Liposuction as a Treatment for Lipedema: A Scoping Review.

Background: Lipedema is the progressive symmetrical deposition of subcutaneous fat and fluid in the lower body, ordinarily sparing the trunk, upper limbs, face, and neck. It may follow an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. The gold standard treatment for lipedema is complete decongestive therapy, consisting of manual lymphatic drainage and compression garments. This scoping review assessed the existing literature on the effectiveness of liposuction as an alternative treatment for lipedema. Methods: A scoping review of electronically available literature within PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane focused on liposuction as a treatment for lipedema considering the following inclusion criteria: human studies, case series of 10 or more, controlled trials, randomized controlled trials, patient-reported outcome measurement studies, survey analyses, descriptive studies, retrospective analyses, recurrence included, follow-up of 6 months or more, age 18 years or older, and treatment modality being liposuction. Results: Thirteen studies were selected. Nine studies reported decreased compression therapy use among patients following liposuction. No studies reported a long-term increase in compression therapy following liposuction. Studies found self-reported improvements in pain, mobility, bruising, and overall quality of life for patients following liposuction, many of whom had previously been on compressive therapy. Studies reported low rates of serious adverse events following liposuction, including deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and infection. Conclusions: These results suggest that liposuction can be a viable treatment alternative to compression therapy for lipedema in patients whose compression therapy has not been helpful. However, there is not enough evidence to say whether liposuction is as effective as compression for patients first presenting with lipedema.

Whole-eye transplantation: Current challenges and future perspectives.

Whole-eye transplantation emerges as a frontier in ophthalmology, promising a transformative approach to irreversible blindness. Despite advancements, formidable challenges persist. Preservation of donor eye viability post-enucleation necessitates meticulous surgical techniques to optimize retinal integrity and ganglion cell survival. Overcoming the inhibitory milieu of the central nervous system for successful optic nerve regeneration remains elusive, prompting the exploration of neurotrophic support and immunomodulatory interventions. Immunological tolerance, paramount for graft acceptance, confronts the distinctive immunogenicity of ocular tissues, driving research into targeted immunosuppression strategies. Ethical and legal considerations underscore the necessity for stringent standards and ethical frameworks. Interdisciplinary collaboration and ongoing research endeavors are imperative to navigate these complexities. Biomaterials, stem cell therapies, and precision immunomodulation represent promising avenues in this pursuit. Ultimately, the aim of this review is to critically assess the current landscape of whole-eye transplantation, elucidating the challenges and advancements while delineating future directions for research and clinical practice. Through concerted efforts, whole-eye transplantation stands to revolutionize ophthalmic care, offering hope for restored vision and enhanced quality of life for those afflicted with blindness.

Multimodality Imaging of Postmastectomy Breast Reconstruction Techniques, Complications, and Tumor Recurrence.

For women undergoing mastectomy, breast reconstruction can be performed by using implants or autologous tissue flaps. Mastectomy options include skin- and nipple-sparing techniques. Implant-based reconstruction can be performed with saline or silicone implants. Various autologous pedicled or free tissue flap reconstruction methods based on different tissue donor sites are available. The aesthetic outcomes of implant- and flap-based reconstructions can be improved with oncoplastic surgery, including autologous fat graft placement and nipple-areolar complex reconstruction. The authors provide an update on recent advances in implant reconstruction techniques and contemporary expanded options for autologous tissue flap reconstruction as it relates to imaging modalities. As breast cancer screening is not routinely performed in this clinical setting, tumor recurrence after mastectomy and reconstruction is often detected by palpation at physical examination. Most local recurrences occur within the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Diagnostic breast imaging continues to have a critical role in confirmation of disease recurrence. Knowledge of the spectrum of benign and abnormal imaging appearances in the reconstructed breast is important for postoperative evaluation of patients, including recognition of early and late postsurgical complications and breast cancer recurrence. The authors provide an overview of multimodality imaging of the postmastectomy reconstructed breast, as well as an update on screening guidelines and recommendations for this unique patient population. ©RSNA, 2024 Test Your Knowledge questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.

Gal - T Knockout Porcine Nerve Xenografts Support Axonal Regeneration in a Rodent Sciatic Nerve Model.

