Comparative evaluation of a language model and human specialists in the application of European guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel diseases and malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Society guidelines on colorectal dysplasia screening, surveillance, and endoscopic management in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are complex, and physician adherence to them is suboptimal. We aimed to evaluate the use of ChatGPT, a large language model, in generating accurate guideline-based recommendations for colorectal dysplasia screening, surveillance, and endoscopic management in IBD in line with European Crohn's and Colitis Organization (ECCO) guidelines. METHODS: 30 clinical scenarios in the form of free text were prepared and presented to three separate sessions of ChatGPT and to eight gastroenterologists (four IBD specialists and four non-IBD gastroenterologists). Two additional IBD specialists subsequently assessed all responses provided by ChatGPT and the eight gastroenterologists, judging their accuracy according to ECCO guidelines. RESULTS: ChatGPT had a mean correct response rate of 87.8%. Among the eight gastroenterologists, the mean correct response rates were 85.8% for IBD experts and 89.2% for non-IBD experts. No statistically significant differences in accuracy were observed between ChatGPT and all gastroenterologists (P=0.95), or between ChatGPT and the IBD experts and non-IBD expert gastroenterologists, respectively (P=0.82). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the potential of language models in enhancing guideline adherence regarding colorectal dysplasia in IBD. Further investigation of additional resources and prospective evaluation in real-world settings are warranted.

Effectiveness and safety of vedolizumab induction with or without budesonide in patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease in Europe: a retrospective observational study.

BACKGROUND: Vedolizumab (VDZ), a gut-selective anti-lymphocyte trafficking integrin antibody, is effective in treating patients with moderately to severely active Crohn's disease (CD). In this study, we examined the real-world effectiveness and safety of induction therapy using VDZ alone or in combination with budesonide (VDZ + BUD) among patients with CD in Belgium, Israel, and Switzerland. METHODS: This retrospective chart review analysis included adult patients with moderately to severely active CD who started induction treatment with VDZ or VDZ + BUD (January 2015 through January 2019). The primary objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness in terms of clinical remission of VDZ alone or VDZ + BUD using patient-reported outcomes (PRO) of abdominal pain (AP) and/or loose stool frequency (LSF) (PRO-2) at weeks 0, 2, 6, 10, and 14. Regression models were used to assess differences and associations between the treatment groups. RESULTS: Overall, 123 patients were included (VDZ, n = 73; VDZ + BUD, n = 50). Clinical remission rates at week 14 were 71.4% (50/70) and 68.0% (34/50) with VDZ and VDZ + BUD, respectively. Mean percentage change in AP and LSF from baseline to week 14 was comparable between the groups. Median (95% confidence interval [CI]) time to clinical remission was 91 [70.0-98.0] and 95 [70.0-98.0] days, respectively. One patient in each group discontinued VDZ and 68.0% of patients in the VDZ + BUD group discontinued BUD before week 14. The rates of overall adverse events were similar between the groups (VDZ, 23.3%; VDZ + BUD, 26.0%). CONCLUSIONS: In this retrospective study, VDZ alone and VDZ + BUD showed similar high remission rates in patients with moderately to severely active CD. Prospective randomized studies are needed to conclude on the role of combining VDZ with BUD. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Not applicable.

Autoimmune Pancreatitis in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Real-World Multicentre Collaborative ECCO CONFER Study.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune pancreatitis [AIP] is rarely associated with inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. The long-term outcomes of AIP and IBD in patients with coexisting AIP-IBD and predictors of complicated AIP course have rarely been reported. METHODS: An ECCO COllaborative Network For Exceptionally Rare case reports project [ECCO-CONFER] collected cases of AIP diagnosed in patients with IBD. Complicated AIP was defined as a composite of endocrine and/or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and/or pancreatic cancer. We explored factors associated with complicated AIP in IBD. RESULTS: We included 96 patients [53% males, 79% ulcerative colitis, 72% type 2 AIP, age at AIP diagnosis 35 ±â€…16 years]. The majority of Crohn's disease [CD] cases [78%] had colonic/ileocolonic involvement. In 59%, IBD preceded AIP diagnosis, whereas 18% were diagnosed simultaneously. Advanced therapy to control IBD was used in 61% and 17% underwent IBD-related surgery. In total, 82% of patients were treated with steroids for AIP, the majority of whom [91%] responded to a single course of treatment. During a mean follow-up of 7 years, AIP complications occurred in 25/96 [26%] individuals. In a multivariate model, older age at AIP diagnosis was associated with a complicated AIP course (odds ratio [OR] = 1.05, p = 0.008), whereas family history of IBD [OR = 0.1, p = 0.03], and CD diagnosis [OR = 0.2, p = 0.04] decreased the risk of AIP complications. No IBD- or AIP-related deaths occurred. CONCLUSIONS: In this large international cohort of patients with concomitant AIP-IBD, most patients have type 2 AIP and colonic IBD. AIP course is relatively benign and long-term outcomes are favourable, but one-quarter develop pancreatic complications. Age, familial history of IBD, and CD may predict uncomplicated AIP course.

