Research on the shared function of central neurons and breast cancer based on gene expression profile data mining: The role of EMID1 protein antibody expression.

In recent years, the incidence of breast cancer has gradually increased, and the research on it has become a hot spot in the scientific community. Central neurons play an important role in breast cancer. This study aims to explore the application of gene expression profile data mining in the study of shared function between central neurons and breast cancer, and focuses on the expression of EMID1 protein antibody. The study collected biomedical images and gene expression profile data of breast cancer patients. Then, we use image processing and analysis technology to extract and analyze features of biomedical images to obtain quantitative features of breast cancer. Gene expression profile data were preprocessed and analyzed to obtain information about breast cancer related genes. Integrating and fusing biomedical images and gene expression profile data, and exploring the sharing function between central neurons and breast cancer through data mining algorithms and statistical analysis methods. The results showed that the expression of EMID1 protein was high in breast cancer tissues, and the expression pattern was similar to that of central neurons. Further functional studies have shown that EMID1 protein is involved in the regulation of proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells. By regulating the expression level of EMID1 protein, we observed that the proliferation and invasion ability of breast cancer cells were significantly affected. The research results show that through the comprehensive analysis of biomedical images and gene expression profile data, we found the sharing function between central neurons and breast cancer. The central neuronal cell marker genes EMID1 and GREB1L may be used as key biomarkers to regulate the pathogenesis of breast cancer and affect the occurrence and development of breast cancer.

REPLANTATION OF THE THUMB OR REVISION OF AMPUTATION: AN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY.

OBJETIVE: This article presents a retrospective cohort study analyzing patients from IOT-FMUSP who underwent replantation or revision amputation procedures for traumatic thumb amputation between 2013 and 2020. METHODS: The study included 40 patients in the replanted group and 41 patients in the amputed group. The patients were divided according to the level of amputation and their medical records were analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 81 patients with digital amputation were analyzed, consisting of 79 males and 2 females, with mean ages of 43 and 49 for the amputed and replanted groups, respectively. According to the Biemer classification, 28.4% had proximal amputation, while 71.6% had distal amputation. The most common occupation was bricklayer (19.75%), and 80.24% were manual workers. Of the patients, 65% returned to their previous work, with 77.77% of them having amputation on their non-dominant hand, mostly caused by circular saw accidents (77.77%). The replantation success rate was 78%, with an average ischemia time of 9 hours and door-to-room time of 2 hours. CONCLUSION: the study findings revealed that traumatic thumb amputation predominantly affects working-age males with a low education level and the success rate of replantation was high in this ischemia time and door-to-room conditions. Level of Evidence II, Retrospective study.

OBJETIVO: Este artigo consiste em um corte retrospectivo que analisou vítimas de amputação traumática do polegar submetidas a reimplante ou procedimentos de regularização da amputação no Instituto de Ortopedia e Traumatologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medica da Universidade de São Paulo (IOT-FMUSP). Métodos: Foram analisados 40 pacientes reimplantados e 41 pacientes regularizados, que foram separados conforme o nível da amputação e, após, tiveram seus prontuários médicos analisados. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 81 pacientes com amputação digital (79 homens e 2 mulheres), com idade média de 43 anos e 49 anos (Grupo Amputado e Grupo Reimplante, respectivamente) e 28,4% deles tinham amputação proximal, de acordo com a classificação de Biemer, enquanto 71,6% tinham amputação distal. A ocupação mais comum foi a de pedreiro (19,75%), mas 80,24% eram trabalhadores manuais. 65% dos pacientes retornaram ao trabalho anterior. 77,77% dos pacientes afetaram a mão não dominante, e a serra circular causou 77,77% das amputações. A taxa de sucesso para reimplantes foi de 78%. O tempo de isquemia foi de 9 horas e o tempo de porta-quarto foi de 2 horas. Conclusão: O estudo revelou que as taxas de reimplante foram altas nas condições de isquemia e tempo porta-sala, e a maioria dos pacientes vítimas de amputação traumática do polegar são homens em idade de trabalho e com baixa escolaridade. Nível de Evidência II, Estudo retrospectivo.

