Identification of methylation driver genes for predicting the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients based on whole-genome DNA methylation sequencing technology.

This study was based on the use of whole-genome DNA methylation sequencing technology to identify DNA methylation biomarkers in tumor tissue that can predict the prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer (PCa). TCGA database was used to download PCa-related DNA methylation and transcriptome atlas data. Methylation driver genes (MDGs) were obtained using the MethylMix package. Candidate genes in the MDGs were screened for prognostic relevance to PCa patients by univariate Cox analysis, and a prognostic risk score model was constructed based on the key MDGs. ROC curve analysis was performed to assess the accuracy of the prognostic risk score model. The effects of PIK3C2B knockdown on malignant phenotypes of PCa cells were investigated in vitro. A total of 2737 differentially expressed genes were identified, with 649 upregulated and 2088 downregulated, using 178 PCa samples and 171 normal samples. MethylMix was employed to identify 71 methylation-driven genes (47 hypermethylated and 24 hypomethylated) from 185 TCGA PCa samples. Cox regression analyses identified eight key MDGs (LEF1, ZIC3, VAV3, TBC1D4, FABP4, MAP3K5, PIK3C2B, IGF1R) associated with prognosis in PCa. Seven of them were hypermethylated, while PIK3C2B was hypomethylated. A prognostic risk prediction model was constructed based on the eight key MDGs, which was found to accurately predict the prognosis of PCa patients. In addition, the malignant phenotypes of PANC-1 cells were decreased after the knockdown of PIK3C2B. Therefore, the prognostic risk prediction model based on the eight key MDGs could accurately predict the prognosis of PCa patients.

Micro-environment triple-responsive hyaluronic acid hydrogel dressings to promote antibacterial activity, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis for diabetic wound healing.

The clinical treatment of chronic diabetic wounds is a long-standing thorny issue. Strategies targeting the diabetic micro-environment have been developed to promote wound healing. However, it remains challenging to reverse the adverse conditions and re-activate tissue regeneration and angiogenesis. In this work, we develop injectable hydrogels that are responsive to acidic conditions, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and high glucose levels in a diabetic wound micro-environment to sustainably deliver tannic acid (TA) to augment antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative activities. This triple-responsive mechanism is designed by introducing dynamic acylhydrazone and phenylboronic ester bonds to crosslink modified hyaluronic acid (HA) chains. At a diabetic wound, the acylhydrazone bonds may be hydrolyzed at low pH. Meanwhile, glucose may compete with TA, and ROS may oxidize the C-B bond to release TA. Thus, sustained release of TA is triggered by the diabetic micro-environment. The released TA effectively scavenges ROS and kills bacteria. In vivo experiments on diabetic mice demonstrate that the hydrogel dressing highly promotes angiogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition, leading to eventual full healing of diabetic skin wounds. This micro-environment-triggered triple-responsive drug release provides a promising method for chronic diabetic wound healing.

RNA splicing modulates the postharvest physiological deterioration of cassava storage root.

Rapid postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) storage roots is a major constraint that limits the potential of this plant as a food and industrial crop. Extensive studies have been performed to explore the regulatory mechanisms underlying the PPD processes in cassava to understand their molecular and physiological responses. However, the exceptional functional versatility of alternative splicing (AS) remains to be explored during the PPD process in cassava. Here, we identified several aberrantly spliced genes during the early PPD stage. An in-depth analysis of AS revealed that the abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis pathway might serve as an additional molecular layer in attenuating the onset of PPD. Exogenous ABA application alleviated PPD symptoms through maintaining ROS generation and scavenging. Interestingly, the intron retention transcript of MeABA1 (ABA DEFICIENT 1) was highly correlated with PPD symptoms in cassava storage roots. RNA yeast three-hybrid and RNA immunoprecipitation assays showed that the serine/arginine-rich protein MeSCL33 (SC35-like splicing factor 33) binds to the precursor mRNA of MeABA1. Importantly, overexpressing MeSCL33 in cassava conferred improved PPD resistance by manipulating the AS and expression levels of MeABA1 and then modulating the endogenous ABA levels in cassava storage roots. Our results uncovered the pivotal role of the ABA biosynthesis pathway and RNA splicing in regulating cassava PPD resistance and proposed the essential roles of MeSCL33 for conferring PPD resistance, broadening our understanding of SR proteins in cassava development and stress responses.

