a molecular breeding scheme to control excessive abdominal fat deposition and to improve meat quality in chickens.

Comparative analyses of laying performance and follicular development characteristics between fat and lean broiler lines.

The deposition of high levels of fat in broiler breeder hens can have a profound impact on follicular development and laying performance. This study was formulated with the goal of comparing egg production and follicular development characteristics at different laying stages in the Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content (NEAUHLF). The egg production was analyzed using the birds from the 19th to 24th generations of NEAUHLF; the follicular development characteristics were analyzed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction using the birds from the 24th generation of NEAUHLF. The results showed that the age at first egg of lean hens was significantly earlier than that of fat hens in this study. While no significant differences in total egg output from the first egg to 50 wk of age were noted when comparing these 2 chicken lines, lean hens laid more eggs from the first egg to 35 wk of age relative to fat hens, whereas fat hens laid more eggs from wk 36 to 42 and 43 to 50 relative to their lean counterparts. No differences in ovarian morphology and small yellow follicle (SYF) histological characteristics were noted when comparing these 2 chicken lines at 27 wk of age. At 35 and 52 wk of age, however, lean hens exhibited significantly lower ovarian weight, ovarian proportion values, numbers of hierarchical follicles, hierarchical follicle weight, and SYF granulosa layer thickness as compared to fat hens, together with a significant increase in the number of prehierarchical follicles relative to those in fat hens. Gene expression analyses suggested that follicle selection was impaired in the fat hens in the early laying stage, whereas both follicle selection and maturation were impaired in the lean hens in the middle and late laying stages. Overall, these data highlight that fat deposition in broiler hens can have a range of effects on follicular development and egg production that are laying stage-dependent.

Whole-genome selective sweep analyses identifies the region and candidate gene associated with white earlobe color in Mediterranean chickens.

We compared the genomes of multiple domestic chicken breeds with red and white earlobes to identify the differentiated regions between groups of breeds differing in earlobe color. This was done using a selective sweep mapping approach based on whole-genome sequence data. The most significant selective sweep was identified on chromosome 11, where the white earlobe chicken breeds originated from Mediterranean share a common haplotype, and where multiple candidate genes are located. The most plausible functional candidate gene is the Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R), a receptor known to regulate pigmentation in the skin and hair, and it is also the gene with the strongest positional support from the haplotype-based analyses. It, however, still needs to be explored experimentally to identify effects also on chicken earlobe color variation. Our study is the first exploration of the genetic basis of white earlobe color in Mediterranean chickens using a selective sweep mapping method based on whole-genome sequencing data and shows its value for identifying likely functional genes mediating the pigmentation in earlobe. It also indicates a potential novel role of MC1R in birds and exemplifies how selection on fancy traits has influenced the genome during formation of the modern chicken breeds.

Research Progress in Liquid Phase Growth of GaN Crystals.

As a wide band gap semiconductor, gallium nitride (GaN) has high breakdown voltage, excellent structural stability and mechanical properties, giving it unique advantages in applications such as high frequency, high power, and high temperature. As a result, it has broad application prospects in optoelectronics and microelectronics. However, the lack of high-quality, large-size GaN crystal substrates severely limit the improvement of electronic device performance. To solve this problem, liquid phase growth of GaN has attracted much attention because it can produce higher quality GaN crystals compared to traditional vapor phase growth methods. This review introduces two main methods of liquid phase growth of GaN: the flux method and ammonothermal method, as well as their advantages and challenges. It reviews the research history and recent advances of these two methods, including the effects of different solvents and mineralizers on the growth quality and performance of GaN crystals, as well as various technical improvements. This review aims to outline the principles, characteristics, and development trends of liquid phase growth of GaN, to provide more inspiration for future research on liquid phase growth, and to achieve further breakthroughs in its development and commercial application.

A Functional Variant Alters the Binding of Bone morphogenetic protein 2 to the Transcription Factor NF-κB to Regulate Bone morphogenetic protein 2 Gene Expression and Chicken Abdominal Fat Deposition.

