Diagnostic miRNA Signatures in Paired Tumor, Plasma, and Urine Specimens From Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of patients diagnosed with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is increasing. There are no approved biofluid biomarkers for routine diagnosis of RCC patients. This retrospective study aims to identify cell-free microRNA (cfmiR) signatures in urine samples that can be utilized as biomarkers for early diagnosis of sporadic RCC patients. METHODS: Tissue, plasma, and urine samples (n = 221) from 56 sporadic RCC patients and respective normal healthy donors were profiled for 2083 microRNAs (miRs) using the next-generation sequencing-based HTG EdgeSeq miR Whole Transcriptome Assay. DESeq2 (FC |1.2|, false discovery rate <0.05) was performed to identify differentially expressed miRs. Data from RCC tissue samples of The Cancer Genome Atlas database were used for miR validation. RESULTS: We found a 10-miR signature that distinguished RCC tissues from remote normal kidney tissue or benign kidney lesion samples. Additionally, we identified subtype-specific miRs (miR-122-5p, miR-210-3p, and miR-21-3p) and miRs specific for all RCC subtypes (miR-106b-3p, miR-629-5p, and miR-885-5p). We observed that miR-155-5p was associated with tumor size. Using The Cancer Genome Atlas data sets, we validated the miRs found in RCC tissue samples. In plasma or urine analysis, we found cfmiRs that were consistently and significantly upregulated in RCC tissue samples. A 15-cfmiR signature was proposed in urine samples of RCC patients, of which miR-1275 was consistently upregulated in tissue, plasma, and urine samples. CONCLUSIONS: This integrative study found diagnostic miRs/cfmiRs for RCC patients, which were validated using The Cancer Genome Atlas data sets. Distinctive cfmiR signatures found in urine may have clinical utility for the diagnosis of RCC.

Characterization of Lymph Node Tumor Burden in Node-Positive Prostate Cancer Patients after Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy with Extended Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer (PCa) nodal staging does not account for lymph node (LN) tumor burden. The LN anatomical compartment involved with the tumor or the quantified extent of extranodal extension (ENE) have not yet been studied in relation to biochemical recurrence-free survival (BRFS). METHODS: Histopathological slides of 66 pN1 PCa patients who underwent extended pelvic lymph node dissection were reviewed. We recorded metrics to quantify LN tumor burden. We also characterized the LN anatomical compartments involved and quantified the extent of ENE. RESULTS: The median follow-up time was 38 months. The median number of total LNs obtained per patient was 30 (IQR 23-37). In the risk-adjusted cox regression model, the following variables were associated with BRFS: mean size of the largest LN deposit per patient (log2: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.91, p < 0.001), the mean total span of all LN deposits per patient (2.07, p < 0.001), and the mean percent surface area of the LN involved with the tumor (1.58, p < 0.001). There was no significant BRFS association for the LN anatomical compartment or the quantified extent of ENE. CONCLUSION: LN tumor burden is associated with BRFS. The LN anatomical compartments and the quantified extent of ENE did not show significant association with BRFS.

Urine Cell-Free MicroRNAs in Localized Prostate Cancer Patients.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common cancer in men. Prostate-specific antigen screening is recommended for the detection of PCa. However, its specificity is limited. Thus, there is a need to find more reliable biomarkers that allow non-invasive screening for early-stage PCa. This study aims to explore urine microRNAs (miRs) as diagnostic biomarkers for PCa. We assessed cell-free miR (cfmiR) profiles of urine and plasma samples from pre- and post-operative PCa patients (n = 11) and normal healthy donors (16 urine and 24 plasma) using HTG EdgeSeq miRNA Whole Transcriptome Assay based on next-generation sequencing. Furthermore, tumor-related miRs were detected in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor tissues obtained from patients with localized PCa. Specific cfmiRs signatures were found in urine samples of localized PCa patients using differential expression analysis. Forty-two cfmiRs that were detected were common to urine, plasma, and tumor samples. These urine cfmiRs may have potential utility in diagnosing early-stage PCa and complementing or improving currently available PCa screening assays. Future studies may validate the findings.

Cryopreserved placental tissue allograft accelerates time to continence following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy.