The Association Between Low Body-Mass Index and Serious Post-endoscopic Adverse Events.

BACKGROUND: Low body mass index (LBMI) was associated with longer colonoscopy procedure time and procedural failure, and commonly considered to be a risk factor for post-endoscopic adverse events, but evidence is lacking. AIM: We aimed to assess the association between serious adverse events (SAE) and LBMI. METHODS: A single center retrospective cohort of patients with LBMI (BMI ≤ 18.5) undergoing an endoscopic procedure was matched (1:2 ratio) to a comparator group (19 ≤ BMI ≤ 30). Matching was performed according to age, gender, inflammatory bowel disease or malignancy diagnoses, previous abdomino-pelvic surgery, anticoagulation therapy and type of endoscopic procedure. The primary outcome was SAE, defined as bleeding, perforation, aspiration or infection, following the procedure. The attribution between each SAE and the endoscopic procedure was determined. Secondary outcomes included each complication alone and endoscopy-attributed SAEs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied. RESULTS: 1986 patients were included (662 in the LBMI group). Baseline characteristics were mostly similar between the groups. The primary outcome occurred in 31/662 (4.7%) patients in the LBMI group and in 41/1324 (3.1%) patients in the comparator group (p = 0.098). Among the secondary outcomes, infections (2.1% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.016) occurred more frequently in the LBMI group. Multivariate analysis revealed an association between SAE and LBMI (OR 1.76, 95% CI 1.07-2.87), male gender, diagnosis of malignancy, high-risk endoscopic procedure, age > 40 years, and ambulatory setting. CONCLUSION: Low BMI was associated with higher post-endoscopic serious adverse events. Special attention is required when performing endoscopy in this fragile patient population.

Endoscopic Postoperative Recurrence in Crohn's Disease After Curative Ileocecal Resection with Early Prophylaxis by Anti-TNF, Vedolizumab or Ustekinumab: A Real-World Multicentre European Study.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic-post-operative-recurrence [ePOR] in Crohn's disease [CD] after ileocecal resection [ICR] is a major concern. We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of early prophylaxis with biologics and to compare anti-tumour necrosis factor [anti-TNF] therapy to vedolizumab [VDZ] and ustekinumab [UST] in a real-world setting. METHODS: A retrospective multicentre study of CD-adults after curative ICR on early prophylaxis was undertaken. ePOR was defined as a Rutgeerts score [RS] ≥ i2 or colonic-segmental-SES-CD ≥ 6. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate risk factors, and inverse probability treatment weighting [IPTW] was applied to compare the effectiveness between agents. RESULTS: The study included 297 patients (53.9% males, age at diagnosis 24 years [19-32], age at ICR 34 years [26-43], 18.5% smokers, 27.6% biologic-naïve, 65.7% anti-TNF experienced, 28.6% two or more biologics and 17.2% previous surgery). Overall, 224, 39 and 34 patients received anti-TNF, VDZ or UST, respectively. Patients treated with VDZ and UST were more biologic experienced with higher rates of previous surgery. ePOR rates within 1 year were 41.8%. ePOR rates by treatment groups were: anti-TNF 40.2%, VDZ 33% and UST 61.8%. Risk factors for ePOR at 1 year were: past-infliximab (adjusted odds ratio [adj.OR] = 1.73 [95% confidence interval, CI: 1.01-2.97]), past-adalimumab [adj.OR = 2.32 [95% CI: 1.35-4.01] and surgical aspects. After IPTW, the risk of ePOR within 1 year of VDZ vs anti-TNF or UST vs anti-TNF was comparable (OR = 0.55 [95% CI: 0.25-1.19], OR = 1.86 [95% CI: 0.79-4.38]), respectively. CONCLUSION: Prevention of ePOR within 1 year after surgery was successful in ~60% of patients. Patients treated with VDZ or UST consisted of a more refractory group. After controlling for confounders, no differences in ePOR risk were seen between anti-TNF prophylaxis and other groups.