In this study, we employed a dual-luciferase reporter assay and electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA) in vitro to explore whether a 12-base pair (bp) insertion/deletion (InDel) variant (namely g.14798187_14798188insTCCCTGCCCCCT) within intron 2 of the chicken BMP2 gene, which was significantly associated with chicken abdominal fat weight and abdominal fat percentage, is a functional marker and its potential regulatory mechanism. The reporter analysis demonstrated that the luciferase activity of the deletion allele was extremely significantly higher than that of the insertion allele (p < 0.01). A bioinformatics analysis revealed that compared to the deletion allele, the insertion allele created a transcription factor binding site of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), which exhibited an inhibitory effect on fat deposition. A dual-luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of NF-κB on the deletion allele was stronger than that on the insertion allele. EMSA indicated that the binding affinity of NF-κB for the insertion allele was stronger than that for the deletion allele. In conclusion, the 12-bp InDel chicken BMP2 gene variant is a functional variant affecting fat deposition in chickens, which may partially regulate BMP2 gene expression by affecting the binding of transcription factor NF-κB to the BMP2 gene.

Massively parallel reporter assay: a novel technique for analyzing the regulation of gene expression.

Massively parallel reporter assay (MPRA) is a high-throughput analysis method that can simultaneously investigate the activity of thousands of regulatory elements in the genome. MPRA introduces a uniquely identified barcode on a conventional luciferase reporter gene vector, sequences the DNA barcode before transfection and the mRNA barcode after transfection by next-generation sequencing technology, and uses the ratio of mRNA and DNA barcode reads to analyze the activity of cis-regulatory elements. Since MPRA was proposed, it has been widely used in the identification of genomic cis-regulatory elements and functional variants, the effect of post-transcriptional regulation on phenotypes and so on. In this review, we summarize the development history, basic principles, experimental procedures and statistical analysis methods of MPRA, and its applications in post-transcriptional regulation and cis-regulatory elements. It also provides prospects for its development and useful references for researchers in related fields to understand and apply MPRA.

Compressive sensing-based tomography for Absolute X-ray UltraViolet (AXUV) diagnostics.

Absolute x-ray ultraviolet diagnostics ensures 2D coverage of the radiation emission region that enables tomographic reconstruction. However, retrieving the local emissivity via tomography remains a challenge due to its ill-posed nature. Tikhonov regularization with smoothness operation generally performs well but tends to over-smooth regions with steep gradients and local structure in the radiation profile and may introduce artifacts. In this paper, a tomography method based on compressive sensing theory with Tikhonov regularization terms is developed. Experimental results on multiple phantom sets show that the proposed method improves the reconstruction accuracy and quality in regions with steep gradients compared with the Tikhonov regularization method and suppresses the unphysical negative emissivity. The analysis of reconstruction uncertainty shows that the dictionary learning process provides more accurate prior information about steep gradients to improve the quality of reconstructed images, and compressive sensing has the denoising capability to reduce the impact of noise. Finally, the method is validated by data from the Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak, showing fewer artifacts and more reliable reconstruction images than the earlier method.

Gallium Nitride Based Electrode for High-Temperature Supercapacitors.

Gallium nitride (GaN) single crystal, as the representative of wide-band semiconductors, has great prospects for high-temperature energy storage, of its splendid power output, robust temperature stability, and superior carrier mobility. Nonetheless, it is an essential challenge for GaN-based devices to improve energy storage. Herein, an innovative strategy is proposed by constructing GaN/Nickel cobalt oxygen (NiCoO2  ï¼‰heterostructure for enhanced supercapacitors (SCs). Benefiting from the synergy effect between the porous GaN network as a highly conductive skeleton and the NiCoO2 with massive active sites. The GaN/NiCoO2 heterostructure-based SCs with ion liquids electrolyte are assembled and delivered an impressive energy density of 15.2 µWh cm-2 and power density, as well as superior service life at 130 °C. The theoretical calculation further explains that the reason for the energy storage enhancement of the GaN/NiCoO2 is due to the presence of the built-in electric fields. This work offers a novel perspective for meeting the practical application of GaN-based energy storage devices with exceptional performance capable of operation under high-temperature environments.

A Study of Combined Genotype Effects of SHCBP1 on Wool Quality Traits in Chinese Merino.

SHCBP1 (Shc SH2-domain binding protein 1) is a member of the Src and collagen homolog (Shc) protein family and is closely associated with multiple signaling pathways that play important roles during hair follicle induction, morphogenesis, and cycling. The purpose of this study was to investigate SHCBP1 gene expression, polymorphisms, and the association between SHCBP1 and wool quality traits in Chinese Merino sheep. The SHCBP1 gene was shown, by qPCR, to be ubiquitously expressed in sheep tissues and differentially expressed in the adult skin of Chinese Merino and Suffolk sheep. Four SNPs (termed SHCBP1SNPs 1-4) were identified by Sanger sequencing and were located in exon 2, intron 9, intron 12, and exon 13 of the sheep SHCBP1 gene, respectively. SHCBP1SNPs 3 and 4 (rs411176240 and rs160910635) were significantly associated with wool crimp (P < 0.05). The combined polymorphism (SHCBP1SNP3-SHCBP1SNP4) was significantly associated with wool crimp (P < 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis showed that the SNPs associated with wool crimp (SHCBP1SNPs 3 and 4) might affect the pre-mRNA splicing by creating binding sites for serine-arginine-rich proteins and that SHCBP1SNP4 might alter the SHCBP1 mRNA and protein secondary structure. Our results suggest that SHCBP1 influences wool crimp and SHCBP1SNPs 3 and 4 might be useful markers for marker-assisted selection and sheep breeding.