BACKGROUND: Nerve xenografts harvested from transgenic α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GalT-KO) pigs lack the epitope responsible for hyperacute rejection in pig-to-primate transplants. It is unknown whether these cold preserved nerve grafts support axonal regeneration in another species during and after immunosuppression. In this study, we compare outcomes between autografts and cold preserved xenografts in a rat sciatic model of nerve gap repair. METHODS: Fifty male Lewis rats had a 1 cm sciatic nerve defect repaired using either: autograft and suture (n=10); 1-week or 4-week cold preserved xenograft and suture (n=10 per group); 1-week or 4-week cold preserved xenograft and photochemical tissue bonding using a human amnion wrap (PTB/HAM) (n=10 per group). Rats with xenografts were given tacrolimus until 4 months post-operatively. At 4 and 7 months, rats were euthanized and nerve sections harvested. Monthly sciatic functional index (SFI) scores were calculated. RESULTS: All groups showed increases in SFI scores by 4 and 7 months. The autograft suture group had the highest axon density at 4 and 7 months. The largest decrease in axon density from 4 to 7 months was in the 1-week cold preserved PTB/HAM group. The only significant difference between group SFI scores occurred at 5 months, when both 1-week cold preserved groups had significantly lower scores than the 4-week cold preserved suture group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results in the rat sciatic model suggest that GalT-KO nerve xenografts may be viable alternatives to autografts and demonstrate the need for further studies of long-gap repair and comparison with acellular nerve allografts. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This proof-of-concept study in the rat sciatic model demonstrates that cold preserved GalT-KO porcine xenografts support axonal regeneration, as well as axonal viability following immunosuppression withdrawal. These results further suggest a role for both cold preservation and photochemical tissue bonding in modulating the immunological response at the nerve repair site.

Prospective Sensory Outcomes for Targeted Nipple Areola Complex Reinnervation (TNR) in Gender-Affirming Double Incision Mastectomy with Free Nipple Grafting.

OBJECTIVE: This study analyses the anatomy and sensory outcomes of targeted nipple areola complex reinnervation (TNR) in gender-affirming double incision mastectomy with free nipple grafting (FNG). BACKGROUND: TNR is a novel technique to preserve and reconstruct intercostal nerves (ICN) to improve postoperative sensation. There is little evidence on relevant anatomy and outcomes. METHODS: 25 patients were prospectively enrolled. Data included demographics, surgical technique, and axon/fascicle counts. Quantitative sensory evaluation using monofilaments and qualitative patient reported questionnaires were completed preoperatively, and at one, three, six, nine and twelve months postoperatively. RESULTS: 50 mastectomies were performed. Per mastectomy, the median number of ICN found and used was 2 (1-5). Axon and fascicle counts were not significantly different between ICN branches ( P >0.05). BMI ≥30 kg/m 2 and mastectomy weight ≥800 g were associated with significantly worse preoperative sensation ( P <0.05). Compared to preoperative values, NAC sensation was worse at 1 month ( P <0.01), comparable at 3 months ( P >0.05), and significantly better at 12 months ( P <0.05) postoperatively. Chest sensation was comparable to the preoperative measurements at 1 and 3 months ( P >0.05), and significantly better at 12 months ( P <0.05) postoperatively. NAC sensation was significantly better when direct coaptation was performed compared to use of allograft only ( P <0.05), and with direct coaptation of ≥2 branches compared to direct coaptation of a single branch ( P <0.05). All patients reported return of nipple and chest sensation at one year postoperatively and 88% reported return of some degree of erogenous sensation. CONCLUSION: TNR allows for restoration of NAC and chest sensation within 3 months postoperatively. Use of multiple ICN branches and direct coaptation led to the best sensory outcomes.

