Assessing the impact of gait speed on gait stability using multi-scale entropy fused with plantar pressure signals.

Introduction: Walking speed can affect gait stability and increase the risk of falling. Methods: In this study, we design a device to measure the distribution of the plantar pressure to investigate the impact of the walking speed on the stability of the human gait and movements of the body. We fused the entropy acquired at multiple scales with signals of the plantar pressure to evaluate the effects of the walking speed on the stability of the human gait. We simultaneously collected data on the motion-induced pressure from eight plantar regions to obtain the fused regional pressure. To verify their accuracy, we obtained data on the plantar pressure during walking by using the force table of the Qualisys system. We then extracted the peak points and intervals of the human stride from pressure signals fused over three regions, and analyzed the mechanics of their regional fusion by using the regional amplitude-pressure ratio to obtain the distribution of the plantar pressure at an asynchronous walking speed. Furthermore, we introduced multi-scale entropy to quantify the complexity of the gait and evaluate its stability at different walking speeds. Results: The results of experiments showed that increasing the speed from 2 to 6 km/h decreased the stability of the gait, with a 26.7% increase in the amplitude of pressure in the region of the forefoot. The hindfoot and forefoot regions were subjected to the minimal pressure at a speed of 2 km/h, while the most consistent stress was observed in regions of the forefoot, midfoot, and hindfoot. Moreover, the curve of entropy at a speed of 2 km/h exhibited a slow decline at a small scale and high stability at a large scale. Discussion: The multi-scale entropy increased the variation in the stability of the synchronous velocity of walking compared with the sample entropy and the analysis of regional fusion mechanics. Multi-scale entropy can thus be used to qualitatively assess the relationship between the speed and stability of the gait, and to identify the most stable gait speed that can ensure gait stability and posture control.

Deciphering the comprehensive knowledgebase landscape featuring infertility with IDDB Xtra.

Infertility affects ∼15% of couples globally and half of cases are related to genetic disorders. Despite growing data and unprecedented improvements in high-throughput sequencing technologies, accumulated fertility-related issues concerning genetic diagnosis and potential treatment are urgent to be solved. However, there is a lack of comprehensive platforms that characterise various infertility-related records to provide research applications for exploring infertility in-depth and genetic counselling of infertility couple. To solve this problem, we provide IDDB Xtra by further integrating phenotypic manifestations, genomic datasets, epigenetics, modulators in collaboration with numerous interactive tools into our previous infertility database, IDDB. IDDB Xtra houses manually-curated 2369 genes of human and nine model organisms, 273 chromosomal abnormalities, 884 phenotypes, 60 genomic datasets, 464 epigenetic records, 1144 modulators relevant to infertility diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, IDDB Xtra incorporated customized graphical applications for researchers and clinicians to decipher in-depth disease mechanisms from the perspectives of developmental atlas, mutation effects, and clinical manifestations. Users can browse genes across developmental stages of human and mouse, filter candidate genes, mine potential variants and retrieve infertility biomedical network in an intuitive web interface. In summary, IDDB Xtra not only captures valuable research and data, but also provides useful applications to facilitate the genetic counselling and drug discovery of infertility. IDDB Xtra is freely available at https://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/IDDB/and http://www.allostery.net/IDDB.

Loss of ACOX1 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its correlation with clinical features.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a major pathological type of kidney cancer with a poor prognosis due to a lack of biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognosis prediction of ccRCC. In this study, we investigated the aberrant expression of Acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 1 (ACOX1) in ccRCC and evaluated its potential in diagnosis and prognosis. ACOX1 is the first rate-limiting enzyme in the peroxidation ß-oxidation pathway and is involved in the regulation of fatty acid oxidative catabolism. The mRNA and protein levels of ACOX1 were significantly downregulated in ccRCC, and its downregulation was closely associated with the tumor-node-metastasis stage of patients. The ROC curves showed that ACOX1 possesses a high diagnostic value for ccRCC. The OS analysis suggested that lower expression of ACOX1 was closely related to the worse outcome of patients. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis suggested that expression of ACOX1 was positively correlated with CDH1, CDH2, CDKL2, and EPCAM, while negatively correlated with MMP9 and VIM, which strongly indicated that ACOX1 may inhibit the invasion and migration of ccRCC by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Furthermore, we screened out that miR-16-5p is upregulated at the mRNA transcript level in ccRCC and negatively correlated with ACOX1. In conclusion, our results showed that ACOX1 is abnormally low expressed in ccRCC, suggesting that it could serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for ccRCC. Overexpression of miR-16-5p may be responsible for the inactivation of ACOX1.