Intra-operatively placed cryopreserved placental tissue allograft (CPTA) has shown promise in expediting the recovery urinary continence (UC) following robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). In this retrospective review of a prospectively maintained single-surgeon, single-institution RARP database, we compare three groups of patients: historical controls (C; N = 183 men) that received no allograft versus two different CPTA products (total CPTA N = 162 [A1 N = 81; A2 N = 81]). The CPTA product was intra-operatively placed as an onlay over the area of the neurovascular bundles during RARP. CPTA cases had significantly faster median time to UC (A1 = 1.4 months; A2 = 1.45 months) versus controls (1.64 months), p = 0.01. On multivariable analysis, use of A1 (HR 1.55, 95% CI [1.14-2.09], p = 0.005) and use of A2 (HR 1.53, CI [1.11-2.11], p = 0.01) were significantly associated with quicker return of UC. Older age (HR 0.97, CI [0.96-0.99], p = 0.001) and non-organ-confined clinical stage (HR 0.51, CI [0.26-1.0] p = 0.05), were significantly associated with slower return of UC. In a propensity score-matched analysis of 77 CPTA patients with sufficient follow-up versus controls, there was significantly less biochemical recurrence (BCR; p = 0.01). Our study indicates that CPTA use appears to accelerate time to UC in age- and performance status-matched men undergoing RARP without increased risk of BCR.

Re-establishing the Role of Robot-assisted Radical Cystectomy After the 2020 EAU Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer Guideline Panel Recommendations.

The EAU guidelines panel on muscle-invasive and metastatic bladder cancer (MIBC) recently recommended open radical cystectomy (ORC) as the best surgical approach for MIBC patients. We critically re-examine the indications for considering ORC as the first choice over robot-assisted radical cystectomy. To the best of our knowledge, this is not supported by trials or meta-analyses.

Sentinel node evaluation in prostate cancer.

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) based pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) in prostate cancer (PCa) is appealing over the time, cost and morbidity classically attributed to conventional PLND during radical prostatectomy. The initial report of feasibility of the SLN concept in prostate cancer was nearly 20 years ago. However, PLND based on the SLN concept, either SLN biopsy of a single node or targeted SLN dissection of multiple nodes, is still considered investigational in PCa. To better appreciate the challenges, and potential solutions, associated with SLN-based PLND in PCa, this review will discuss the rationale behind PLND in PCa and evaluate current SLN efforts in the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in men in the US.

Two-stage classifiers that minimize PCA3 and the PSA proteolytic activity testing in the prediction of prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Early biochemical recurrence after prostate cancer surgery is associated with higher risk of aggressive disease and cancer specific death. Many new tests are being developed that will predict the presence of indicators of aggressive disease like early biochemical recurrence. Since recurrence occurs in less than 10% of patients treated for prostate cancer, validation of such tests will require expensive testing on large patient groups. Moreover, clinical application of the validated test requires that each new patient be tested. In this report we introduce a two-stage classifier system that minimizes the number of patients that must be tested in both the validation and clinical application of any new test for recurrence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Expressed prostatic secretion specimens were prospectively collected from 450 patients prior to robot-assisted radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. Patients were followed for 2.5 years for evidence of biochemical recurrence. Standard clinical parameters, the levels proteolytic activity of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and the levels of PCA3 RNA, PSA RNA and TMPRSS2:ERG fusion RNA were determined in each prospective patient specimen for subsequent correlation with biochemical recurrence. RESULTS: While levels of PCA3 and PSA proteolytic activity (PPA) in prostatic secretions provided an effective pre-surgical predictor of early biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer, application of the two-stage classifier shows that only 60% of the patients need these tests. CONCLUSION: Two-stage classifiers can provide a parsimonious approach to both the validation and clinical application of biomarker-based tests. Adoption of the two-stage neutral zone classifier can reduce unnecessary testing in prostate cancer treatment.

Emerging Utility of Urinary Cell-free Nucleic Acid Biomarkers for Prostate, Bladder, and Renal Cancers.