Photochemical Tissue Bonding of Amnion Allograft Membranes for Peripheral Nerve Repair: A Biomechanical Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Photochemical tissue bonding (PTB) is a technique for peripheral nerve repair in which a collagenous membrane is bonded around approximated nerve ends. Studies using PTB with cryopreserved human amnion have shown promising results in a rat sciatic nerve transection model including a more rapid and complete return of function, larger axon size, and thicker myelination than suture repair. Commercial collagen membranes, such as dehydrated amnion allograft, are readily available, offer ease of storage, and have no risk of disease transmission or tissue rejection. However, the biomechanical properties of these membranes using PTB are currently unknown in comparison to PTB of cryopreserved human amnion and suture neurorrhaphy. METHODS: Rat sciatic nerves (n = 10 per group) were transected and repaired using either suture neurorrhaphy or PTB with one of the following membranes: cryopreserved human amnion, monolayer human amnion allograft (crosslinked and noncrosslinked), trilayer human amnion/chorion allograft (crosslinked and noncrosslinked), or swine submucosa. Repaired nerves were subjected to mechanical testing. RESULTS: During ultimate stress testing, the repair groups that withstood the greatest strain increases were suture neurorrhaphy (69 ± 14%), PTB with crosslinked trilayer amnion (52 ± 10%), and PTB with cryopreserved human amnion (46 ± 20%), although the differences between these groups were not statistically significant. Neurorrhaphy repairs had a maximum load (0.98 ± 0.30 N) significantly greater than all other repair groups except for noncrosslinked trilayer amnion (0.51 ± 0.27 N). During fatigue testing, all samples repaired with suture, or PTBs with either crosslinked or noncrosslinked trilayer amnion were able to withstand strain increases of at least 50%. CONCLUSION: PTB repairs with commercial noncrosslinked amnion allograft membranes can withstand physiological strain and have comparable performance to repairs with human amnion, which has demonstrated efficacy in vivo. These results indicate the need for further testing of these membranes using in vivo animal model repairs.

Photosealing of dural defects using a biocompatible patch.

PURPOSE: Photosealing of many biological tissues can be achieved using a biocompatible material in combination with a dye that is activated by visible light to chemically bond over the tissue defect via protein cross-linking reactions. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of photosealing using a commercially available biomembrane (AmnioExcel Plus) to securely close dural defects in comparison to another sutureless method (fibrin glue) in terms of repair strength. METHODS: Two-millimeter diameter holes were created in dura harvested from New Zealand white rabbits and repaired ex vivo using one of two methods: (1) in n = 10 samples, photosealing was used to bond a 6-mm-diameter AmnioExcel Plus patch over the dural defect, and (2) in n = 10 samples, fibrin glue was used to attach the same patch over the dural defect. Repaired dura samples were then subjected to burst pressure testing. Histological analysis was also performed of photosealed dura. RESULTS: The mean burst pressures of rabbit dura repaired with photosealing and fibrin glue were 302 ± 149 mmHg and 26 ± 24 mmHg, respectively. The increased repair strength using photosealing was statistically significant and considerably higher than the normal intracranial pressure of ~ 20 mmHg. Histology demonstrated a tight union at the interface between the dura surface and patch with no disruption of the dura structure. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that photosealing performs better than fibrin glue for the fixation of a patch for ex vivo repair of small dural defects. Photosealing is worthy of testing in pre-clinical models for the repair of dural defects.

The Peripheral Nerve Surgeon's Role in the Management of Neuropathic Pain.

Neuropathic pain (NP) underlies significant morbidity and disability worldwide. Although pharmacologic and functional therapies attempt to address this issue, they remain incompletely effective for many patients. Peripheral nerve surgeons have a range of techniques for intervening on NP. The aim of this review is to enable practitioners to identify patients with NP who might benefit from surgical intervention. The workup for NP includes patient history and specific physical examination maneuvers, as well as imaging and diagnostic nerve blocks. Once diagnosed, there is a range of options surgeons can utilize based on specific causes of NP. These techniques include nerve decompression, nerve reconstruction, nerve ablative techniques, and implantable nerve-modulating devices. In addition, there is an emerging role for preoperative involvement of peripheral nerve surgeons for cases known to carry a high risk of inducing postoperative NP. Lastly, we describe the ongoing work that will enable surgeons to expand their armamentarium to better serve patients with NP.