Combined traditional Chinese medicine therapy for the treatment of infertility with polycystic ovary syndrome: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) infertility has attracted great attention from researchers due to its high incidence. Numerous studies have shown that Chinese medicine is effective in treating this disease, but there is a wide variety of Chinese medicine therapies available, and there is a lack of comparative evaluation of the efficacy of various Chinese medicine combination therapies in the clinic, which requires further in-depth exploration. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of a combined traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy for the treatment of infertility with PCOS using network meta-analysis (NMA). METHODS: In PubMed, web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China Knowledge Network, Wanfang Data, VIP Database, China Biomedical Literature Database (SinoMed) databases, searchs were conducted for information about the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of combined TCM therapy for the treatment of infertility with PCOS. Quality evaluation was performed using the Cochrane 5.3 risk of bias assessment tool, and NMA using Stata 16.0. RESULTS: This study comprised 28 RCTs using 8 combined TCM therapies in total. The results of the NMA showed that moxibustion + herbal, fire acupuncture + herbal, acupuncture + herbal, electroacupuncture + herbal, and acupoint application + herbal improved the clinical pregnancy rate better than acupuncture, herbal, and western medicines monotherapy (P < .05). Additionally, ear point pressure + herbal enema + herbal, acupuncture and moxibustion + herbal, fire acupuncture + herbal, and acupuncture + herbal improved the ovulation rate better than acupuncture, herbal, and western medicines monotherapy (P < .05). Moxibustion + herbal, fire acupuncture + herbal, and acupuncture + herbal are the 3 most effective therapies for improving the clinical pregnancy rate. Fire acupuncture + herbal, acupuncture + herbal, and ear point pressure + herbal enema + herbal are the 3 most effective therapies for improving the ovulation rate. CONCLUSION: The combined TCM therapy demonstrated better efficacy for the treatment of infertility with PCOS compared to acupuncture, herbal, and western medicines monotherapy. However, the optimal treatment therapy varied depending on the outcome indicators. Further large sample, high-quality, and standardized RCTs are needed to verify these findings.

Microencapsulated rice bran alleviates hyperlipidemia induced by high-fat diet via regulating lipid metabolism and gut microbiota.

Hyperlipidemia has been suggested to be associated with dysregulation of lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. The present study prepared microencapsulated rice bran (MRB) with high stability based on in situ rice bran oil embedding and investigated the effects of MRB on lipid metabolism and gut microbiota in hyperlipidemic mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD). Results showed that compared to HFD fed mice, lipid levels in serum and hepatic lipid accumulation were reduced in mice fed with MRB, which was potentially associated with the fact that MRB decreased the expression of genes related to lipogenesis (Srebp1c, Acc, Hmgcr, and Fas) and increased the expression of genes related to lipid catabolism (Hsl, Atgl) and oxidation (Acox, Cpt1, Ucp1) (p < 0.05). In gut, MRB supplementation significantly elevated the abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Dubosiella and Faecalibaculum. In addition, significant increase in short-chain fatty acid was observed in mice from MRB groups when compared to HFD groups (p < 0.05). Overall, this study suggested that MRB could alleviate the hyperlipidemia induced by HFD, which was related to the alteration of lipid metabolism and gut microbiota.

FOXM1/DEPDC1 feedback loop promotes hepatocarcinogenesis and represents promising targets for cancer therapy.

Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is a key regulator of mitosis and is identified as an oncogene involved in several kinds of human malignancies. However, how it induces carcinogenesis and related therapeutic approaches remains not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to identify a regulatory axis involving FOXM1 and its target gene DEP domain containing 1 (DEPDC1) and investigate their biological functions. FOXM1 bound to the promoter and transcriptionally induced DEPDC1 expression, in turn, DEPDC1 physically interacted with FOXM1, promoted its nuclear translocation, and reinforced its transcriptional activities. The FOXM1/DEPDC1 axis was indispensable for cancer cells, as evidenced by the fact that DEPDC1 rescued cell growth inhibition caused by FOXM1 knockdown, and silencing DEPDC1 efficiently attenuated tumor growth in a murine hepatocellular carcinoma model. Furthermore, strong positive associations between FOXM1/DEPDC1 axis and poor clinical outcome were observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma samples, further indicating their significance for hepatocarcinogenesis. Finally, we attempted to exploit immunotherapy approaches to target the FOXM1/DEPDC1 axis. Several HLA-A24:02-restricted T-cell epitopes targeting FOXM1 or DEPDC1 were identified through bioinformatic analysis. Then, T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T cells targeting FOXM1262-270 or DEPDC1294-302 were successfully established and proved to efficiently eradicate tumor cells. Our findings highlight the significance of the FOXM1/DEPDC1 axis in the process of oncogenesis and indicate their potential as immunotherapy targets.

A Lateral Flow-Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Method for Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Detection.

The greater yam (Dioscorea alata), a widely cultivated and nutritious food crop, suffers from widespread yield reduction due to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Latent infection often occurs before anthracnose phenotypes can be detected, making early prevention difficult and causing significant harm to agricultural production. Through comparative genomic analysis of 60 genomes of 38 species from the Colletotrichum genus, this study identified 17 orthologous gene groups (orthogroups) that were shared by all investigated C. gloeosporioides strains but absent from all other Colletotrichum species. Four of the 17 C. gloeosporioides-specific orthogroups were used as molecular markers for PCR primer designation and C. gloeosporioides detection. All of them can specifically detect C. gloeosporioides out of microbes within and beyond the Colletotrichum genus with different sensitivities. To establish a rapid, portable, and operable anthracnose diagnostic method suitable for field use, specific recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) primer probe combinations were designed, and a lateral flow (LF)-RPA detection kit for C. gloeosporioides was developed, with the sensitivity reaching the picogram (pg) level. In conclusion, this study identified C. gloeosporioides-specific molecular markers and developed an efficient method for C. gloeosporioides detection, which can be applied to the prevention and control of yam anthracnose as well as anthracnose caused by C. gloeosporioides in other crops. The strategy adopted by this study also serves as a reference for the identification of molecular markers and diagnosis of other plant pathogens.

MMP-1, MMP-8, and MMP-13 Gene Polymorphisms and Haplotype Is a Risk Factor for Dupuytren Contracture: A Case-Control Study.

BACKGROUND: There is an increased tissue expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) on Dupuytren contracture (DC). Genetic polymorphisms (single nucleotide polymorphism [SNPs]) in genes of these enzymes may individually influence these transcriptions. Haplotype analysis, which is the observation of a group of alleles, could be more useful to identify the association between SNPs and DC. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of MMP-1 g.-1607 G>GG (rs1799750), MMP-8 g.-799 C>T (rs11225395), and MMP-13 g.-77 A>G (rs2252070) SNPs individually and in haplotype on DC. METHODS: A total of 60 patients with a clinical diagnosis of DC were evaluated and matched, according to age and gender, with the control group of 100 patients without this clinical diagnosis. Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples, and genotypes were obtained by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Statistical analysis of the results included Mann-Whitney U test, Chi-squared test, and PHASE and R software, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: The 3 SNPs studied showed significant differences in allele and genotype frequencies between the groups: 2G in MMP-1 (P = .018; odds ratio [OR] 1.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13-2.88)), T in MMP-8 (P = .015; OR 0.53 (95% CI, 0.33-0.88)), and A in MMP-13 (rs2252070) SNPs (P = .040, OR 0.54 (95% CI, 0.33-0.90)) are risk alleles. The global haplotype analysis indicated a significant difference between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, MMP-1 g.-1607 G>GG (rs1799750), MMP-8 g.-799 C>T (rs11225395), and MMP-13 g.-77 A>G (rs2252070) SNPs, individually and in haplotype, are a risk factor for DC, indicating that these SNPs may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic factor for DC.