Shen Qi Wan attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis through upregulating AQP1.

Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is the crucial pathway in chronic kidney disease (CKD) leading to the end-stage renal failure. However, the underlying mechanism of Shen Qi Wan (SQW) on RIF is not fully understood. In the current study, we investigated the role of Aquaporin 1 (AQP1) in SQW on tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). A RIF mouse model induced by adenine and a TGF-ß1-stimulated HK-2 cell model were etablished to explore the involvement of AQP 1 in the protective effect of SQW on EMT in vitro and in vivo. Subsequently, the molecular mechanism of SQW on EMT was explored in HK-2 cells with AQP1 knockdown. The results indicated that SQW alleviated kidney injury and renal collagen deposition in the kidneys of mice induced by adenine, increased the protein expression of E-cadherin and AQP1 expression, and decreased the expression of vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Similarly, treatmement with SQW-containing serum significantly halted EMT process in TGF-ß1 stimulated HK-2 cells. The expression of snail and slug was significantly upregulated in HK-2 cells after knockdown of AQP1. AQP1 knockdown also increased the mRNA expression of vimentin and α-SMA, and decreased the expression of E-cadherin. The protein expression of vimentin increased, while the expression of E-cadherin and CK-18 significantly decreased after AQP1 knockdown in HK-2 cells. These results revealed that AQP1 knockdown promoted EMT. Furthermore, AQP1 knockdown abolished the protective effect of SQW-containing serum on EMT in HK-2 cells. In sum, SQW attentuates EMT process in RIF through upregulation of the expression of AQP1.

DeepAlloDriver: a deep learning-based strategy to predict cancer driver mutations.

Driver mutations can contribute to the initial processes of cancer, and their identification is crucial for understanding tumorigenesis as well as for molecular drug discovery and development. Allostery regulates protein function away from the functional regions at an allosteric site. In addition to the known effects of mutations around functional sites, mutations at allosteric sites have been associated with protein structure, dynamics, and energy communication. As a result, identifying driver mutations at allosteric sites will be beneficial for deciphering the mechanisms of cancer and developing allosteric drugs. In this study, we provided a platform called DeepAlloDriver to predict driver mutations using a deep learning method that exhibited >93% accuracy and precision. Using this server, we found that a missense mutation in RRAS2 (Gln72 to Leu) might serve as an allosteric driver of tumorigenesis, revealing the mechanism of the mutation in knock-in mice and cancer patients. Overall, DeepAlloDriver would facilitate the elucidation of the mechanisms underlying cancer progression and help prioritize cancer therapeutic targets. The web server is freely available at: https://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/DeepAlloDriver.

Essential oil of Acorus tatarinowii Schott inhibits neuroinflammation by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation in 3 × Tg-AD transgenic mice.

BACKGROUND: Shi chang pu (Acorus tatarinowii Schott) is a herbal used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in China. The essential oil of Shi chang pu (SCP-oil) is the main active component. However, its effects on the neuroinflammation of AD have not been well studied. PURPOSE: Neuroinflammation mediated by the NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial role in AD. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of SCP-oil on cognitive impairment of AppSwe/PSEN1M146V/MAPTP301L triple transgenic (3 × Tg-AD) mice model and investigate the mechanism underlying its anti-inflammation effects. METHODS: Thirty-two 3 × Tg-AD mice at 12 months and 8 wild-type B6 mice were used for this experiment. The 3 × Tg-AD mice were administered with SCP-oil or donepezil hydrochloride for 8 weeks. Morris water maze test and step-down test were used to evaluate the cognitive ability of mice. The pathological changes, neuroinflammation, and the NLRP3 inflammasome related-protein of AD mice were detected by histomorphological examination, TUNEL staining, immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, Elisa, and western blot assays. RESULTS: SCP-oil treatment attenuated cognitive dysfunction of 3 × Tg-AD mice. Moreover, SCP-oil also ameliorated characteristics pathological of AD, such as pathological changes damage, deposition of Aß, phosphorylation of Tau, and neuronal loss. Additionally, SCP-oil treatment alleviated the neuroinflammation and inhibited phosphorylation of IKKß, NF-κB, and NLRP3 inflammasome related-protein NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, cleaved-Caspase-1, and GSDMD-N in the hippocampus of 3 × Tg-AD mice. CONCLUSION: Overall, SCP-oil contributed to neuroprotection in 3 × Tg-AD mice by reduced activation of NLRP3 inflammasome by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway.