Secondary Surgery after Lower Extremity Free Flap Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Microsurgical free tissue transfer may be the only reconstructive option for lower extremity limb salvage. However, the functional and aesthetic results following free tissue transfer after initial salvage may be suboptimal, thus requiring secondary operations to facilitate definitive wound healing and/or refinement. METHODS: A multi-institutional retrospective cohort study was performed including patients who underwent lower extremity free tissue transfer from January of 2002 to December of 2020. The authors' primary outcome variable was the presence of secondary surgery after free tissue transfer for lower extremity reconstruction. Independent variables (eg, wound cause, flap, donor type, recipient, comorbidities) were collected. Secondary surgery was categorized as (1) procedures for definitive wound closure and (2) refinement procedures. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine which variables were independently associated with the outcome. RESULTS: A total of 420 free tissue transfers for lower extremity reconstruction were identified. Secondary surgery was performed in over half (57%) of the patients. Presence of diabetes (OR, 2.0; P = 0.01; 95% CI, 1.2 to 3.5) and use of a latissimus dorsi donor (OR, 2.4; P = 0.037; 95% CI, 1.1 to 5.4) were predictors of wound closure procedures. Fasciocutaneous (OR, 3.6; P < 0.001; 95% CI, 1.8 to 7.2) and myocutaneous (OR, 3.0; P = 0.005; 95% CI, 1.5 to 9.9) flaps were predictors of refinement procedures when compared with muscle-only flaps with skin grafts. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of lower extremity free tissue reconstructions required secondary procedures to provide definitive wound closure and/or refinement. Overall, this study provides predictors of secondary surgery that will help formulate patients' expectations of lower extremity limb salvage. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Risk, III.

Targeted Nipple Areola Complex Reinnervation: Technical Considerations and Surgical Efficiency in Implant-based Breast Reconstruction.

Background: Despite promising pilot study results, adoption of neurotization of immediate implant-based reconstructions has not occurred. Methods: For surgeons interested in adopting breast reinnervation techniques, we present ways to overcome initial barriers by decreasing operative time and maximizing chances of sensory recovery. Results: We discuss the combined experience at two academic teaching hospitals, where neurotization of both immediate tissue expander cases and direct-to-implant reconstructions are performed through varying mastectomy incisions. Conclusion: Initial barriers can be overcome by shortening operative time and providing an individualized reinnervation approach that aims to increase the chance of meaningful sensation.

Pedicled vastus lateralis myocutaneous flap for sacropelvic defects after wide oncologic resection: Wound complications and outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Adequate coverage of the soft tissue defects from wide resection of sacropelvic malignancies remains challenging. The vastus lateralis flap has been described for coverage in the setting of trauma and infection. This flap has not been described for coverage of sacropelvic tumor defects. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of adult patients who underwent wide resection of a primary sacropelvic malignancy with reconstruction employing a pedicled vastus lateralis flap at two tertiary care centers. Patient demographics, tumor staging, and rate of complications were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients were included, with a median age of 51 years. The most common primary tumor was chondrosarcoma followed by chondroblastic osteosarcoma. The median follow-up was 1.1 years. There were 10 cases of wound infection requiring re-operation and three cases of flap failure. CONCLUSIONS: We describe a pedicled vastus lateralis flap for coverage of defects after wide resection of sacropelvic malignancies. A large proportion of our cohort had independent risk factors for wound complications. Even with a cohort with high baseline risk for wound complications, we show that the use of a pedicled vastus lateralis flap is a safe reconstructive option with a wound complication rate in line with the literature.

Surgical Approaches for Prevention of Neuroma at Time of Peripheral Nerve Injury.

Painful neuroma is a frequent sequela of peripheral nerve injury which can result in pain and decreased quality of life for the patient, often necessitating surgical intervention. End neuromas are benign neural tumors that commonly form after nerve transection, when axons from the proximal nerve stump regenerate in a disorganized manner in an attempt to recreate nerve continuity. Inflammation and collagen remodeling leads to a bulbous end neuroma which can become symptomatic and result in decreased quality of life. This review covers surgical prophylaxis of end neuroma formation at time of injury, rather than treatment of existing neuroma and prevention of recurrence. The current accepted methods to prevent end neuroma formation at time of injury include different mechanisms to inhibit the regenerative response or provide a conduit for organized regrowth, with mixed results. Approaches include proximal nerve stump capping, nerve implantation into bone, muscle and vein, various pharmacologic methods to inhibit axonal growth, and mechanisms to guide axonal growth after injury. This article reviews historical treatments that aimed to prevent end neuroma formation as well as current and experimental treatments, and seeks to provide a concise, comprehensive resource for current and future therapies aimed at preventing neuroma formation.

Targeted Nipple Areola Complex Reinnervation in Gender-affirming Double Incision Mastectomy with Free Nipple Grafting.