Abrogation of KLF5 sensitizes BRCA1-proficient pancreatic cancer to PARP inhibition.

Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor monotherapies are selectively effective in patients with pancreatic, breast, prostate, and ovarian cancers with BRCA1 mutations. Cancer patients with more frequent wild-type BRCA show poor responses to PARP inhibitors. Moreover, patients who are initially sensitive to these inhibitors eventually respond poorly to drugs. In the present study, we discover that abrogation of Kruppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) significantly inhibits homologous recombination, which is the main mechanism for DNA double-stranded repair. Furthermore, the downregulation of KLF5 expression promotes the DNA damage induced by olaparib and significantly reduces the IC 50 of the RARP inhibitor in pancreatic cancer cells. Overexpression of BRCA1 reverses the above effects caused by silencing of KLF5. Olaparib combined with a KLF5 inhibitor has an enhanced cytotoxic effect. Mechanistically, we identify BRCA1 as a KLF5 target gene. BRCA1 is positively correlated with KLF5 in PDAC tissue. Our results indicate that inhibition of KLF5 may induce BRCAness in a larger pancreatic cancer subset with proficient BRCA. The combination of KLF5 inhibitors and PARP inhibitors provides a novel treatment strategy to enhance the sensitivity of BRCA1-proficient pancreatic cancer to PARP inhibitors.

BMP6 inhibits gastric cancer growth and predicts good prognosis.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a common tumors in the digestive tract, and effective treatment methods are still lacking. Bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP6) is closely related to the occurrence and development of various tumors, but its relevance to GC is still unclear. The aim of the study was to explore the relationship between BMP6 and the occurrence and development of GC. Methods: In this study, we investigated the relationship between BMP6 and the prognosis of GC patients using bioinformatics technology and clinical tissue samples. We also explored the connection between BMP6 and the biological behavior of GC cells through molecular biology experiments and relevant in vivo animal experiments. Finally, we examined the mechanisms by which BMP6 inhibits the onset and progression of GC. Results: Through analysis of The Cancer Genomics Atlas (TCGA) database, we observed that BMP6 is expressed at low levels in GC, and its low expression is associated with a poor prognosis in GC patients. Cell experiments demonstrated that BMP6 expression can influence the proliferation of GC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we discovered that BMP6 is linked to the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway, and subsequent experiments confirmed that BMP6 can inhibit the biological activity of GC cells by activating the NF-κB pathway. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that BMP6 is a potential prognostic biomarker in GC and can regulate the biological activity of GC cells through the NF-κB pathway. BMP6 may serve as a promising therapeutic target for GC, and our study introduces novel ideas for the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Vanadium-doped Ni microspheres loaded with phosphatization of NiMoO4 contributing to enhanced electron transfer for stable overall water splitting.

At present, there are few reports on the micron-sized catalysts for overall water splitting. In this study, phosphating method were used to construct the self-supporting catalyst (V doped Ni microspheres coated by NiMoO4/Ni12P5) with microspherical structure, providing a short path and a stable structure to guarantee quick electron transfer and excellent catalytic performance. Hence, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) only needs 254 mV to reach a current density of 50 mA cm-2 in 1.0 mol/L KOH, after 114 h without attenuation. The catalyst can achieve a current densitiy of 10 mA cm-2 with a voltage of only 158 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). When micron scale V-Ni@NiMoO4/Ni12P5 is used as both anode and cathode for overall water splitting, the device can operate at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 for more than 200 h of good stability. Its superior catalytic performance can be attributed to the construction of micron size and phosphating. DFT calculations indicate that the introduction of P better activates the adsorbed *OH and H2O*, reduces reaction the energy barrier, and improves the catalytic activity.

Construction of S100 family members prognosis prediction model and analysis of immune microenvironment landscape at single-cell level in pancreatic adenocarcinoma: a tumor marker prognostic study.