Discovery of tumor-reactive T cell receptors by massively parallel library synthesis and screening.

T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy is a potent form of cellular immunotherapy in which patient T cells are genetically engineered to express TCRs with defined tumor reactivity. However, the isolation of therapeutic TCRs is complicated by both the general scarcity of tumor-specific T cells among patient T cell repertoires and the patient-specific nature of T cell epitopes expressed on tumors. Here we describe a high-throughput, personalized TCR discovery pipeline that enables the assembly of complex synthetic TCR libraries in a one-pot reaction, followed by pooled expression in reporter T cells and functional genetic screening against patient-derived tumor or antigen-presenting cells. We applied the method to screen thousands of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-derived TCRs from multiple patients and identified dozens of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell-derived TCRs with potent tumor reactivity, including TCRs that recognized patient-specific neoantigens.

Deficiency in SLC25A15, a hypoxia-responsive gene, promotes hepatocellular carcinoma by reprogramming glutamine metabolism.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The role of solute carrier family 25 member 15 (SLC25A15), a critical component of the urea cycle, in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression remains poorly understood. This study investigated the impact of SLC25A15 on HCC progression and its mechanisms. METHODS: We systematically investigated the function of SLC25A15 in HCC progression using large-scale data mining and cell, animal, and organoid models. Furthermore, we analyzed its involvement in reprogramming glutamine metabolism. RESULTS: SLC25A15 expression was significantly decreased in HCC tissues, and patients with low SLC25A15 levels had a poorer prognosis. Hypoxia-exposed HCC cells or tissues had lower SLC25A15 expression. A positive correlation between HNF4A, a transcription factor suppressed by hypoxia, and SLC25A15 was observed in both HCC tissues and cells. Modulating HNF4A levels altered SLC25A15 mRNA levels. SLC25A15 upregulated SLC1A5, increasing glutamine uptake. The reactive metabolic pathway of glutamine was increased in SLC25A15-deficient HCC cells, providing energy for HCC progression through additional lipid synthesis. Ammonia accumulation due to low SLC25A15 levels suppressed the expression of OGDHL (oxoglutarate dehydrogenase L), a switch gene that mediates SLC25A15 deficiency-induced reprogramming of glutamine metabolism. SLC25A15-deficient HCC cells were more susceptible to glutamine deprivation and glutaminase inhibitors. Intervening in glutamine metabolism increased SLC25A15-deficient HCC cells' response to anti-PD-L1 treatment. CONCLUSION: SLC25A15 is hypoxia-responsive in HCC, and low SLC25A15 levels result in glutamine reprogramming through SLC1A5 and OGDHL regulation, promoting HCC progression and regulating cell sensitivity to anti-PD-L1. Interrupting the glutamine-derived energy supply is a potential therapeutic strategy for treating SLC25A15-deficient HCC. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS: We first demonstrated the tumor suppressor role of solute carrier family 25 member 15 (SLC25A15) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and showed that its deficiency leads to reprogramming of glutamine metabolism to promote HCC development. SLC25A15 can serve as a potential biomarker to guide the development of precision therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting glutamine deprivation. Furthermore, we highlight that the use of an inhibitor of glutamine utilization can enhance the sensitivity of low SLC25A15 HCC to anti-PD-L1 therapy.

Multi-average high-acceleration modified volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) for free-breathing multiphase contrast-enhanced liver MRI: a comparative study with breath-hold VIBE.

