Aspergillus versicolor, an endophytic fungus associated with the herbal medicine Pedicularis sylvatica, produced four new polyketides, aspeversins A-D (1-2 and 5-6) and four known compounds, O-methylaverufin (2), aversin (3), varilactone A (7) and spirosorbicillinol A (8). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic data analysis, and their absolute configurations were determined by calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and Mo2(AcO)4-induced CD data. Compound 5 was found to exhibit α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with an IC50 value of 25.57 µM. An enzyme kinetic study indicated that 5 was a typical uncompetitive inhibitor toward α-glucosidase, which was supported by a molecular docking study. Moreover, compounds 1-3 and 5 also improved the cell viability of PC12 cells on a 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced Parkinson's disease model, indicating their neuroprotective potential as antiparkinsonian agents.
Aspergillus , Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors , Molecular Docking Simulation , Neuroprotective Agents , Polyketides , alpha-Glucosidases , Aspergillus/chemistry , Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology , Neuroprotective Agents/chemistry , Neuroprotective Agents/isolation & purification , Polyketides/pharmacology , Polyketides/chemistry , Polyketides/isolation & purification , Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors/pharmacology , Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors/chemistry , Glycoside Hydrolase Inhibitors/isolation & purification , PC12 Cells , Animals , Rats , alpha-Glucosidases/metabolism , Cell Survival/drug effects , Molecular Structure
Persistent neurogenesis exists in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the ventricles and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in the adult mammalian brain. Adult endogenous neurogenesis not only plays an important role in the normal brain function, but also has important significance in the repair and treatment of brain injury or brain diseases. This article reviews the process of adult endogenous neurogenesis and its application in the repair of traumatic brain injury (TBI) or ischemic stroke, and discusses the strategies of activating adult endogenous neurogenesis to repair brain injury and its practical significance in promoting functional recovery after brain injury.
Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic , Brain , Ischemic Stroke , Neurogenesis , Adult , Animals , Humans , Brain/physiology , Brain/physiopathology , Hippocampus/physiology , Hippocampus/physiopathology , Mammals/physiology , Neurogenesis/physiology , Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic/physiopathology , Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic/therapy , Ischemic Stroke/physiopathology , Ischemic Stroke/therapy , Recovery of Function , Spinal Cord/physiology , Spinal Cord/physiopathology
Muscle spindle is the key proprioceptor in skeletal muscles and plays important roles in many physiological activities, such as maintaining posture, regulating movement and controlling speed variation. It has significant clinical relevance and is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of motor functional impairment and metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarized muscle spindle distribution and the mechanism of mechanical signal transmission, and reviewed the research progress on morphological and structural characteristics of muscle spindles.
Muscle Spindles , Muscle, Skeletal , Muscle Spindles/anatomy & histology , Muscle Spindles/physiology , Muscle, Skeletal/physiology , Clinical Relevance