Pancreatic adenocarcinoma characterized by a mere 10% five-year survival rate, poses a formidable challenge due to its specific anatomical location, making tumor tissue acquisition difficult. This limitation underscores the critical need for novel biomarkers to stratify this patient population. Accordingly, this study aimed to construct a prognosis prediction model centered on S100 family members. Leveraging six S100 genes and their corresponding coefficients, an S100 score was calculated to predict survival outcomes. The present study provided comprehensive internal and external validation along with power evaluation results, substantiating the efficacy of the proposed model. Additionally, the study explored the S100-driven potential mechanisms underlying malignant progression. By comparing immune cell infiltration proportions in distinct patient groups with varying prognoses, the research identified differences driven by S100 expression. Furthermore, the analysis explored significant ligand-receptor pairs between malignant cells and immune cells influenced by S100 genes, uncovering crucial insights. Notably, the study identified a novel biomarker capable of predicting the sensitivity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, offering promising avenues for further research and clinical application.

Efficacy of nab­paclitaxel vs. Gemcitabine in combination with S­1 for advanced pancreatic cancer: A multicenter phase II randomized trial.

Patients with advanced pancreatic cancer (PC) need a cost-effective treatment regimen. The present study was designed to compare the efficacy and safety of nab-paclitaxel plus S-1 (AS) and gemcitabine plus S-1 (GS) regimens in patients with chemotherapy-naïve advanced PC. In this open-label, multicenter, randomized study named AvGmPC, eligible patients with chemotherapy-naïve advanced PC were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive AS (125 mg/m2 nab-paclitaxel, days 1 and 8; 80-120 mg S-1, days 1-14) or GS (1,000 mg/m2 gemcitabine, days 1 and 8; 80-120 mg S-1, days 1-14). The treatment was administered every 3 weeks until intolerable toxicity or disease progression occurred. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS). Between December 2018 and March 2022, 101 of 106 randomized patients were treated and evaluated for analysis (AS, n=49; GS, n=52). As of the data cutoff, the median follow-up time was 11.37 months [95% confidence interval (CI), 9.31-13.24]. The median PFS was 7.16 months (95% CI, 5.19-12.32) for patients treated with AS and 6.41 months (95% CI, 3.72-8.84) for patients treated with GS (HR=0.78; 95% CI, 0.51-1.21; P=0.264). The AS regimen showed a slightly improved overall survival (OS; 13.27 vs. 10.64 months) and a significantly improved ORR (44.90 vs. 15.38%; P=0.001) compared with the GS regimen. In the subgroup analyses, PFS and OS benefits were observed in patients treated with the AS regimen who had KRAS gene mutations and high C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (≥5 mg/l). The most common grade ≥3 adverse events were neutropenia, anemia and alopecia in the two groups. Thrombocytopenia occurred more frequently in the GS group than in the AS group. While the study did not meet the primary endpoint, the response benefit observed for AS may be suggestive of meaningful clinical activity in this population. In particular, promising survival benefits were observed in the subsets of patients with KRAS gene mutations and high CRP levels, which is encouraging and warrants further investigation. This trial was retrospectively registered as ChiCTR1900024588 on July 18, 2019.

DataColor: unveiling biological data relationships through distinctive color mapping.

In the era of rapid advancements in high-throughput omics technologies, the visualization of diverse data types with varying orders of magnitude presents a pressing challenge. To bridge this gap, we introduce DataColor, an all-encompassing software solution meticulously crafted to address this challenge. Our aim is to empower users with the ability to handle a wide array of data types through an assortment of tools, while simultaneously streamlining parameter selection for rapid insights and detailed enhancements. DataColor stands as a robust toolkit, encompassing 23 distinct tools coupled with over 600 parameters. The defining characteristic of this toolkit is its adept utilization of the color spectrum, allowing for the representation of data spanning diverse types and magnitudes. Through the integration of advanced algorithms encompassing data clustering, normalization, squarified layouts, and customizable parameters, DataColor unveils an abundance of insights that lay hidden within the intricate relationships embedded in the data. Whether you find yourself navigating the analysis of expansive datasets or embarking on the quest to visualize intricate patterns, DataColor stands as the comprehensive and potent solution. We extend the availability of DataColor to all users at no cost, accessible through the following link: https://github.com/frankgenome/DataColor.