Primary Hypogammaglobulinaemia with Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Like Features: An ECCO CONFER Multicentre Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Hypogammaglobulinaemia is a disorder characterized by low serum immunoglobulin levels and a high prevalence of gastrointestinal manifestations. In some cases, clinical and endoscopic features are indistinguishable from those of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. METHODS: This was a multicentre case series performed as a part of the European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation [ECCO] Collaborative Network of Exceptionally Rare case reports [CONFER] project. RESULTS: This report includes 27 patients with primary hypogammaglobulinaemia and IBD-like features: 20 males and seven females, median age 45.6 years (interquartile range [IQR] 35.2-59). Crohn's disease-like features were noted in 23 patients, and four patients had ulcerative colitis-like features. The diagnosis of hypogammaglobulinaemia preceded a diagnosis of IBD-like features in 20 patients [median of 7 years prior, IQR 2.6-20.6 years], and followed the appearance of IBD-like features in seven cases [median of 1 year after, IQR 0.45-5.6 years]. Hypogammaglobulinaemia aetiologies were common variable immunodeficiency [66.6%], agammaglobulinaemia [7.4%], selective IgA-deficiency [11.1%], Good's syndrome [7.4%], IgG subclass deficiency with IgA deficiency [3.7%] and hyper-IgM [3.7%]. In addition to antibiotics and intravenous immunoglobulin [IVIG] for hypogammaglobulinaemia, 12 patients received IBD-related treatment including 5-aminosalicylate agents [two patients], corticosteroids [one patient], thiopurines [three patients], anti-tumour necrosis factor [four patients] and vedolizumab [two patients]. By the end of the follow-up (44.5 months [IQR 18-81]), 21/27 [77%] patients were in clinical remission. CONCLUSION: This case series describes IBD-like features in patients with hypogammaglobulinaemia. The diagnosis of IBD-like features mainly occurred after that of hypogammaglobulinaemia, with successful recovery in the majority of cases after appropriate treatment.

Short-term effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib in ulcerative colitis - real world data from tertiary medical centers in Israel.

BACKGROUND: We sought to define the effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib in a real-world (RW) cohort of Israeli patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS: This was a multi-center retrospective observational cohort study (2019-2020) to assess the effectiveness and safety of tofacitinib induction and maintenance therapy up to 26 weeks. Clinical response and remission were defined as a reduction in Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI) or partial Mayo score (PMS) of ≥3 points, and SCCAI ≤2 or a PMS ≤1, respectively. RESULTS: We included 73 patients, 47% male; median age 26 years [IQR: 19.5-39.5], disease duration 7 years [IQR: 2.5-14.5], follow-up 7.1 months [IQR: 3-12], 91% biologics-experienced, and 74% ≥ 2-biologics. Half of patients used concomitant corticosteroids (CS). Overall, 56.1% discontinued therapy due to either lack of response and/or adverse events (AEs), median time to discontinuation - 9.7 months [IQR 3.4-16]. Overall, response, remission, and CS-free-remission were achieved in 47.6%, 20.6%, and 17.5% of patients, respectively. At early maintenance (week 26), response, remission, and CS-free-remission were achieved in 65%, 22.5%, and 20% of patients, respectively. At week 26, tofacitinib 10 mg BID was still used in 43%. Seventeen patients (23.2%) had an adverse event including herpes zoster- 2.7%, hospitalization- 12.3%, and colectomy- 2.7%. CONCLUSIONS: Tofacitinib was effective in achieving CS-free-remission in about 1/5 of highly biologics -experienced patients with UC. Despite a considerable proportion of patients maintained on tofacitinib 10 mg bid, it was well tolerated and safe. Earlier positioning of tofacitinib in the therapeutic algorithm may result in improved outcomes.

