The Yin and Yang of IL-17 in Systemic Sclerosis.

IL-17 (IL-17A) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine produced by a sub-set of T helper cells termed Th17 cells primarily in response to cytokines like TGF-ß and IL-23 and play an important role in host defense. IL-17 signals via the IL-17RA/RC heterodimer and the adaptor protein Act1 to activate both canonical and non-canonical pathways inducing transcriptional activation and stabilization of mRNAs. IL-17 appears to act not directly on immune cells but stimulates stromal cells such as endothelial and epithelial cells and fibroblasts to secrete other immunomodulatory factors. Fibroblast activated by IL-17 can support the growth and differentiation of immune cells. Studies have begun to uncover a dual role for IL-17; on one hand enhancing immune reactions and promoting inflammatory diseases and on the other decreasing responses and immune activity in established disease settings. The balance of double-edged sword effect of IL-17 and autoimmunity is illustrated in a variety of human diseases and experimental models of diseases. Specifically, the emerging interest in autoimmunity in systemic sclerosis (Scleroderma, SSc) has led to potential role of IL-17A as a target therapy in this disease.

Gene therapy in wound healing using nanotechnology.

Wound healing is a complex and highly regulated process that is susceptible to a variety of failures leading to delayed wound healing or chronic wounds. This is becoming an increasingly global burden on the healthcare system. Treatment of wounds has evolved considerably to overcome barriers to wound healing especially within the field of regenerative medicine that focuses on the replacement of tissues or organs. Improved understanding of the pathophysiology of wound healing has enabled current advances in technology to allow better optimization of microenvironment within wounds. This approach may help tackle wounds that are difficult to treat and help reduce the global burden of the disease. This article provides an overview of the physiology in wound healing and the application of gene therapy using nanotechnology in the management of wounds.