CONTEXT: By 2020 the estimated incidence of genitourinary (GU) cancers (prostate, bladder, and kidney) will be over 2 million worldwide and responsible for ∼800 000 deaths. Current diagnosis and monitoring methods of GU cancer patients are often invasive and/or lack sensitivity and specificity. Given the utility of blood-based cell-free nucleic acid (cfNA) biomarkers, the development of urinary cfNA biomarkers may improve the sensitivity of urine assays utilizing urine sediment for GU cancers. This review of urinary cfNA in GU cancers identifies the current stage of research, potential clinical utility, and the next steps needed to enter clinical use. OBJECTIVE: To critically evaluate the literature of urinary cfNA in GU cancers for clinical utility in diagnosis, screening, and precision medicine. Furthermore, the strategy for future efforts to discover potential new urinary cfNA biomarkers will be described. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A PubMed database (2006 to current) search was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Review and Meta-analysis using key Medical Subject Headings terms. Additional studies were obtained by cross-referencing from the literature. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The collective research publications in urinary cfNA of GU cancers present a promising alternative liquid biopsy approach compared with blood biopsies and urine sediment, particularly for early-stage GU diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary cfNA as a liquid biopsy holds potential for a more sensitive alternative to blood biopsies and urine sediment-based tests for clinical use in GU cancers. Not only does urinary cfNA offer advantages including the potential for more frequent testing, monitoring, and home use, but also has applications in early-stage GU cancers. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this review, we evaluated the current status of urinary cell-free nucleic acid in genitourinary cancers. We identified the potential advantages of urinary cell-free nucleic acid over blood and urine sediment and its clinical use in genitourinary cancer.

Ureteroenteric anastomotic revision as initial management of stricture after urinary diversion.

OBJECTIVE: To report our experience with ureteroenteric anastomotic revision as initial treatment of stricture after urinary diversion. METHODS: An institutional review board-approved retrospective study was carried out. A total of 41 patients who underwent primary ureteroenteric anastamotic revision were identified between 2007 and 2015. Data analyzed included patient characteristics, type of diversion, estimated blood loss, operative time, change in renal function, length of stay, postoperative complications and time with nephrostomy/stent. Success of revision was defined as an improvement in hydronephrosis on radiographic imaging and/or reflux during pouchogram. Predictors of length of stay and complications were analyzed using analysis of covariance. RESULTS: A total of 50 renal units were revised with a success rate of 100%. The median length of stay was 6 days (2-16 days). There were a total of 15 complications (one major, 14 minor) in 14 patients (33% 30-day complication rate). The most common were wound infection (n = 4) and arrhythmia (n = 4). Robotic revision (n = 5) had a median length of stay of 3 days (2-4) with no complications. CONCLUSIONS: Primary ureteroenteric anastomotic revisions have an excellent success rate at an experienced center and might obviate the need for multiple interventions. Open revision is associated with mostly minor complications. Robotic revision might reduce the morbidity of open revision in select cases.

Lymph Node Fluorescence During Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy With Indocyanine Green: Prospective Dosing Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively assess the ideal dosing and the value of fluorescent sentinel lymph node (LN) detection with indocyanine green (ICG) for the detection of LN metastases in intermediate- and high-risk patients undergoing robot-assisted prostatectomy and extended pelvic LN dissection (ePLND). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients received transperineal prostatic injections of ICG. Patients were cycled through 5 doses (1.25, 2.5, 3.75, 5, and 7.5 mg) so optimal ICG dosing could be discovered early. RESULTS: ICG injection was able to identify fluorescent LN (FLN) packets in all 20 patients. Compared to the higher ICG doses, the 1.25 and 2.5 mg doses had fewer FLN packets and were abandoned after 1 dose each. The median number of FLN packets was 4.0, 6.0, and 4.5 for the respective doses of 3.75, 5.0, and 7.5 mg. The external iliac group was the most common site of fluorescence in 27.2% of patients, followed by the common iliac (21.3%), obturator (20.3%), internal iliac (18.5%), and node of Cloquet (7.7%). Seven (35%) of 20 patients had node-positive disease. Of the 5 patients that had fluorescent tissue outside of our ePLND template, 1 had a positive node present in the anterior bladder neck fat. Across all patients, ICG had 62% sensitivity, 50% specificity, 8% positive predictive value, and 95% negative predictive value in detecting LN metastases. CONCLUSION: The low sensitivity of ICG for the detection of LN metastases highlights why FLN dissection with ICG does not represent an alternative to ePLND.