Restoration of breast sensation has become an important goal in autologous and implant-based breast reconstruction after cancer-related mastectomy. Although gender-affirming mastectomy with free nipple grafting (FNG) results in similar sensory deficits, chest reinnervation concepts have not been applied to this procedure. Methods: This article describes a novel technique to reinnervate the FNG in patients undergoing double incision gender mastectomy. Results: Our technique differs from previously described reinnervation techniques in several aspects: (1) the donor axon count is maximized by preserving the third to fifth lateral cutaneous nerves for coaptation to the nipple areola complex, (2) the reinnervation approach varies and is based on patient anatomy, (3) the distal graft or donor nerve is split into fascicles to increase the reinnervation zone, and (4) the split fascicles are coapted to the dermatosensory peripheral nerve elements of the dermis. Conclusion: Chest reinnervation is technically feasible in patients undergoing double incision gender mastectomy with FNG (please also see the video abstract).

Reconstruction of the Upper Extremity High-Voltage Electrical Injury: A Pediatric Burn Hospital's 13-Year Experience.

High-voltage electrical injury is a rare yet destructive class of burn injury that persists as a serious public health issue. High-voltage exposure is commonly associated with complex wounds to the upper extremities, which can be a significant challenge for burn and plastic surgeons to reconstruct. This intensive and multistage reconstructive process is especially difficult in the growing child. Maximizing upper extremity function is a top priority, as it can have a significant impact on a patient's quality of life. Therefore, the purpose of this retrospective review was to describe lessons learned during a 13-year experience at a specialized pediatric burn hospital with reconstruction of the upper extremity after severe high-voltage injury in 37 children. We found that adherence to the following principles can help promote meaningful functional recovery. These include 1) frequent assessment during early acute care for the evolving need of decompression or amputation; 2) serial surgical debridement that follows a tissue-sparing technique; 3) wound closure by skin grafting or use of flaps (particularly groin or abdominal pedicled flaps) when deep musculoskeletal structures are involved; 4) early multidisciplinary intervention for contracture prevention and management, including physical and occupational therapy, splinting, and fixation; 5) reconstructive care that focuses on the simplest possible techniques to repair chronic skin defects such as laser therapy, local tissue rearrangements, and skin grafting; 6) complex reconstruction to address deeper tissue contractures or tendon and peripheral nerve deficits; and 7) amputation with preservation of growth plates, tissue transfer, and long-term prosthetic management when limb salvage is unlikely.

Five Essential Principles for First Web Space Reconstruction in the Burned Hand.

BACKGROUND: Burn injuries commonly affect the hand, and the development of adduction contractures of the first web space is frequent and deleterious, both functionally and aesthetically. Many corrective techniques and algorithmic approaches have been described to treat this problem, but there is no consensus on the optimal management. METHODS: A retrospective review at a single high-volume pediatric burn center was undertaken to evaluate the clinical course of these patients. All pediatric patients undergoing initial release of burn scar contracture of the first web space from 2005 through 2015 were included in a retrospective cohort study. RESULTS: The authors identified 40 patients with 57 burned hands. The initial approach to management was variable. Z-plasty or other local flap was the first technique used in 28 hands (49 percent), split-thickness skin graft in 19 hands (33 percent), full-thickness skin graft in seven hands (12 percent), groin flaps in two hands (4 percent), and a reverse radial forearm flap in one hand (2 percent). The mean numbers of total reconstructive procedures per hand including the initial procedure were as follows: groin flap, 4.0; full-thickness skin graft, 3.1; split-thickness skin graft, 2.1; Z-plasty, 1.4; and reverse radial forearm flap, 1.0. CONCLUSIONS: Successful reconstruction of the first web space must be addressed in the context of the entire hand. It is the authors' preference to use split-thickness skin grafting whenever a skin deficiency is present-only then should leading edge contractures be addressed with Z-plasty. Based on their experience, the authors recommend five principles that are essential to successfully treat postburn contractures of the first web space. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.

Genetic Risk of Trigger Finger: Results of a Genomewide Association Study.

