Isotopically characterised N2 O reference materials for use as community standards.

RATIONALE: Information on the isotopic composition of nitrous oxide (N2 O) at natural abundance supports the identification of its source and sink processes. In recent years, a number of mass spectrometric and laser spectroscopic techniques have been developed and are increasingly used by the research community. Advances in this active research area, however, critically depend on the availability of suitable N2 O isotope Reference Materials (RMs). METHODS: Within the project Metrology for Stable Isotope Reference Standards (SIRS), seven pure N2 O isotope RMs have been developed and their 15 N/14 N, 18 O/16 O, 17 O/16 O ratios and 15 N site preference (SP) have been analysed by specialised laboratories against isotope reference materials. A particular focus was on the 15 N site-specific isotopic composition, as this measurand is both highly diagnostic for source appointment and challenging to analyse and link to existing scales. RESULTS: The established N2 O isotope RMs offer a wide spread in delta (δ) values: δ15 N: 0 to +104‰, δ18 O: +39 to +155‰, and δ15 NSP : -4 to +20‰. Conversion and uncertainty propagation of δ15 N and δ18 O to the Air-N2 and VSMOW scales, respectively, provides robust estimates for δ15 N(N2 O) and δ18 O(N2 O), with overall uncertainties of about 0.05‰ and 0.15‰, respectively. For δ15 NSP , an offset of >1.5‰ compared with earlier calibration approaches was detected, which should be revisited in the future. CONCLUSIONS: A set of seven N2 O isotope RMs anchored to the international isotope-ratio scales was developed that will promote the implementation of the recommended two-point calibration approach. Particularly, the availability of δ17 O data for N2 O RMs is expected to improve data quality/correction algorithms with respect to δ15 NSP and δ15 N analysis by mass spectrometry. We anticipate that the N2 O isotope RMs will enhance compatibility between laboratories and accelerate research progress in this emerging field.

Identifying causes of poor water quality in a Polish agricultural catchment for designing effective and targeted mitigation measures.

The Gowienica Miedwianska catchment is a small agricultural catchment located in the NW of Poland draining into Lake Miedwie, on which a drinking water source for the city of Szczecin is located. The catchment is characterized by very rich soils. Subsequently, agriculture is intensive and this is thought to influence the poor water quality in the local area. Despite more than 20 years since first programmes of measures towards protection of water quality have been introduced into the catchment, these have not been produced the expected results, and the local farming community cites other sources such as poor sewage management rather that agricultural activity, as responsible for this problem. Evaluation of flow pathways in the catchment and identification of the areas responsible for the highest impact on local water quality was therefore conducted within the EU funded project Waterprotect. The aim of this study was to clarify sources of pollution precisely in space and time, in order to increase trust from stakeholders, so that targeted measures can be used effectively to improve water quality. The study included water quality monitoring, isotopic analysis and numerical flow modelling. Results showed that water quality in the catchment is spatially and temporally variable. 93% of nitrogen loadings into the Miedwie lake have been attributed to agriculture and only 7% to wastewater inputs. The local hydrology and hydrogeology play an important role in the distribution of the impacts from these inputs. As a result, three sub-catchments were identified which are differentiated by dominant pollution source, land use, and hydraulic characteristics. The highest inputs from agriculture have been identified in the most upper sub-catchment and this area have been pointed out as most suitable for implementation of agricultural best management practices towards protection of water quality at a local level.

Hydrogeological Controls on Regional-Scale Indirect Nitrous Oxide Emission Factors for Rivers.

Indirect nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from rivers are currently derived using poorly constrained default IPCC emission factors (EF5r) which yield unreliable flux estimates. Here, we demonstrate how hydrogeological conditions can be used to develop more refined regional-scale EF5r estimates required for compiling accurate national greenhouse gas inventories. Focusing on three UK river catchments with contrasting bedrock and superficial geologies, N2O and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations were analyzed in 651 river water samples collected from 2011 to 2013. Unconfined Cretaceous Chalk bedrock regions yielded the highest median N2O-N concentration (3.0 µg L-1), EF5r (0.00036), and N2O-N flux (10.8 kg ha-1 a-1). Conversely, regions of bedrock confined by glacial deposits yielded significantly lower median N2O-N concentration (0.8 µg L-1), EF5r (0.00016), and N2O-N flux (2.6 kg ha-1 a-1), regardless of bedrock type. Bedrock permeability is an important control in regions where groundwater is unconfined, with a high N2O yield from high permeability chalk contrasting with significantly lower median N2O-N concentration (0.7 µg L-1), EF5r (0.00020), and N2O-N flux (2.0 kg ha-1 a-1) on lower permeability unconfined Jurassic mudstone. The evidence presented here demonstrates EF5r can be differentiated by hydrogeological conditions and thus provide a valuable proxy for generating improved regional-scale N2O emission estimates.