Best practices in robot-assisted radical cystectomy and urinary reconstruction: recommendations of the Pasadena Consensus Panel.

CONTEXT: Robot-assisted surgery is increasingly used for radical cystectomy (RC) and urinary reconstruction. Sufficient data have accumulated to allow evidence-based consensus on key issues such as perioperative management, comparative effectiveness on surgical complications, and oncologic short- to midterm outcomes. OBJECTIVE: A 2-d conference of experts on RC and urinary reconstruction was organized in Pasadena, California, and the City of Hope Cancer Center in Duarte, California, to systematically review existing peer-reviewed literature on robot-assisted RC (RARC), extended lymphadenectomy, and urinary reconstruction. No commercial support was obtained for the conference. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A systematic review of the literature was performed in agreement with the PRISMA statement. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Systematic literature reviews and individual presentations were discussed, and consensus on all key issues was obtained. Most operative, intermediate-term oncologic, functional, and complication outcomes are similar between open RC (ORC) and RARC. RARC consistently results in less blood loss and a reduced need for transfusion during surgery. RARC generally requires longer operative time than ORC, particularly with intracorporeal reconstruction. Robotic assistance provides ergonomic value for surgeons. Surgeon experience and institutional volume strongly predict favorable outcomes for either open or robotic techniques. CONCLUSIONS: RARC appears to be similar to ORC in terms of operative, pathologic, intermediate-term oncologic, complication, and most functional outcomes. RARC consistently results in less blood loss and a reduced need for transfusion during surgery. RARC can be more expensive than ORC, although high procedural volume may attenuate this difference. PATIENT SUMMARY: Robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) is an alternative to open surgery for patients with bladder cancer who require removal of their bladder and reconstruction of their urinary tract. RARC appears to be similar to open surgery for most important outcomes such as the rate of complications and intermediate-term cancer-specific survival. Although RARC has some ergonomic advantages for surgeons and may result in less blood loss during surgery, it is more time consuming and may be more expensive than open surgery.

Robot-assisted radical cystectomy and urinary diversion: technical recommendations from the Pasadena Consensus Panel.

BACKGROUND: The technique of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) has evolved significantly since its inception >10 yr ago. Several high-volume centers have reported standardized techniques with refinements and subsequent outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To review all existing literature on RARC and urinary diversion techniques and summarize key points that may affect oncologic, surgical, and functional outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The Pasadena Consensus Panel on RARC and urinary reconstruction convened May 3-4, 2014, to review the existing peer-reviewed literature and create recommendations for best practice. The panel consisted of experts in open radical cystectomy and RARC. No commercial support was received. SURGICAL PROCEDURE: The consensus panel extensively reviewed the surgical technique of RARC in men and women, extended pelvic lymph node dissection, extracorporeal urinary diversion, and intracorporeal urinary diversion. Critical aspects of the technique are described. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Preoperative, operative, and postoperative parameters from the largest and most contemporary RARC series, stratified by urinary diversion technique, are presented. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Preoperative, operative, and postoperative measures of RARC technique adhere closely to the standards established in open surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Refinement of techniques for RARC and urinary diversion over the past 10 yr has made it safe, reproducible, and oncologically sound. PATIENT SUMMARY: We summarize the critical aspects of surgical techniques reviewed at the Pasadena international consensus meeting on RARC and urinary reconstruction. Preoperative, operative, and postoperative measures of RARC technique adhere closely to the standards established in open surgery.