Safety of Tofacitinib in a Real-World Cohort of Patients With Ulcerative Colitis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Adverse events (AEs) including reactivation of herpes zoster (HZ) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been reported from clinical trials of tofacitinib in ulcerative colitis (UC). We investigated the incidence rates of AEs in a real-world study of UC patients given tofacitinib. METHODS: We collected data from 260 patients with UC in the Tofacitinib Real-world Outcomes in Patients with ulceratIve colitis and Crohn's disease consortium study, performed at 6 medical centers in the United States. Patients were followed up for a median of 6 months (interquartile range, 2.7-11.5 mo). AEs were captured using a standardized data collection instrument before study initiation and at weeks 8, 16, 26, 39, and 52. Serious AEs were defined as life-threatening or resulting in a hospitalization, disability, or discontinuation of therapy. Logistic regression was performed to examine risk factors for AEs. RESULTS: AEs occurred in 41 patients (15.7%); most were infections (N = 13; 5.0%). The incidence rate of any AE was 27.2 (95% CI, 24.4-30.7 per 100 patient-years of follow-up evaluation). Fifteen were serious AEs (36.6% of AEs), and tofacitinib was discontinued for 12 patients (4.6% of cohort). The incidence rates of serious AEs was 10.0 (95% CI, 8.9-11.2 per 100 patient-years of follow-up evaluation). Five patients developed HZ infection and 2 developed VTE (all receiving 10 mg tofacitinib, twice per day). CONCLUSIONS: Real-world safety signals for tofacitinib are similar to those for clinical trials, with AEs reported from almost 16% of patients. HZ infection and VTE occurred in patients receiving 10 mg tofacitinib twice per day. These results support dose de-escalation after induction therapy, to reduce the risk of AEs.

Effectiveness of ustekinumab dose escalation in Crohn's disease patients with insufficient response to standard-dose subcutaneous maintenance therapy.

BACKGROUND: Ustekinumab is effective in Crohn's disease. However, a substantial proportion of patients will not respond or lose response to ustekinumab. The current evidence to support the effectiveness of dose-optimisation for ustekinumab nonresponse is limited. AIM: To assess the effectiveness of dose escalation of ustekinumab. METHODS: This was a multicentre retrospective cohort study. We included active Crohn's disease patients who received a standard-dose intravenous induction and at least one subcutaneous ustekinumab 90 mg dose. All enrolled patients received dose escalation by either shortening the interval between the doses to every 4 or 6 weeks, intravenous reinduction or a combination of strategies. The primary outcome of the study was clinical response at week 16 after dose escalation. RESULTS: A total of 142 patients (22 centres/14 countries) were included. The patients were dose-escalated after a median treatment duration of 30 weeks. At week 16 from escalation, 73/142 (51.4%) responded to treatment, including 55/142 (38.7%) in clinical remission. Corticosteroid-free remission was achieved in 6/34 (17.6%) patients on corticosteroids at the time of escalation; 118/142 (83%) continued treatment beyond week 16. Follow-up data beyond week 16 were available for 74/118 (62.7%) patients. On the last follow-up, 51/98 (52%) patients with available data responded to treatment, including 41/98 (42%) in clinical remission. CONCLUSIONS: Intensification of ustekinumab maintenance dosage was effective in over 50% of the patients. This strategy should be considered in patients who are nonresponsive to every 8 weeks ustekinumab maintenance dosing.

A Comprehensive Review of Topical Therapies for Distal Ulcerative Colitis.

Patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) limited to distal segments of the colon and rectum are often poorly represented in large clinical therapeutic trials, yet they constitute up to two-thirds of all UC patients. The propensity of UC to be most severe distally has also resulted in many oral or systemic therapies with lower levels of therapeutic success and mucosal healing in the distal regions of the colon. Topically administered mesalamine and corticosteroid agents have been utilized for decades in patients with distal UC but are often poorly accepted by patients and their prescribing physicians due to difficulties in administration and embarrassment. Formulation advances in the mesalamine preparations have led to the addition of topical 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) foams and gels to the existing options of liquid enemas and suppositories. Comparable advances in the use of topical corticosteroids have also taken advantage of the development of topical budesonide and similar safer corticosteroid preparations that promise clinical efficacy while delivering fewer systemic corticosteroid side effects. Combination therapy with oral and topical 5-ASA agents, or with topical 5-ASA and topical corticosteroid compounds, has further expanded the armamentarium for prescribers. Novel topical applications of currently existing therapies such as tacrolimus and cyclosporine show varying degrees of promise; the growing area of biologic and novel small molecules raises the possibility of a new wave of topically applied therapies for patients with distal UC and ulcerative proctitis.