BACKGROUND: Breath-hold volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (BH-VIBE) of multiphase contrast-enhanced liver magnetic resonance imaging (MPCE-LMRI) requires good cooperative individuals to comply with multiple breath-holds. PURPOSE: To develop a free-breathing modified VIBE (FB-mVIBE) as a substitute of BH-VIBE in MPCE-LMRI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We modified VIBE with a high acceleration factor (2 × 2) and four averages to produce the mVIBE scan. A total of 90 individuals (40 men; mean age = 54.6 ± 10.0 years) who had received MPCE-LMRI as part of a voluntary health check-up for oncology survey were enrolled. Each participant was scanned in four phases (pre-contrast, arterial phase, venous phase, and delay phase), and each phase had two sequential scans. To encounter the timing effect of contrast enhancement, three scan orders were designed: BH-VIBE and FB-mVIBE (group A, n = 30); BH-VIBE and FB-VIBE (group B, n = 30); and FB-mVIBE and BH-VIBE (group C, n = 30). The comparisons included the objective measurements and 25 visual-score by two abdominal radiologists independently. RESULTS: Consistency between raters was observed for all three sequences (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.741-0.829). For rater 1, the mean scores of FB-mVIBE (23.67 ± 1.32) were equal to those of BH-VIBE (23.83 ± 1.98) in groups C and B (P = 0.852). The mean scores of FB-mVIBE (22.07 ± 3.02), but significantly higher than those of FB-VIBE (14.7 ± 3.41) in groups A and B (P <0.001). Similar scores were found for rater 2. The objective measurement of FB-mVIBE were equal to or higher than BH-VIBE and markedly superior to FB-VIBE. CONCLUSION: FB-mVIBE is a practical alternative to BH-VIBE for individuals who cannot cooperate with multiple breath-holds for MPCE-LMRI.

Dynamic changes at high-protein dietary pattern of major fatty acids in healthy lactating women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Fatty acids (FAs) in human milk are important nutrients for infants. They play important roles in energy supply, nervous system development, and metabolic function maintenance. However, how the composition of major milk FAs change with lactation stages remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: To systematically review the concentration range of major FAs in human milk at various lactation stages. METHODS: A total of 12 papers involving 50 sets of data with 3507 participants were reviewed according to the PRISMA checklist and flow diagram. The inclusion criteria was the literatures had the FAs contents in breast milk of healthy lactation mothers at three lactation stages and the dietary patterns could be calculated. The exclusion criteria were: the studies were duplicates, were unrelated to dietary patterns or breast milk composition, and/or the study populations were unhealthy. We searched PubMed, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure, WanFang, and Web of science. Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) was used to assess the bias of studies. The mean values of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) including docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), linoleic acid (LA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and saturated fatty acids (SFAs, including lauric acid and palmitic acid), in human milk at three lactation stages (colostrum 1-7 d, transitional milk 8-14 d, mature milk 15 d-3 mo) of healthy lactating women were investigated in terms of the high protein dietary pattern. Publication biases were evaluated by Egger's test. RESULTS: According to the percentage in total fat of colostrum, transitional milk, and mature milk (% wt/wt), respectively, the results showed that PUFA (25.72%, 24.92%, and 22.69%), AA (0.85%, 0.76%, and 0.59%), DHA (0.53%, 0.47%, and 0.39%), EPA (0.15%, 0.10%, and 0.10%), and MUFA (37.39%, 37.21%, and 36.14%) contents in breast milk decreased with lactation, while another two PUFA forms, LA (17.47%, 17.82%, and 17.48%), and ALA (1.09%, 1.39%, and 1.24%) arrived at a peak in the transitional milk and then decreased in the mature milk, SFA (37.46%, 38.64%, and 40.52%), and lauric acid contents (2.78%, 4.91%, and 4.97%) increased with the lactation stages. CONCLUSION: These findings could shed light on the dynamic change progress of major FA metabolism, potentially enhancing the knowledge of lactation biology, and improving infant feeding practices to meet their needs.

The improvement of tyrosol bioavailability by encapsulation into liposomes using pH-driven method.

To improve the poor water solubility and oral bioavailability of tyrosol, novel tyrosol liposomes (Tyr-LPs) were prepared by pH-driven method. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that Tyr-LPs were successfully encapsulated and tyrosol was in an amorphous state in liposomes. When tyrosol content in Tyr-LP was 1.33 mg/ml and the Tyr:LP (mass ratio) = 1:2, favorable dispersibility of Tyr-LP was exhibited, with an instability index of 0.049 ± 0.004, PDI of 0.274 ± 0.003, and the EE of 94.8 ± 2.5 %. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies showed that after oral administration of tyrosol or Tyr-LP (Tyr:LP = 1:2), concentration-versus-time curve (AUC0-720mins) and maximum concentration (Cmax) values of Tyr-LP was respectively 1.5-fold (P < 0.01) and 2.25-fold (P < 0.01) higher than tyrosol, which indicated that the oral bioavailability of tyrosol was effectively improved in Tyr-LPs. Our study thereby provides theoretical support for the application of Tyr-LP for optimal delivery of tryosol.