TCOD: an integrated resource for tropical crops.

Tropical crops are vital for tropical agriculture, with resource scarcity, functional diversity and extensive market demand, providing considerable economic benefits for the world's tropical agriculture-producing countries. The rapid development of sequencing technology has promoted a milestone in tropical crop research, resulting in the generation of massive amount of data, which urgently needs an effective platform for data integration and sharing. However, the existing databases cannot fully satisfy researchers' requirements due to the relatively limited integration level and untimely update. Here, we present the Tropical Crop Omics Database (TCOD, https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/tcod), a comprehensive multi-omics data platform for tropical crops. TCOD integrates diverse omics data from 15 species, encompassing 34 chromosome-level de novo assemblies, 1 255 004 genes with functional annotations, 282 436 992 unique variants from 2048 WGS samples, 88 transcriptomic profiles from 1997 RNA-Seq samples and 13 381 germplasm items. Additionally, TCOD not only employs genes as a bridge to interconnect multi-omics data, enabling cross-species comparisons based on homology relationships, but also offers user-friendly online tools for efficient data mining and visualization. In short, TCOD integrates multi-species, multi-omics data and online tools, which will facilitate the research on genomic selective breeding and trait biology of tropical crops.

Multifunctional organohydrogel via the synergy of dialdehyde starch and glycerol for motion monitoring and sign language recognition.

Conductive hydrogel which belongs to a type of soft materials has recently become promising candidate for flexible electronics application. However, it remains difficult for conductive hydrogel-based strain sensors to achieve the organic unity of large stretchability, high conductivity, self-healing, anti-freezing, anti-drying and transparency. Herein, a multifunctional conductive organohydrogel with all of the above superiorities is prepared by crosslinking polyacrylamide (PAM) with dialdehyde starch (DAS) in glycerol-water binary solvent. Attributing to the synergy of abundant hydrogen bonding and Schiff base interactions caused by introducing glycerol and dialdehyde starch, respectively, the organohydrogel achieved balanced mechanical and electrical properties. Besides, the addition of glycerol promoted the water-locking effects, making the organohydrogel retain the superior mechanical properties and conductivity even at extreme conditions. The resultant organohydrogel strain sensor exhibits desirable sensing performance with high sensitivity (GF = 6.07) over a wide strain range (0-697 %), enabling the accurate monitoring of subtle body motions even at -30 °C. On the basis, a hand gesture monitor system based on the organohydrogel sensors arrays is constructed using machine learning method, achieving a considerable sign language recognition rate of 100 %, and thus providing convenience for communications between the hearing or speaking-impaired and general person.

Distinct heat response molecular mechanisms emerge in cassava vasculature compared to leaf mesophyll tissue under high temperature stress.

With growing concerns over global warming, cultivating heat-tolerant crops has become paramount to prepare for the anticipated warmer climate. Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a vital tropical crop, demonstrates exceptional growth and productivity under high-temperature (HT) conditions. Yet, studies elucidating HT resistance mechanisms in cassava, particularly within vascular tissues, are rare. We dissected the leaf mid-vein from leaf, and did the comparative transcriptome profiling between mid-vein and leaf to figure out the cassava vasculature HT resistance molecular mechanism. Anatomical microscopy revealed that cassava leaf veins predominantly consisted of vasculature. A thermal imaging analysis indicated that cassava experienced elevated temperatures, coinciding with a reduction in photosynthesis. Transcriptome sequencing produced clean reads in total of 89.17G. Using Venn enrichment, there were 65 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 93 DEGs had been found highly specifically expressed in leaf and mid-vein. Further investigation disclosed that leaves enhanced pyruvate synthesis as a strategy to withstand high temperatures, while mid-veins fortified themselves by bolstering lignin synthesis by comprehensive GO and KEGG analysis of DEGs. The identified genes in these metabolic pathways were corroborated through quantity PCR (QPCR), with results aligning with the transcriptomic data. To verify the expression localization of DEGs, we used in situ hybridization experiments to identify the expression of MeCCoAMT(caffeoyl-coenzyme A-3-O-methyltransferase) in the lignin synthesis pathway in cassava leaf veins xylem. These findings unravel the disparate thermotolerance mechanisms exhibited by cassava leaves and mid-veins, offering insights that could potentially inform strategies for enhancing thermotolerance in other crops.