An Autophagy-Associated Prognostic Gene Signature for Breast Cancer.

Autophagy is closely related to breast cancer and has the dual role of promoting and inhibiting the progression of breast cancer. In this study, we aimed to establish an autophagy-related gene signature for the prognosis of breast cancer. A gene signature composed of the eight most survival-relevant autophagy-associated genes was identified by least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis. A risk score was calculated based on the gene signature, which divided breast cancer patients into low- or high-risk groups and showed good and poor prognosis, respectively. The risk score displayed good prognostic performance in both the training cohort (TCGA, 1-10-year AUC > 0.63) and the validation cohort (GEO, 1-10-year AUC > 0.66). The multivariate Cox regression and stratified analysis revealed that the risk score was an independent prognostic factor for breast cancer patients. Moreover, the high-risk score was associated with higher infiltration of neutrophils and M2-polarized macrophages, and lower infiltration of resting memory CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells. Finally, the high-risk score was associated with myc target, glycolysis, and mTORC1 signaling. The risk score developed based on the autophagy-associated gene signature was an independent prognostic biomarker for breast cancer.

A Cluster of Metabolic-Related Genes Serve as Potential Prognostic Biomarkers for Renal Cell Carcinoma.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of renal cancer, characterized by the dysregulation of metabolic pathways. RCC is the second highest cause of death among patients with urologic cancers and those with cancer cell metastases have a 5-years survival rate of only 10-15%. Thus, reliable prognostic biomarkers are essential tools to predict RCC patient outcomes. This study identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database that are associated with pre-and post-metastases in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients and intersected these with metabolism-related genes in the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) database to identify metabolism-related DEGs (DEMGs). GOplot and ggplot packages for gene ontology (GO) and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEMGs with log (foldchange) (logFC) were used to identify metabolic pathways associated with DEMG. Upregulated risk genes and downregulated protective genes among the DEMGs and seven independent metabolic genes, RRM2, MTHFD2, AGXT2, ALDH6A1, GLDC, HOGA1, and ETNK2, were found using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis, intersection, and Lasso-Cox regression analysis to establish a metabolic risk score signature (MRSS). Kaplan-Meier survival curve of Overall Survival (OS) showed that the low-risk group had a significantly better prognosis than the high-risk group in both the training cohort (p < 0.001; HR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.97-3.79) and the validation cohort (p = 0.001; HR = 2.84, 95% CI = 1.50-5.38). The nomogram combined with multiple clinical information and MRSS was more effective at predicting patient outcomes than a single independent prognostic factor. The impact of metabolism on ccRCC was also assessed, and seven metabolism-related genes were established and validated as biomarkers to predict patient outcomes effectively.

Shen Qi Wan Ameliorates Learning and Memory Impairment Induced by STZ in AD Rats through PI3K/AKT Pathway.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease, and increasing evidence shows that insulin signaling has crucial roles in AD initiation and progression. In this study, we explored the effect and underlying mechanism of SQW, a representative formula for tonifying the kidney and promoting yang, on improving the cognitive function in a streptozotocin-induced model of AD rats. We investigated memory impairment in the AD rats by using the Morris water test. HE and Nissl staining were employed to observe the histomorphological changes in the hippocampal. Expression levels of NeuN and proteins related to Tau and apoptosis were measured using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting, respectively. Additionally, we performed RNA sequencing, and the selected hub genes were then validated by qRT-PCR. Furthermore, the protein expression levels of PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins were detected by Western blot. We found that SQW treatment significantly alleviated learning and memory impairment, pathological damage, and apoptosis in rats, as evidenced by an increased level of NeuN and Bcl-2, and decreased phosphorylation of Tau, Bax, and Caspase-3 protein expression. SQW treatment reversed the expression of insulin resistance-related genes (Nr4a1, Lpar1, Bdnf, Atf2, and Ppp2r2b) and reduced the inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Our results demonstrate that SQW could contribute to neuroprotection against learning and memory impairment in rats induced by STZ through activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway.

