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INTRODUCTION: and importance: Typhoid fever is an infection caused by Salmonella typhi. The common complications are intestinal perforation and typhoid encephalopathy. Cases of typhoid fever with sepsis and/or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) are rarely reported, even though typhoid fever is endemic in Indonesia. CASE PRESENTATION: A 4-year-old male referral case from a district hospital was experiencing fever, decrease of consciousness and massive bleeding from his gastrointestinal tract and nose. Investigation revealed results from the IgM typhoid test using Tubex®TF, with the score of +8. PELOD 2 score was 10, and PSOFA was 5. DIC score was 7. Based on these findings, the patient was diagnosed with typhoid fever, with DIC and sepsis being the complication of the typhoid fever. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: DIC is mostly a subclinical event, and severe bleeding complications found in typhoid fever are uncommon, although DIC scores which indicate an imbalance of coagulation and fibrinolysis are markedly elevated in patients with typhoid. DIC can be a part of multi-organ dysfunction due to sepsis syndrome. Acute infection can also result in systemic activation of coagulation. CONCLUSION: Sepsis and DIC are rare complications of typhoid fever. Typhoid fever can be presented with profound bleeding manifestation other than gastrointestinal bleeding, since it is a common symptom of typhoid fever. Further research should be conducted to postulate association between typhoid fever and DIC.
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: and importance: Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is characterized by the production of antibodies against the red blood cells (RBCs) leading to increased hemolysis. Incidence of AIHA in patients with beta-thalassemia major is 5 of 100 thalassemia patients. CASE PRESENTATION: A 15-year-old female patient with refractory AIHA and thalassemia was unresponsive to steroid therapy. In this report, she was treated with cyclosporine and prednisone in addition to leucodepleted packed red cell (PRC). She was successfully got remission during one-year monitoring. CLINICAL DISCUSSION: Cyclosporine is an immunosuppressive agent that interferes with T-cells activation by inhibiting transcription of cytokines, such as interleukin 2 and interferon-É£. Cyclosporine and steroid have synergic effects to prevent antibody production. Nephrotoxicity is one of the most concerning effect in cyclosporine usage, but it rarely develops using doses lower than 5 mg/kgBW/day. In limited resources blood bank with ABO and Rh crossmatch only, leucodepleted PRC transfusion could be an effective way to prevent antibody formation to minor blood group. CONCLUSION: Cyclosporine and steroid could be considered for management in refractory AIHA with thalassemia patients. Non-pharmacological therapy such as leucodepleted PRC transfusion and limited donor transfusion could be considered.