Long-Duration Oral Vancomycin to Treat Clostridioides difficile in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Is Associated With a Low Rate of Recurrence.

OBJECTIVES: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are susceptible to Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs), suffering from greater morbidity and mortality than the general population. Previous studies have proven the efficacy of oral vancomycin therapy in CDI, but there are no definitive guidelines to treat patients with IBD. We assessed the relationship between the length of vancomycin therapy and rates of CDI recurrence and reinfection in patients with IBD. METHODS: We compared rates of CDI recurrence and reinfection in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients receiving long-duration (LD) and short-duration (SD) oral vancomycin therapy, defined as 21-42 days and 10-14 days, respectively. Recurrence and reinfection were defined as positive C. difficile toxin assay by polymerase chain reaction within 8 weeks of the end of antibiotic therapy and after 8 weeks of the end of antibiotic therapy, respectively. The Fisher exact test was used to test for significance, and multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to control for other covariables. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-four patients with IBD (57 ulcerative colitis and 77 Crohn's disease) met inclusion criteria. LD vancomycin had a 1.8% incidence of CDI recurrence, compared with 11.7% in the SD vancomycin group (odds ratio = 0.13, P = 0.043). CDI reinfection rates and time to reinfection were not significantly different (LD 14.0% vs SD 16.9%, P = NS). Multivariate logistic regression models showed that treatment with LD vancomycin had lower odds for recurrence than SD vancomycin (odds ratio = 0.03, P = 0.021). DISCUSSION: LD vancomycin is associated with lower rates of CDI recurrence compared with SD vancomycin therapy. These results will help guide clinical decisions and the development of a prospective trial.

New Diagnosis of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome in a Patient With Crohn's Disease.

There are limited data on the natural history of Crohn's disease (CD) in the presence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and the safety of available treatments. We report a patient with CD who presented with pneumocystis pneumonia secondary to newly diagnosed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. One month before his admission, his gastrointestinal symptoms were well controlled without treatment but gradually reappeared after antiretroviral therapy was initiated. Clinical remission was achieved with vedolizumab treatment. We review the management challenges of CD in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus and describe the unique mechanism of anti-α4ß7 integrin therapy in this setting.

Ustekinumab Is Effective for the Treatment of Chronic Antibiotic-Refractory Pouchitis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis (CARP) occurs in up to 15% of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) following proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA). AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of ustekinumab in the treatment of CARP. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center study of UC patients with an IPAA, who subsequently developed CARP and received ustekinumab with standard Crohn's disease (CD) dosing between 2016 and 2018. Patients with CD of the pouch were excluded. Demographic, clinical, and endoscopic data were collected. Outcomes included a change in the endoscopic subscore of the Pouchitis Disease Activity Index (PDAI), change in the ulcerated surface area, clinical response, and the number of bowel movements per 24 h. RESULTS: Twenty-four patients with CARP were included for analysis. Median follow-up time was 12.9 months (IQR 7.9-16). Twelve patients (50%) had a clinical response with the median number of bowel movements within 24 h decreasing from 8 (IQR, 5-12) to 6 (IQR, 5-8) P = 0.002. Thirteen patients had pouchoscopies available post-ustekinumab treatment. In these patients, the median endoscopic subscore of the PDAI decreased from 5 (IQR, 3-6) to 4 (IQR, 2-5), P = 0.016. Likewise, among these thirteen patients, nine (69%) had an ulcerated surface area > 10% before ustekinumab treatment; after treatment with ustekinumab, only four patients (31%) still had an ulcerated surface area of > 10%. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study of ustekinumab treatment for patients with chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis. We found that ustekinumab therapy led to the improvement in clinical and endoscopic endpoints.

