Scalable methodology for the catalytic, asymmetric alpha-bromination of acid chlorides.

The optimization of a practical, catalytic, asymmetric process for the alpha-bromination of acid chlorides to produce synthetically versatile, optically active alpha-bromoesters is reported. A range of products is produced in high enantioselectivity and moderate to good chemical yields with retention of both upon scale-up. The reactions herein are catalyzed by cinchona alkaloid derivatives, with the best performance achieved by the use of a proline cinchona alkaloid conjugate designed in a de novo fashion.

Catalytic, enantioselective [4 + 2]-cycloadditions of ketene enolates and o-quinones: efficient entry to chiral, alpha-oxygenated carboxylic acid derivatives.

We report catalytic, enantioselective [4 + 2]-cycloadditions of o-quinones with ketene enolates (derived from readily available acid chlorides) using cinchona alkaloid derivatives as catalysts to produce products in high enantiomeric excess (ee) and good to excellent yields. The thermodynamic driving force for these reactions is due in part to the restoration of aromaticity to the products. The resulting chiral, bicycloadducts can be synthetically manipulated in a variety of useful ways, for example to provide a flexible synthesis of alpha-oxygenated carboxylic acid derivatives.

An anionic nucleophilic catalyst system for the diastereoselective synthesis of trans-beta-lactams.

Trans-disubstituted beta-lactams show increasing utility and prominence in numerous pharmaceutical applications, making their asymmetric synthesis an attractive goal for chemists. We introduce an anionic, nucleophilic catalyst system that provides an efficient, diastereoselective route to trans-disubstituted beta-lactams, a complement to our previously described catalytic methodology for generating the corresponding cis diastereomers. This catalytic, "switch mechanism" process allows for flexibility in the stereoselective synthesis of beta-lactams, producing either cis or trans products as desired from the same substrates. [reaction: see text]

Performing the synthesis of a complex molecule on sequentially linked columns: toward the development of a "synthesis machine".

[reaction: see text] We describe the diastereoselective synthesis of a pharmaceutically active drug candidate via a column-based system. This methodology is complementary to classical solid-phase synthesis; individual columns are packed with resin-bound reagents and then linked in sequence and/or in parallel. In contrast to the traditional solid-phase approach, substrates are introduced in the mobile phase where they build up chemical complexity by percolating through the linked columns, ultimately eluting as the desired product.

Bifunctional Lewis acid-nucleophile-based asymmetric catalysis: mechanistic evidence for imine activation working in tandem with chiral enolate formation in the synthesis of beta-lactams.

We report a mechanistically based study of bifunctional catalyst systems in which chiral nucleophiles work in conjunction with Lewis acids to produce beta-lactams in high chemical yield, diastereoselectivity, and enantioselectivity. Chiral cinchona alkaloid derivatives work best when paired with Lewis acids based on Al(III), Zn(II), Sc(III), and, most notably, In(III). Homogeneous bifunctional catalysts, in which the catalyst contains both Lewis acidic and Lewis basic sites, were also studied in detail. Mechanistic evidence allows us to conclude that the chiral nucleophiles form zwitterionic enolates that react with metal-coordinated imines. Alternative scenarios, which postulated metal-bound enolates, were disfavored on the basis of our observations.

Advances in the catalytic, asymmetric synthesis of beta-lactams.

In this Account, we illustrate our contribution to the catalytic, asymmetric synthesis of beta-lactams through a flexible [2 + 2] cycloaddition strategy. We also explore the scope of our methodology and comment on future directions.

Development of a new dimeric cyclophane ligand: application to enhanced diastereo- and enantioselectivity in the catalytic synthesis of beta-lactams.

We detail the synthesis of a new C(2)-symmetric bis(cyclophane) ligand system that can be thought of as electronically analogous to binol, but which possesses the added "third dimension" of cyclophane chirality. The ligand synthesis involves a spontaneous (but unexpected) atropisomerization to the desired product. We have employed this ligand to form a metal complex that is an effective cocatalyst for the highly enantio- and diastereoselective catalytic asymmetric synthesis of a beta-lactam.