[Isolation and identification of chemical constituents from aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis].

The present study investigated the chemical constituents from the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. The ethanol extract of the aerial parts of G. uralensis was separated and purified by different column chromatographies such as macroporous resin, silica gel, and Sephadex LH-20, and through preparative HPLC and recrystallization. Thirteen compounds were isolated and identified as(2S)-6-[(Z)-3-hydroxymethyl-2-butenyl]-5,7,3'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxy-dihydroflavanone(1),(2S)-8-[(E)-3-hydroxymethyl-2-butenyl]-5,7,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-dihydroflavanone(2), α,α'-dihydro-5,4'-dihydroxy-3-acetoxy-2-isopentenylstilbene(3), 6-prenylquercetin(4), 6-prenylquercetin-3-methyl ether(5), formononetin(6), 3,3'-dimethylquercetin(7), chrysoeriol(8), diosmetin(9),(10E,12Z,14E)-9,16-dioxooctadec-10,12,14-trienoic acid(10), 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-6-prenyl-dihydroflavanone(11), naringenin(12), dibutylphthalate(13). Compounds 1-3 are new compounds, and compounds 10 and 13 are isolated from aerial parts of this plant for the first time.

Tumor Microenvironment Responsive CD8+ T Cells and Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells to Trigger CD73 Inhibitor AB680-Based Synergistic Therapy for Pancreatic Cancer.

CD73 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis and immune escape in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). AB680, an exceptionally potent and selective inhibitor of CD73, is administered in an early clinical trial, in conjunction with gemcitabine and anti-PD-1 therapy, for the treatment of PDAC. Nevertheless, the specific therapeutic efficacy and immunoregulation within the microenvironment of AB680 monotherapy in PDAC have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, AB680 exhibits a significant effect in augmenting the infiltration of responsive CD8+ T cells and prolongs the survival in both subcutaneous and orthotopic murine PDAC models. In parallel, it also facilitates chemotaxis of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) by tumor-derived CXCL5 in an AMP-dependent manner, which may potentially contribute to enhanced immunosuppression. The concurrent administration of AB680 and PD-1 blockade, rather than gemcitabine, synergistically restrain tumor growth. Notably, gemcitabine weakened the efficacy of AB680, which is dependent on CD8+ T cells. Finally, the supplementation of a CXCR2 inhibitor is validated to further enhance the therapeutic efficacy when combined with AB680 plus PD-1 inhibitor. These findings systematically demonstrate the efficacy and immunoregulatory mechanism of AB680, providing a novel, efficient, and promising immunotherapeutic combination strategy for PDAC.

The evolution and heterogeneity of neutrophils in cancers: origins, subsets, functions, orchestrations and clinical applications.

Neutrophils, the most prevalent innate immune cells in humans, have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their involvement in cancer progression. This comprehensive review aimed to elucidate the important roles and underlying mechanisms of neutrophils in cancer from the perspective of their whole life cycle, tracking them from development in the bone marrow to circulation and finally to the tumor microenvironment (TME). Based on an understanding of their heterogeneity, we described the relationship between abnormal neutrophils and clinical manifestations in cancer. Specifically, we explored the function, origin, and polarization of neutrophils within the TME. Furthermore, we also undertook an extensive analysis of the intricate relationship between neutrophils and clinical management, including neutrophil-based clinical treatment strategies. In conclusion, we firmly assert that directing future research endeavors towards comprehending the remarkable heterogeneity exhibited by neutrophils is of paramount importance.

Biological and clinical implications of early-onset cancers: A unique subtype.