1,3-Dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoyl-glycerol: Structure-function relationship, triacylglycerols preparation, nutrition value.

Based on multivariate statistics, this review compared major triacylglycerols (TAGs) in animal milk and human milk fat from China and other countries. Human milk fat differs from animal milk fat in that it has longer acyl chains and higher concentrations of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (O-P-O) and 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (O-P-L). O-P-L is a significant and distinct TAG in human milk fat, particularly in China. 1-oleoyl-2-palmitoyl-3-linoleoylglycerol (OPL) is human milk's major triglyceride molecule of O-P-L, accounting for more than 70%. As a result, OPL has piqued the interest of Chinese academics. The synthesis process and nutritional outcomes of OPL have been studied, including changes in gut microbiota, serum lipid composition, improved fatty acid and calcium absorption, and increased total bile acid levels. However, current OPL research is limited. Therefore, this review discussed enzymatic preparation of 1,3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoyl-glycerol (OPO) and OPL and their nutritional and physiological activity to direct future research direction for sn-2 palmitate and OPL.

Differences in Absorption and Metabolism between Structured 1,3-Oleate-2-palmitate Glycerol and 1-Oleate-2-palmitate-3-linoleate Glycerol on C57BL/6J Mice.

This study investigated differences in absorption and metabolism between 1,3-oleate-2-palmitate glycerol (OPO) and 1-oleate-2-palmitate-3-linoleate glycerol (OPL) using C57BL/6J mice. OPL was associated with higher postprandial plasma total triacylglycerol (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations, and the ratio of LDL-C to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared to those of OPO (p > 0.05). OPO significantly increased postprandial oleic acid (OA) concentrations compared to OPL over the entire monitoring period (p < 0.05), while OPL significantly elevated linoleic acid (LA) levels compared to OPO (p < 0.05). After 1 month of feeding, the mice in both OPO and OPL groups showed lower final weight, weight gain, and liver TG, LDL-C, and LDL/HDL concentrations compared to the control (soybean oil) group. Lipidomics results showed that OPO increased the biosynthesis of very long-chain fatty acids and decreased the abundance of AcCa (16:1), AcCa (18:2), AcCa (18:1), AcCa (16:0), CarE (16:0), and CarE (16:1) relative to OPL. These lipid metabolites were positively correlated with liver TG, LDL-C, and LDL/HDL levels and negatively related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α (PPARα) and acyl-CoA oxidase (ACOX1) expression. This study showed differences in physiologic functions between OPO and OPL and provided support for the future application of OPL in infant formula.