The landscape of the long non-coding RNAs and circular RNAs of the abdominal fat tissues in the chicken lines divergently selected for fatness.

BACKGROUND: Excessive deposition of abdominal fat poses serious problems in broilers owing to rapid growth. Recently, the evolution of the existing knowledge on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) have established their indispensable roles in multiple physiological metabolic processes, including adipogenesis and fat deposition. However, not much has been explored on their profiles in the abdominal fat tissues of broilers to date. In the study, we aimed to characterize the vital candidates of lncRNAs and circRNAs and their underlying regulations for abdominal fat deposition in broilers. RESULTS: The present study sequenced the lncRNAs and circRNAs expression profiles in the abdominal fat tissues isolated from 7-week-old broilers, who were divergently selected for their fatness. It identified a total of 3359 lncRNAs and 176 circRNAs, demonstrating differential expressed (DE) 30 lncRNAs and 17 circRNAs between the fat- and lean-line broilers (|log2FC| ≥ 1, P < 0.05). Subsequently, the 20 cis-targets and 48 trans-targets of the candidate DE lncRNAs were identified for depositing abdominal fat by adjacent gene analysis and co-expression analysis, respectively. In addition, the functional enrichment analysis showed the DE lncRNAs targets and DE circRNAs host genes to be mainly involved in the cellular processes, amino/fatty acid metabolism, and immune inflammation-related pathways and GO terms. Finally, the vital 16 DE lncRNAs located in cytoplasm and specifically expressed in fat/lean line and their targets were used to construct the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network, comprising 7 DE lncRNAs, 28 miRNAs, 11 DE mRNAs. Notably, three lncRNAs including XR_001468036.2, XR_003077610.1 and XR_001466431.2 with the most connected degrees might play hub regulatory roles in abdominal fat deposition of broilers. CONCLUSIONS: This study characterized the whole expression difference of lncRNAs and circRNAs between the two lines broilers with divergently ability of abdominal fat. The vital candidate DE lncRNAs/circRNAs and ceRNA regulations were identified related to the deposition of abdominal fat in chicken. These results might further improve our understanding of regulating the non-coding RNAs in obesity.

Identification of biomarkers associated with the feed efficiency by metabolomics profiling: results from the broiler lines divergent for high or low abdominal fat content.

BACKGROUND: Improving feed efficiency (FE) is one of the main objectives in broiler breeding. It is difficult to directly measure FE traits, and breeders hence have been trying to identify biomarkers for the indirect selection and improvement of FE traits. Metabolome is the "bridge" between genome and phenome. The metabolites may potentially account for more of the phenotypic variation and can suitably serve as biomarkers for selecting FE traits. This study aimed to identify plasma metabolite markers for selecting high-FE broilers. A total of 441 birds from Northeast Agricultural University broiler lines divergently selected for abdominal fat content were used to analyze plasma metabolome and estimate the genetic parameters of differentially expressed metabolites. RESULTS: The results identified 124 differentially expressed plasma metabolites (P < 0.05) between the lean line (high-FE birds) and the fat line (low-FE birds). Among these differentially expressed plasma metabolites, 44 were found to have higher positive or negative genetic correlations with FE traits (|rg| ≥ 0.30). Of these 44 metabolites, 14 were found to display moderate to high heritability estimates (h2 ≥ 0.20). However, among the 14 metabolites, 4 metabolites whose physiological functions have not been reported were excluded. Ultimately, 10 metabolites were suggested to serve as the potential biomarkers for breeding the high-FE broilers. Based on the physiological functions of these metabolites, reducing inflammatory and improving immunity were proposed to improve FE and increase production efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: According to the pipeline for the selection of the metabolite markers established in this study, it was suggested that 10 metabolites including 7-ketocholesterol, dimethyl sulfone, epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine, gamma-glutamyltyrosine, 2-oxoadipic acid, L-homoarginine, testosterone, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, adrenic acid, and calcitriol could be used as the potential biomarkers for breeding the "food-saving broilers".