Ciclosporin Therapy After Infliximab Failure in Hospitalized Patients With Acute Severe Colitis is Effective and Safe.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Options for medical management of patients with acute severe colitis [ASC] failing intravenous (i.v.) steroids are limited and include rescue therapy with either infliximab or ciclosporin. In patients failing infliximab, second-line rescue therapy with ciclosporin is an alternative. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of ciclosporin in patients with steroid-refractory ASC failing first-line rescue therapy with infliximab. METHODS: This is a retrospective, tertiary centre study undertaken from 2010 to 2017. Included were patients hospitalized for ASC and treated with i.v. ciclosporin after failing i.v. steroids and infliximab within the previous 2 months. Time to colectomy, clinical response, and occurrence of adverse events were analysed. RESULTS: Forty patients with steroid-resistant ASC were included. Patients were followed for a median of 13 months (interquartile range [IQR] 5-32 months). Colectomy-free survival was 65%, 59.4%, and 41.8% at 1 month, 3 months and 1 year, respectively. Sixty percent of patients [24/40] achieved clinical remission at a median of 2 weeks [IQR 1-3 weeks]. Infliximab levels before ciclosporin infusion were available for 26 patients [median level 17.5 mg/mL, IQR 8-34 mg/mL] and were not associated with adverse events. Sixteen patients [40%] experienced adverse events after ciclosporin treatment, but none resulted in drug discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with i.v. steroid-refractory ASC who failed infliximab therapy, second-line rescue therapy with ciclosporin was shown to be effective and safe. This is the largest patient cohort to receive ciclosporin as second-line rescue therapy for ASC. We believe that ciclosporin may be offered to selected patients prior to referral for colectomy.

Differential risk of disease progression between isolated anastomotic ulcers and mild ileal recurrence after ileocolonic resection in patients with Crohn's disease.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is standard of care to perform ileocolonoscopy within a year of ileocolonic resection for Crohn's disease (CD) and to guide management decisions based on the Rutgeert score (RS). The modified RS subdivides i2 into lesions confined to the anastomosis (i2a) or >5 aphthous lesions in the neoterminal ileum (i2b). There is uncertainty, however, if i2a lesions incur an increased risk of disease recurrence. The primary aim of this study was to compare the rates of endoscopic progression between i2a and i2b when compared with i0-i1. METHODS: This was a retrospective, single-center study including patients with CD who had an ileocolonoscopy ≤12 months after ileocolonic resection with primary anastomosis and who had >1 year of documented clinical follow-up after the index endoscopic evaluation. All consecutive eligible patients between 2004 and 2014 were included in the study. Demographic, disease, and treatment data were collected. Patients with i3 or i4 at index colonoscopy were excluded from further analyses. Outcomes included endoscopic progression and recurrent surgery. For patients with RS of i0 to i2, endoscopic progression was predefined as progression of the RS in subsequent colonoscopies to i3 or i4. Recurrent surgical interventions were defined as re-resection or stricturoplasty of the previous ileocolonic anastomosis. RESULTS: Two hundred seven CD patients (median age, 36 years [interquartile range, 26-48]) had an ileocolonoscopy ≤12 months after ileocolonic resection. At index colonoscopy, 95 patients (45.9%) had an RS of i0, 31 (14.9%) i1, 40 (19.3%) i2a, 25 (12.1%) i2b, 10 (4.8%) i3, and 6 (2.9%) i4. One hundred ninety-one patients had an RS of i0 to i2 and were included in the analyses for recurrent surgery. One hundred forty-nine patients had a second endoscopic evaluation and were included in the analysis for the primary outcome of endoscopic disease progression. Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed and found the hazard ratio (HR) of endoscopic progression to be significantly higher with i2b lesions when compared with i0 or i1 (HR, 6.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.38-16.2; P = .0008). Patients with i2a did not have significantly higher rates of endoscopic progression when compared with i0 or i1 (HR, 2.30; 95% CI, .80-6.66; P = .12). Likewise, patients with i2b lesions had higher risk of needing recurrent surgery when compared with i0 or i1 (HR, 3.64; 95% CI, 1.10-12.1; P = .034), whereas patients with i2a lesions were not found to have a significantly elevated risk of recurrent surgery (HR, 1.43; 95% CI, .35-5.77; P = .62). CONCLUSION: Endoscopic lesions limited to the ileocolonic anastomosis (RS i2a) in patients with CD undergoing colonoscopy within 1 year of their resection were not associated with a significantly higher rate of progression to more severe disease, whereas those in the neoileum (RS i2b) were. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Real-World Experience with Tofacitinib in IBD at a Tertiary Center.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Many inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients do not respond to medical therapy. Tofacitinib is a first-in-class, partially selective inhibitor of Janus kinase, recently approved for treating patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). We describe our experience with the use of tofacitinib for treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe IBD. METHODS: This is a retrospective, observational study of the use of tofacitinib in IBD. Patients with medically resistant IBD were treated orally with 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily. Clinical response and adverse events were assessed at 8, 26, and 52 weeks. Objective response was assessed endoscopically, radiologically, and biochemically. RESULTS: 58 patients (53 UC, 4 Crohn's, 1 pouchitis) completed at least 8 weeks of treatment with tofacitinib. 93% of the patients previously failed treatment with anti-TNF. At 8 weeks of treatment, 21 patients (36%) achieved a clinical response, and 19 (33%) achieved clinical remission. Steroid-free remission at 8 weeks was achieved in 15 patients (26%). Of the 48 patients followed for 26 weeks, 21% had clinical, steroid-free remission. Of the 26 patients followed for 12 months, 27% were in clinical, steroid-free remission. Twelve episodes of systemic infections were noted, mostly while on concomitant steroids. One episode of herpes zoster infection was noted during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients with moderate-to-severe, anti-TNF resistant IBD, tofacitinib induced clinical response in 69% of the patients. 27% were in clinical, steroid-free remission by 1 year of treatment. Tofacitinib is an effective therapeutic option for this challenging patient population.