The effect of nerve-sparing robot-assisted radical cystoprostatectomy on erectile function in a preoperatively potent population.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects on the potency of a bilateral cavernosal nerve-sparing approach to robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) in a preoperatively potent population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of 254 patients who underwent RARC between 2003 and 2012 at our single institution. We identified 33 men who were younger than 65 years and had evidence of preoperative erections on chart review. Twenty-nine of them underwent a bilateral nerve-sparing procedure, with 28 (97%) having concomitant creation of a continent urinary diversion. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 32.9 months. Postoperatively, 13 (45%) patients had documented erections sufficient for penetration with or without the use of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. Additional 6 (21%) were potent with intracavernosal injections (ICI), and the remaining 10 (34%) failed ICI usage, had on-going medical issues, or lost interest in sexual activity. With univariate analysis, no significant difference was found between those who recovered erections and those who did not on a wide range of demographic, operative, and perioperative factors, including age, comorbidities, operative time, or pathologic stage. Despite neurovascular bundle preservation, there was no local cancer recurrence and no positive soft tissue margins. CONCLUSION: A cavernosal nerve-sparing robot-assisted approach to radical cystectomy allows for recovery of potency without sacrificing oncologic outcomes even with higher risk disease as compared to historical open or laparoscopic series. Further studies are required to help elucidate why some men have better recovery in this setting than others.

Advancement of technology and its impact on urologists: release of the daVinci Xi, a new surgical robot.

The technology for robotic surgery continues to evolve. Robotic surgery has allowed us the opportunity to critically analyze outcomes and improve surgical technique both open and robotic. The new da Vinci Xi may allow us to do even more complex surgeries with minimally invasive techniques, but the true advantages remain to be seen.

CKD-EPI and cockcroft-gault equations identify similar candidates for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Clinical guidelines suggest neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy prior to cystectomy in the setting of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). A creatinine clearance (CrCl) >60 mL/min is frequently used to characterize cisplatin-eligible patients, and use of the CKD-EPI equation to estimate CrCl has been advocated. From a prospectively maintained institutional database, patients with MIBC who received cystectomy were identified and clinicopathologic information was ascertained. CrCl prior to surgery was computed using three equations: (1) Cockcroft-Gault (CG), (2) CKD-EPI, and (3) MDRD. The primary objective was to determine if the CG and CKD-EPI equations identified a different proportion of patients who were cisplatin-eligible, based on an estimated CrCl of >60 mL/min. Cisplatin-eligibility was also assessed in subsets based on age, CCI score and race. Actuarial rates of neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy use were also reported. Of 126 patients, 70% and 71% of patients were found to be cisplatin-eligible by the CKD-EPI and CG equations, respectively (P = 0.9). The MDRD did not result in significantly different characterization of cisplatin-eligibility as compared to the CKD-EPI and CG equations. In the subset of patients age >80, the CKD-EPI equation identified a much smaller proportion of cisplatin-eligible patients (25%) as compared to the CG equation (50%) or the MDRD equation (63%). Only 34 patients (27%) received neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Of the 92 patients who did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy, 64% had a CrCl >60 mL/min by CG. In contrast to previous reports, the CKD-EPI equation does not appear to characterize a broader span of patients as cisplatin-eligible. Older patients (age >80) may less frequently be characterized as cisplatin-eligible by CKD-EPI. The discordance between actual rates of neoadjuvant chemotherapy use and rates of cisplatin eligibility suggest that other factors (e.g., patient and physician preference) may guide clinical decision-making.

Intermediate-term oncologic outcomes of robot-assisted radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate intermediate-term oncologic outcomes in a large series of patients who were treated with robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between 2004 and 2010, 162 patients underwent RARC at City of Hope Cancer Center for UCB and were analyzed with respect to overall (OS), disease-specific (DSS), and disease-free survival (DFS). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize demographics and perioperative variables. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival and recurrence. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to determine predictors of survival. RESULTS: Median follow-up was 52 months. Thirty-eight (23.4%) patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy before RARC; 28% of patients were pT2 and 33% had final pathology status of pT3 or pT4. Median lymph node count was 28, and positive surgical margin rate was 4.3%. Local recurrence occurred in 11 (6.8%) patients. OS, DFS, and DSS at 3 years were 61%, 76%, and 83%, respectively. OS, DFS, and DSS at 5 years were 54%, 74%, and 80%, respectively. Predictors of OS and DFS on multivariable analysis were lymph node density, pathologic stage, and age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index, while receipt of transfusion was also a negative predictor of OS. CONCLUSIONS: RARC provides an effective means of treatment of UCB in a minimally invasive fashion with comparable oncologic outcomes to that reported in the literature of open procedures.