Development of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyethylene Glycol Copolymer-based Orodispersible Films Loaded with Entecavir: Formulation and In vitro Characterization.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study is to prepare entecavir (ETV)-loaded orodispersible films (ODFs) using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) graft copolymer (Kollicoat® IR) as a film-forming agent, and further to evaluate the dissolution rate, mechanical and physicochemical properties of films. METHODS: ETV-ODFs were prepared by a solvent casting method. The amount of film-forming agent, plasticizer, and disintegrating agent was optimized in terms of the appearance, thickness, disintegration time and mechanical properties of ODFs. The compatibility between the drug and each excipient was conducted under high temperature (60 °C), high humidity (RH 92.5%), and strong light (4500 Lx) for 10 days. The dissolution study of optimal ODFs compared with the original commercial tablet (Baraclude®) was performed using a paddle method in pH 1.0, pH 4.5, pH 6.8, and pH 7.4 media at 37 °C. The morphology of ODFs was observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties such as tensile strength (TS), elastic modulus (EM), and percentage elongation (E%) of ODFs were evaluated using the universal testing machine. The physicochemical properties of ODFs investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). RESULTS: The related substances were less than 0.5% under high temperature, high humidity, and strong light for 10 days when ETV was mixed with excipients. The optimal formulation of ODFs was set as the quality ratio of Kollicoat® IR, glycerol, sodium alginate (ALG-Na): TiO2: MCC+CMC-Na: ETV was 60:9:12:1:1:1. The drug-loaded ODFs were white and translucent with excellent stripping property. The thickness, disintegration time, EM, TS, and E% were 103.33±7.02 µm, 25.31±1.95 s, 25.34±8.69 Mpa, 2.14±0.26 Mpa, and 65.45±19.41 %, respectively. The cumulative drug release from ODFs was more than 90% in four different media at 10 min. The SEM showed that the drug was highly dispersible in ODFs, and the XRD, DSC, and FT-IR results showed that there occurred some interactions between the drug and excipients. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the developed ETV-loaded ODFs showed relatively short disintegration time, rapid drug dissolution, and excellent mechanical properties. This might be an alternative to conventional ETV Tablets for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.

The digestion and absorption characteristics of human milk phospholipid analogs: a combination study between in vitro and in vivo.

Phospholipids play a crucial role in the growth and neurodevelopment of infants. Currently, soybean phospholipids (SPLs) are the common phospholipid component in most infant formulas (IFs), which, however, shows an obvious difference with the phospholipid (PL) composition of human milk fat. Therefore, in the present study, human milk phospholipid analogs (HMPAs) were prepared by mimicking the composition of PE, PC, PI, PS, and SM in breast milk phospholipids and the composition of the major fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, and C18:2), and their digestion and absorption characteristics were explored using in vitro and mice models. The prepared HMPA contained 26.48% PE, 24.64% PC, 36.19% SM, 6.35% PI, and 6.32% PS, with 40.51% C16:0, 17.02% C18:0, 29.19% C18:1, and 13.26% C18:2, showing different digestive properties relative to SPL. There was little effect on the physical and chemical properties of HMPA under in vitro gastric conditions. The hydrolysis degree, fatty acids release rate, and average particle size decreasing rate of HMPA was significantly higher than that of SPL during digestion in vitro intestine (P < 0.05), showing better digestive process relative to SPL. In terms of the mice model, HMPA had a higher hydrolysis degree in the intestinal tract. Based on the area under curve (AUC) analysis of serum fatty acids, it was found that despite HMPA being absorbed at a slower rate than SPL, it was absorbed more than SPL. In summary, the digestion and absorption of HMPA were preferred to SPL, and these obtained results might provide a theoretical basis for the development and utilization of HMPA in IF.

Histological Compatibility in Distal Neurotizations: A Systematic Review.

Considering the importance of defining the minimum number of axons between recipient and donor branches, that is, the definition of histological compatibility in distal neurotizations for the success of the procedure and the surgeon's freedom to choose individualized strategies for each patient, this systematic review was conducted to find out the most recent studies on the subject. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the importance of the number of axons and the relationship between axon counts in the donor and recipient nerves in the success of nerve transfer. A literature review was performed on five international databases: Web of Science, Scopus, Wiley (Cochrane Database), Embase, and PubMed. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed (2020 version), a guide designed to guide the elaboration of systematic literature reviews. One hundred and fifty-seven studies were found, and 23 were selected based on the eligibility criteria. The articles presented were conclusive in determining the importance of the number of axons in the success of nerve transfer. Still, the relationship between the number of axons in the donor and recipient nerves seems more relevant in the success of transfers and is not always explored by the authors. The review of the articles has provided compelling evidence that the number of axons is a critical determinant of the success of nerve transfer procedures. However, the relationship between the number of axons in the donor nerve and that in the recipient nerve appears to be even more crucial for successful transfers, a factor that is not always adequately explored by authors in the existing literature. Level of evidence : Level IV, therapeutic study.