Opening Opportunities for High-Resolution Isotope Analysis - Quantification of δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 in Diffusive Equilibrium in Thin-Film Passive Samplers.

The fate of nitrate transported across groundwater-surface water interfaces has been intensively studied in recent decades. The interfaces between aquifers and rivers or lakes have been identified as biogeochemical hotspots with steep redox gradients. However, a detailed understanding of the spatial heterogeneity and potential temporal variability of these hotspots, and the consequences for nitrogen processing, is still hindered by a paucity of adequate measurement techniques. A novel methodology is presented here, using Diffusive Equilibrium in Thin-film (DET) gels as high-spatial-resolution passive-samplers of δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 to investigate nitrogen cycling. Fractionation of δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 during diffusion of nitrate through the DET gel was determined using varying equilibrium times and nitrate concentrations. This demonstrated that nitrate isotopes of δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 do not fractionate when sampled with a DET gel. δ15NNO3 values from the DET gels ranged between 2.3 ± 0.2 and 2.7 ± 0.3‰ for a NO3- stock solution value of 2.7 ± 0.4‰, and δ18ONO3 values ranged between 18.3 ± 1.0 and 21.5 ± 0.8‰ for a NO3- stock solution of 19.7 ± 0.9‰. Nitrate recovery and isotope values were independent of equilibrium time and nitrate concentration. Additionally, an in situ study showed that nitrate concentration and isotopes provide unique, high-resolution data that enable improved understanding of nitrogen cycling in freshwater sediments.

Isotopic signals of summer denitrification in a northern hardwood forested catchment.

Despite decades of measurements, the nitrogen balance of temperate forest catchments remains poorly understood. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition often greatly exceeds streamwater nitrogen losses; the fate of the remaining nitrogen is highly uncertain. Gaseous losses of nitrogen to denitrification are especially poorly documented and are often ignored. Here, we provide isotopic evidence (δ(15)NNO3 and δ(18)ONO3) from shallow groundwater at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest indicating extensive denitrification during midsummer, when transient, perched patches of saturation developed in hillslopes, with poor hydrological connectivity to the stream, while streamwater showed no isotopic evidence of denitrification. During small rain events, precipitation directly contributed up to 34% of streamwater nitrate, which was otherwise produced by nitrification. Together, these measurements reveal the importance of denitrification in hydrologically disconnected patches of shallow groundwater during midsummer as largely overlooked control points for nitrogen loss from temperate forest catchments.

Catchment-scale quantification of hyporheic denitrification using an isotopic and solute flux approach.

A dual-isotope and solute flux mass-balance was used to elucidate the processes that lead to attenuation of nitrogen contamination in an agriculturally impacted river. The River Wensum drains a lowland catchment with an area of 570 km² in East Anglia, eastern England. Analysis of nitrate concentration, δ¹5N(NO3) and δ¹8O(NO3) of samples from the River Wensum collected from upstream locations to the catchment outlet through all seasons and flow conditions showed a consistent pattern of increasing isotope values with decreasing nitrate concentrations downstream. δ¹5N(NO3) and δ¹8O(NO3) of catchment surface water and groundwater samples revealed a dominant influence from microbially cycled and nitrified source-nitrogen, which results in high nitrate concentrations in Chalk groundwater and upstream in the River Wensum. Denitrification of Chalk groundwater-baseflow in the hyporheic zone results in the downstream trend observed in the river. Hyporheic denitrification is estimated to remove 931 kg/day of nitrate-nitrogen by the catchment outlet, representing 31% of the potential riverine nitrate load. The use of dual-isotope and solute flux modeling at the catchment scale is a novel application to quantify denitrification within the river valley, demonstrating the importance of hyporheic zone processes in attenuating the impacts of anthropogenic contamination of hydrologic systems.