Icariin Ameliorates Alzheimer's Disease Pathology by Alleviating Myelin Injury in 3 × Tg-AD Mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by excessive deposition of ß amyloid (Aß), hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, and neuronal cell death. Recent studies have shown that myelin cell damage, which leads to cognitive dysfunction, occurs before AD-related pathological changes. Here, we examine the effect of icariin (ICA), a prenylated flavonol glycoside, in improving cognitive function in AD model mice. ICA has been reported to exhibit cardiovascular protective functions and antiaging effects. In this study, we used 3 × Tg-AD mice as an AD model. The Morris water maze and Y maze tests were performed to assess the learning and memory of the mice. Immunofluorescence analysis of Aß1-42 deposition and myelin basic protein (MBP) expression in the mouse hippocampus was performed. Tau protein phosphorylation and MBP protein expression in the hippocampus were further analyzed by Western blotting. Myelin damage in the mouse optic nerve was evaluated by electron microscopy, and LFB staining was performed to assess myelin morphology in the mouse corpus callosum. MBP, Mpp5, and Egr2 transcript levels were quantified by qPCR. We observed that ICA treatment improved the learning and memory of 3 × Tg-AD mice and reduced Aß deposition and tau protein phosphorylation in the hippocampus. Moreover, this treatment protocol increased myelin-related gene expression and reduced myelin damage.

Lysosomal degradation of the maternal dorsal determinant Hwa safeguards dorsal body axis formation.

The Spemann and Mangold Organizer (SMO) is of fundamental importance for dorsal ventral body axis formation during vertebrate embryogenesis. Maternal Huluwa (Hwa) has been identified as the dorsal determinant that is both necessary and sufficient for SMO formation. However, it remains unclear how Hwa is regulated. Here, we report that the E3 ubiquitin ligase zinc and ring finger 3 (ZNRF3) is essential for restricting the spatial activity of Hwa and therefore correct SMO formation in Xenopus laevis. ZNRF3 interacts with and ubiquitinates Hwa, thereby regulating its lysosomal trafficking and protein stability. Perturbation of ZNRF3 leads to the accumulation of Hwa and induction of an ectopic axis in embryos. Ectopic expression of ZNRF3 promotes Hwa degradation and dampens the axis-inducing activity of Hwa. Thus, our findings identify a substrate of ZNRF3, but also highlight the importance of the regulation of Hwa temporospatial activity in body axis formation in vertebrate embryos.

Effect of VN and TiB2-TiCx Reinforcement on Wear Behavior of Al 7075-Based Composites.

Al 7075 alloy, 15 wt.% VN/7075 composites, and 20 wt.% TiB2-TiCx/7075 composites were prepared by ball milling with subsequent hot-pressing sintering. The microstructure, hardness, and wear properties at room temperature to 200 °C of Al 7075-based composites with different reinforcement phases were discussed. The grain uniformity degree values of 15 wt.% VN/7075 composites and 20 wt.% TiB2-TiCx/7075 composites were 0.25 and 0.13, respectively. The reinforcement phase was uniformly distributed in 15 wt.% VN/7075 composites and 20 wt.% TiB2-TiCx/7075 composites, almost no agglomeration occurred. The order of hardness was 20 wt.% TiB2-TiCx/7075 composites (270.2 HV) > 15 wt.% VN/7075 composites (119.5 HV) > Al 7075 (81.8 HV). At the same temperature, the friction coefficient of 15 wt.% VN/7075 composites was the lowest, while the volume wear rate of 20 wt.% TiB2-TiCx/7075 composites was the lowest. With the increase of temperature, the wear mechanism of Al 7075 changed from spalling wear to oxidation wear and adhesion wear. However, the wear mechanisms of 15 wt.% VN/7075 and 20 wt.% TiB2-TiCx/7075 composites changed from abrasive wear at room temperature to wear mechanism (oxidation wear, abrasive wear, and adhesive wear) at medium and low temperature. Comprehensive wear test results indicated that 20 wt.% TiB2-TiCx/7075 composites had excellent tribological properties at medium and low temperature.