Genome-Wide Association Study and Selective Sweep Analysis Reveal the Genetic Architecture of Body Weights in a Chicken F2 Resource Population.

Rapid growth is one of the most important economic traits in broiler breeding programs. Identifying markers and genes for growth traits may not only benefit marker-assisted selection (MAS)/genomic selection (GS) but also provide important information for understanding the genetic architecture of growth traits in broilers. In the present study, an F2 resource population derived from a cross between the broiler and Baier yellow chicken (a Chinese local breed) was used and body weights from 1 to 12 weeks of age [body weight (BW) 1-BW12)] were measured. A total of 519 F2 birds were genome re-sequenced, and a combination of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and selective sweep analysis was carried out to characterize the genetic architecture affecting chicken body weight comprehensively. As a result, 1,539 SNPs with significant effects on body weights at different weeks of age were identified using a genome-wide efficient mixed-model association (GEMMA) package. These SNPs were distributed on chromosomes 1 and 4. Besides, windows under selection identified for BW1-BW12 varied from 1,581 to 2,265. A total of 42 genes were also identified with significant effects on BW1-BW12 based on both GWAS and selective sweep analysis. Among these genes, diacylglycerol kinase eta (DGKH), deleted in lymphocytic leukemia (DLEU7), forkhead box O17 (FOXO1), karyopherin subunit alpha 3 (KPNA3), calcium binding protein 39 like (CAB39L), potassium voltage-gated channel interacting protein 4 (KCNIP4), and slit guidance ligand 2 (SLIT2) were considered as important genes for broiler growth based on their basic functions. The results of this study may supply important information for understanding the genetic architecture of growth traits in broilers.

Mechanism of differential expression of ß-glucosidase genes in functional microbial communities in response to carbon catabolite repression.

BACKGROUND: ß-Glucosidase is the rate-limiting enzyme of cellulose degradation. It has been stipulated and established that ß-glucosidase-producing microbial communities differentially regulate the expression of glucose/non-glucose tolerant ß-glucosidase genes. However, it is still unknown if this differential expression of functional microbial community happens accidentally or as a general regulatory mechanism, and of what biological significance it has. To investigate the composition and function of microbial communities and how they respond to different carbon metabolism pressures and the transcriptional regulation of functional genes, the different carbon metabolism pressure was constructed by setting up the static chamber during composting. RESULTS: The composition and function of functional microbial communities demonstrated different behaviors under the carbon metabolism pressure. Functional microbial community up-regulated glucose tolerant ß-glucosidase genes expression to maintain the carbon metabolism rate by enhancing the transglycosylation activity of ß-glucosidase to compensate for the decrease of hydrolysis activity under carbon catabolite repression (CCR). Micrococcales play a vital role in the resistance of functional microbial community under CCR. The transcription regulation of GH1 family ß-glucosidase genes from Proteobacteria showed more obvious inhibition than other phyla under CCR. CONCLUSION: Microbial functional communities differentially regulate the expression of glucose/non-glucose tolerant ß-glucosidase genes under CCR, which is a general regulatory mechanism, not accidental. Furthermore, the differentially expressed ß-glucosidase gene exhibited species characteristics at the phylogenetic level.

Genetic parameters estimation and genome-wide association studies for internal organ traits in an F2 chicken population.

Chicken internal organs are indispensable parts of the body, but their genetic architectures have not been commonly understood. Herein, we estimated the genetic parameters for heart weight (HW), liver weight (LW), spleen weight (SpW), testis weight (TW), glandular stomach weight (GSW), muscular stomach weight (MSW) and identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and potential candidate genes associated with internal organ weights in an F2 population constructed by crossing broiler cocks derived from Arbor Acres with high abdominal fat content and Baier layer dams (a Chinese native breed). The restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method was applied for genetic parameters estimation of internal organ weights using GCTA software. The results showed that heritabilities of internal organ traits ranged from 0.336 to 0.673 and most of the genetic and phenotypic correlations amongst internal organs weights were positive. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed based on a mixed linear model (MLM) in GEMMA software. Genotypic data were produced from the whole genome re-sequenced (26 F0 individuals were re-sequenced at 10 × coverage; 519 F2 individuals were re-sequenced at 3 × coverage). A total of 7,890,258 SNPs remained to be analysed after quality control and genotype imputation. The GWAS results indicated that significant SNPs responsible for internal organ traits were scattered on the different chicken chromosomes 1-5, 8, 11, 14, 16, 18, 19 and 27. Amongst the annotated genes, fibronectin type III domain containing 3A (FNDC3A), LOC101748122, membrane palmitoylated protein 6 (MPP6), LOC107049584 and KAT8 regulatory NSL complex subunit 1 (KANSL1) were the most promising candidates for internal organ traits. The findings will provide instrumental information for understanding the genetic basis of internal organ development.