Early and late complications of robot-assisted radical cystectomy: a standardized analysis by urinary diversion type.

PURPOSE: Minimally invasive surgical treatment for bladder cancer has gained popularity but standardized data on complications are lacking. Urinary diversion type contributes to complications and to our knowledge diversion types after minimally invasive cystectomy have not yet been compared. We evaluated perioperative complications stratified by urinary diversion type in patients treated with robot-assisted radical cystectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the records of 209 consecutive patients who underwent robot-assisted radical cystectomy at our institution from 2003 to 2012 with respect to perioperative complications, including severity, time period (early and late) and diversion type. All complications were reviewed by academic urologists. Urinary diversion was also done. As outcome measurements and statistical analysis, univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of various complications. RESULTS: The American Society of Anesthesiologists(®) (ASA) score was 3 or greater in 80% of patients and continent diversion was performed in 68%. Median followup was 35 months. Within 90 days 77.5% of patients experienced any complication and 32% experienced a major complication. The 90-day mortality rate was 5.3%. Most complications were gastrointestinal, infectious and hematological. On multivariate analysis patients with ileal conduit diversion had a decreased likelihood of complications compared to patients with Indiana pouch and orthotopic bladder substitute diversion despite the selection of a more comorbid population for conduit diversion. Continent diversion was associated with a higher likelihood of urinary tract infection. Our results are comparable to those of previously reported open and minimally invasive cystectomy series. CONCLUSIONS: Open or minimally invasive cystectomy is a complex, morbid procedure. Urinary diversion is a significant contributor to complications, as is patient comorbidity. Although patients with an ileal conduit had more comorbidities, they experienced fewer complications than those with an orthotopic bladder substitute or Indiana pouch diversion.

Preoperative androgen deprivation therapy for localized prostate cancer: delayed biochemical recurrence in high-risk disease.

BACKGROUND: The role of preoperative ADT for localized prostate cancer is controversial; prospective assessments have yielded varying results. We sought to define a subset of patients with a higher likelihood of benefit from preoperative ADT. PATIENTS AND METHODS: An institutional database including consecutive patients receiving definitive surgery for localized prostate cancer was interrogated. Patients recorded as having received preoperative ADT were matched in a 1:2 fashion to patients who had not received previous ADT. Patients were matched on the basis of clinicopathologic characteristics, use of adjuvant treatment strategies, and duration of prostate-specific antigen follow-up. Time to biochemical recurrence (TTBR) was compared using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test for the overall study population and in subsets defined according to D'Amico risk. RESULTS: No significant differences in clinicopathologic characteristics were noted between recipients (n = 101) and matched nonrecipients (n = 196) of preoperative ADT. Although not statistically significant, positive surgical margin rates, seminal vesicle invasion, and extracapsular extension were less frequent in patients receiving preoperative ADT. Furthermore, a lesser incidence of perioperative complications was noted in this group (7.4% vs. 18.4%). No significant differences were noted in TTBR between recipients and nonrecipients of preoperative ADT in the overall study population. However, among patients with high-risk disease, TTBR was significantly longer in patients who had received preoperative ADT (P = .004). CONCLUSION: The data presented herein suggest a potential benefit of preoperative ADT in patients with high-risk localized prostate cancer. Consideration should be given to enriching for this subset in preoperative studies of novel endocrine therapies.

Penile cancer: Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the penis represents approximately 0.5% of all cancers among men in the United States and other developed countries. Although rare, it is associated with significant disfigurement, and only half of the patients survive beyond 5 years. Proper evaluation of both the primary lesion and lymph nodes is critical, because nodal involvement is the most important factor of survival. The NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology for Penile Cancer provide recommendations on the diagnosis and management of this devastating disease based on evidence and expert consensus.

Bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer is the fourth most common cancer in the United States. Urothelial carcinoma that originates from the urinary bladder is the most common subtype. These NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines) provide recommendations on the diagnosis and management of non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. This version of the guidelines provides extensive reorganization and updates on the principles of chemotherapy management.