IDDB: a comprehensive resource featuring genes, variants and characteristics associated with infertility.

Infertility is a complex multifactorial disease that affects up to 10% of couples across the world. However, many mechanisms of infertility remain unclear due to the lack of studies based on systematic knowledge, leading to ineffective treatment and/or transmission of genetic defects to offspring. Here, we developed an infertility disease database to provide a comprehensive resource featuring various factors involved in infertility. Features in the current IDDB version were manually curated as follows: (i) a total of 307 infertility-associated genes in human and 1348 genes associated with reproductive disorder in 9 model organisms; (ii) a total of 202 chromosomal abnormalities leading to human infertility, including aneuploidies and structural variants; and (iii) a total of 2078 pathogenic variants from infertility patients' samples across 60 different diseases causing infertility. Additionally, the characteristics of clinically diagnosed infertility patients (i.e. causative variants, laboratory indexes and clinical manifestations) were collected. To the best of our knowledge, the IDDB is the first infertility database serving as a systematic resource for biologists to decipher infertility mechanisms and for clinicians to achieve better diagnosis/treatment of patients from disease phenotype to genetic factors. The IDDB is freely available at http://mdl.shsmu.edu.cn/IDDB/.

Synthesis of low dimensional hierarchical transition metal oxides via a direct deep eutectic solvent calcining method for enhanced oxygen evolution catalysis.

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are regarded as important materials due to their wide applications in catalysis, sensors, energy storage and conversion devices owing to their advantages of facile synthesis, low cost, and high activity. Here we develop a direct deep eutectic solvent (DES) calcining method to prepare low-dimensional and highly active TMOs for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Glucose monohydrate and urea can form a glucose-urea DES, which was calcined under a N2 atmosphere to produce 2D N,O-doped graphene. When metal precursors were introduced into the glucose-urea DES and calcined together, the TMOs were templated by graphene flakes and exhibited low-dimensional morphologies. With this method, 2D nanonet-shaped La0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 (LSCF), Co3O4, NiCo2O4, and RuO2 and 1D nanowire-shaped Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3 (BSCF) were readily synthesized, and their thickness and porosity can be conveniently tuned by adjusting the concentrations of metal salts. Our nanostructured TMOs were further applied for the OER, and they showed quite competitive activities over their counterparts obtained from other methods. The 2D porous LSCF20-DES exhibited the largest specific surface area (28.9 m2 g-1) and the highest OER electrocatalytic activities (0.304 V overpotential at a current density of 10 mA cm-2). These results demonstrate that the DES calcining method is a comprehensive approach to synthesize hierarchical TMOs as highly active OER catalysts.

CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing shows the important role of AZC_2928 gene in nitrogen-fixing bacteria of plants.

AZC_2928 gene (GenBank accession no. BAF88926.1) of Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 has sequence homology to 2,3-aminomutases. However, its function is unknown. In this study, we are for the first time to knock out the gene completely in A. caulinodans ORS571 using the current advanced genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9. Our results show that the editing efficiency is 34% and AZC_2928 plays an extremely important role in regulating the formation of chemotaxis and biofilm. CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of AZC_2928 (△AZC_2928) significantly enhanced chemotaxis and biofilm formation. Both chemotaxis and biofilm formation play an important role in nitrogen-fixing bacteria and their interaction with their host plants. Interestingly, AZC_2928 did not affect the motility of A. caulinodans ORS571 and the nodulation formation in their natural host plant, Sesbania rostrata. Due to rhizobia needing to form bacteroids for symbiotic nitrogen fixation in mature nodules, AZC_2928 might have a direct influence on nitrogen fixation efficiency rather than the number of nodulations.