Construction of Novel Bimetallic Oxyphosphide as Advanced Anode for Potassium Ion Hybrid Capacitor.

Potassium ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) have attracted considerable interest due to their low cost, competitive power/energy densities, and ultra-long lifespan. However, the more sluggish insertion kinetics of battery-type anodes than capacitor-type cathodes in PIHCs seriously limits their practical application. Therefore, developing advanced anodes with high capacitor and suitable K+ intercalation is imperative and significant. A novel core-shell structure of NiCo oxide/NiCo oxyphosphide (NCOP) nanowires are designed and constructed in this study via efficient and facile strategy. Combining the merits of the core-shell structure and the massive active sites in the oxyphosphide layer, the as-prepared NCOP composites manifest highly reversible capacitors and outstanding rate capability. Meanwhile, the insertion and conversion potassium storage mechanisms of the NCOP are successfully revealed through in situ X-ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations, respectively. Furthermore, the PIHC was assembled with NCOP anode and borocarbonitride cathode, which displays a large energy density and high-power density, along with an exceptional capacity retention of ≈90% over 10 000 cycles at 1.0 A g-1 . This work provides the anion regulation strategy for modifying the transition metal oxide and constructing the advancing electrode materials for next-generation energy storage and beyond.

Influence of Different Heater Structures on the Temperature Field of AlN Crystal Growth by Resistance Heating.

Based on the actual hot zone structure of an AlN crystal growth resistance furnace, the global numerical simulation on the heat transfer process in the AlN crystal growth was performed. The influence of different heater structures on the growth of AlN crystals was investigated. It was found that the top heater can effectively reduce the axial temperature gradient, and the side heater 2 has a similar effect on the axial gradient, but the effect feedback is slightly weaker. The axial temperature gradient tends to increase when the bottom heater is added to the furnace, and the adjustable range of the axial temperature gradient of the side 1 heater + bottom heater mode is the largest. Our work will provide important reference values for AlN crystal growth by the resistance method.

Carbon-Free Crystal-like Fe1-xS as an Anode for Potassium-Ion Batteries.

Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) as a new electrochemical energy storage system have been considered as a desirable candidate in the post-lithium-ion battery era. Nevertheless, the study on this realm is in its infancy; it is urgent to develop electrode materials with high electrochemical performance and low cost. Iron sulfides as anode materials have aroused wide attention by virtue of their merits of high theoretical capacities, environmental benignity, and cost competitiveness. Herein, we constructed carbon-free crystal-like Fe1-xS and demonstrated its feasibility as a PIB anode. The unique structural feature endows the prepared Fe1-xS with plentiful active sites for electrochemical reactions and short transmission pathways for ions/electrons. The Fe1-xS electrode retained capacities of 420.8 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g-1 and 212.9 mAh g-1 after 250 cycles at 1.0 A g-1. Even at a high rate of 5.0 A g-1, an average capacity of 167.6 mAh g-1 was achieved. In addition, a potassium-ion full cell is assembled by employing Fe1-xS as an anode and potassium Prussian blue as a cathode; it delivered a discharge capacity of 127.6 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 after 50 cycles.

Implementation and data processing of a five-channel microwave interferometer with high temporal resolution and low noise on Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak.

A five-channel microwave interferometer with high temporal resolution and high phase resolution has been developed for measuring electron density profiles and fluctuations on the Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak. A correction algorithm, based on the low signal amplitude detection, is proposed to eliminate the fringe jump errors. The correction algorithm achieves an accuracy of 92%. The density profile is reconstructed through the Park-matrix method, with the geometry of magnetic surfaces calculated by the equilibrium fitting. The reconstructed density profiles for discharges with supersonic molecular beam injection are in good agreement with the results of another 94 GHz single-channel horizontal interferometer and the Langmuir probes. The temporal resolution of the system is 0.5 µs and the line-integrated electron density resolution is 1 × 1015 m-2, which benefits from the single sideband modulation technique. Therefore, the multichannel interferometer system is capable of studying the details of the high-frequency (up to 200 kHz) density fluctuation such as that in the minor disruption event.