In recent years, the incidence of cancers is continuously increasing in young adults. Early-onset cancer (EOC) is usually defined as patients with cancers under the age of 50, and may represent a unique subgroup due to its special disease features. Overall, EOCs often initiate at a young age, present as a better physical performance but high degree of malignancy. EOCs also share common epidemiological and hereditary risk factors. In this review, we discuss several representative EOCs which were well studied previously. By revealing their clinical and molecular similarities and differences, we consider the group of EOCs as a unique subtype compared to ordinary cancers. In consideration of EOC as a rising threat to human health, more researches on molecular mechanisms, and large-scale, prospective clinical trials should be carried out to further translate into improved outcomes.

3D printed microstructured ultra-sensitive pressure sensors based on microgel-reinforced double network hydrogels for biomechanical applications.

Hydrogel-based wearable flexible pressure sensors have great promise in human health and motion monitoring. However, it remains a great challenge to significantly improve the toughness, sensitivity and stability of hydrogel sensors. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of hierarchically structured hydrogel sensors by 3D printing microgel-reinforced double network (MRDN) hydrogels to achieve both very high sensitivity and mechanical toughness. Polyelectrolyte microgels are used as building blocks, which are interpenetrated with a second network, to construct super tough hydrogels. The obtained hydrogels show a tensile strength of 1.61 MPa, and a fracture toughness of 5.08 MJ m-3 with high water content. The MRDN hydrogel precursors exhibit reversible gel-sol transitions, and serve as ideal inks for 3D printing microstructured sensor arrays with high fidelity and precision. The microstructured hydrogel sensors show an ultra-high sensitivity of 0.925 kPa-1, more than 50 times that of plain hydrogel sensors. The hydrogel sensors are assembled as an array onto a shoe-pad to monitor foot biomechanics during gaiting. Moreover, a sensor array with a well-arranged spatial distribution of sensor pixels with different microstructures and sensitivities is fabricated to track the trajectory of a crawling tortoise. Such hydrogel sensors have promising application in flexible wearable electronic devices.

Influence of Fertilization on Growth and Lead Content of Pepper under Lead Stress.

To investigate the effect of fertilization on Pb content in vegetables, pepper was planted in L1645 (the 5 influencing factors are fertilizers (N, P, K), organic fertilizers (sheep manure) and Pb2+; the 4 levels are blank, low, medium and high; a total of 16 treatments) pot orthogonal experiment. The effects of fertilizers on the growth and Pb content in various parts of pepper under Pb stress were analyzed. The results showed that: (1) The Pb content in pepper fruit ranged from 0.011 mg·kg-1 to 0.085 mg·kg-1, which did not exceed the limit value (0.1 mg·kg-1) in the National Standard for Food Safety-Limit of Contaminants in Food (GB2762-2017); (2) The effect order of fertilization on pepper fruit weight was P2O5 > sheep manure > N > K2O; The horizontal combination of factors that promoted the maximum fruit weight of pepper was N (0.15 g·kg-1), P2O5 (0.225 g·kg-1), K2O (0.15 g·kg-1) and sheep manure (9 g·kg-1); (3) The order of fertilizer effects on Pb content in pepper fruit was Pb2+ > K2O > N = sheep manure > P2O5; the factor level combination that resulted in the maximum Pb content in pepper fruits was N (0.15 g·kg-1), P2O5 (0 g·kg-1), K2O (0.45 g·kg-1), sheep manure (6 g·kg-1) and Pb2+ (350 mg·kg-1); (4) Based on the soil fertility characteristics of Urumqi, the recommended optimal fertilizer application rate was: high phosphorus fertilizer P2O5 (495 kg·hm-2), low-level potassium fertilizer K2O (330 kg·hm-2), medium-level nitrogen fertilizer N (660 kg·hm-2) (or low-level nitrogen fertilizer N (330 kg·hm-2) + high-level organic manure sheep manure (19,800 kg·hm-2), which can achieve high yield while ensuring that the Pb content in the fruits does not exceed the standard. Strengthening control of effective and reasonable fertilization methods in Urumqi agricultural land is helpful to reduce the Pb content in vegetables.