Cell-centred meta-analysis reveals baseline predictors of anti-TNFα non-response in biopsy and blood of patients with IBD.

OBJECTIVE: Although anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNFα) therapies represent a major breakthrough in IBD therapy, their cost-benefit ratio is hampered by an overall 30% non-response rate, adverse side effects and high costs. Thus, finding predictive biomarkers of non-response prior to commencing anti-TNFα therapy is of high value. DESIGN: We analysed publicly available whole-genome expression profiles of colon biopsies obtained from multiple cohorts of patients with IBD using a combined computational deconvolution-meta-analysis paradigm which allows to estimate immune cell contribution to the measured expression and capture differential regulatory programmes otherwise masked due to variation in cellular composition. Insights from this in silico approach were experimentally validated in biopsies and blood samples of three independent test cohorts. RESULTS: We found the proportion of plasma cells as a robust pretreatment biomarker of non-response to therapy, which we validated in two independent cohorts of immune-stained colon biopsies, where a plasma cellular score from inflamed biopsies was predictive of non-response with an area under the curve (AUC) of 82%. Meta-analysis of the cell proportion-adjusted gene expression data suggested that an increase in inflammatory macrophages in anti-TNFα non-responding individuals is associated with the upregulation of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) and chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2)-chemokine ligand 7 (CCL7) -axes. Blood gene expression analysis of an independent cohort, identified TREM-1 downregulation in non-responders at baseline, which was predictive of response with an AUC of 94%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study proposes two clinically feasible assays, one in biopsy and one in blood, for predicting non-response to anti-TNFα therapy prior to initiation of treatment. Moreover, it suggests that mechanism-driven novel drugs for non-responders should be developed.

Emerging Therapies for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic heterogeneous group of diseases that has undergone major advances in the understanding of its etiology and pathogenesis in recent years. The development of biologics had resulted in better overall management of the disease, including lower rates of surgery and better long-term clinical and patient-reported outcomes. Treatment modalities have either been newly developed or extrapolated from their approved use for a different indication. Modes of action and treatment targets have varied as well. Treatments such as vedolizumab and ustekinumab, as well as second-generation corticosteroids have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of IBD. Other agents are currently being developed at various stages of clinical trials including anti-adhesion agents such as etrolizumab and abrilumab, JAK inhibitors such as tofacitinib, and anti-trafficking molecules. Toll-like receptors and phosphatidylcholine are also new promising emerging targets that are being investigated in phase 3 clinical trials. It is projected that many therapies will become available in the coming years if supported by the results of current clinical trials. This will provide IBD patients with a wide array of options and allow physicians to choose the best therapies for each individual patient.