BACKGROUND: Trigger finger, or stenosing tenosynovitis, is one of the most common conditions affecting the hand, yet its pathophysiology remains poorly understood, and genetic association studies of trigger finger are lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with trigger finger through a genomewide approach. METHODS: The authors performed a case-control genomewide association study in the Partners HealthCare Biobank. Single-nucleotide polymorphism- and gene-based association analyses were carried out after quality control, imputation, and filtering. RESULTS: Among 942 trigger finger cases and 24,472 controls, the authors tested 7,846,471 single-nucleotide polymorphisms for association with trigger finger. In the single-nucleotide polymorphism-based analysis, a single locus on chromosome 13 corresponding to KLHL1 met the genomewide significance threshold (lead single-nucleotide polymorphism rs59988404; OR, 1.74; 95 percent CI, 1.47 to 2.07; p = 1.99 × 10). After mapping, gene-based analysis demonstrated a significant association with POLE2 (p = 7.53 × 10) on chromosome 14. Among trigger finger cases, rs59988404 genotype was significantly associated with the total number of trigger finger procedures performed (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS: In the first reported genomewide association study of trigger finger, the authors report significant associations of KLHL1 and POLE2 with risk of trigger finger. The authors' results may help to elucidate the pathophysiology of trigger finger and facilitate an individualized, precision-medicine treatment approach. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Risk, III.

Wide-Field Functional Microscopy of Peripheral Nerve Injury and Regeneration.

Severe peripheral nerve injuries often result in partial repair and lifelong disabilities in patients. New surgical techniques and better graft tissues are being studied to accelerate regeneration and improve functional recovery. Currently, limited tools are available to provide in vivo monitoring of changes in nerve physiology such as myelination and vascularization, and this has impeded the development of new therapeutic options. We have developed a wide-field and label-free functional microscopy platform based on angiographic and vectorial birefringence methods in optical coherence tomography (OCT). By incorporating the directionality of the birefringence, which was neglected in the previously reported polarization-sensitive OCT techniques for nerve imaging, vectorial birefringence contrast reveals internal nerve microanatomy and allows for quantification of local myelination with superior sensitivity. Advanced OCT angiography is applied in parallel to image the three-dimensional vascular networks within the nerve over wide-fields. Furthermore, by combining vectorial birefringence and angiography, intraneural vessels can be discriminated from those of the surrounding tissues. The technique is used to provide longitudinal imaging of myelination and revascularization in the rodent sciatic nerve model, i.e. imaged at certain sequential time-points during regeneration. The animals were exposed to either crush or transection injuries, and in the case of transection, were repaired using an autologous nerve graft or acellular nerve allograft. Such label-free functional imaging by the platform can provide new insights into the mechanisms that limit regeneration and functional recovery, and may ultimately provide intraoperative assessment in human subjects.

Epidural Anesthesia to Facilitate Organ Blood Flow During the First Penile Transplantation in the United States: A Case Report.

Regional anesthesia has been used to help create local sympathectomy and improve blood flow in plastic surgery procedures involving tissue grafts and flaps. However, anesthetic techniques that reduce systemic vascular resistance must be used with caution in patients with aortic stenosis (AS). Combined neuraxial and general anesthesia with careful titration of the local anesthetic dose can be a safe approach for patients with AS undergoing microvascular procedures. We present the anesthetic management of the first North American penile transplant, on an obese patient with moderate AS.

Evaluation of Acellular Dermal Matrix Efficacy in Prosthesis-Based Breast Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: Although many studies have examined the safety of acellular dermal matrix in immediate prosthetic breast reconstruction, few studies have evaluated efficacy. This study examined initial tissue expander fill volume as a marker of efficacy, comparing patients after staged prosthetic breast reconstruction assisted with acellular dermal matrix versus breast reconstruction not assisted with acellular dermal matrix. Number of fill visits and time interval to implant exchange were examined as secondary endpoints. METHODS: An institutional review board-approved retrospective chart review was conducted to identify consecutive staged prosthetic reconstruction cases over 12 years. RESULTS: Mean initial tissue expander fill volume was significantly higher in the acellular dermal matrix group compared with the non-acellular dermal matrix group (180.8 ± 150.0 versus 45.8 ± 74.4; p = 0.00). Normalizing for final implant size, the acellular dermal matrix group exhibited significantly higher perioperative fill (0.33 ± 0.24 versus 0.11 ± 0.16; p = 0.00). A collinear trend was observed between acellular dermal matrix use and direct-to-implant reconstruction procedures during the study period. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that acellular dermal matrix use is more efficacious in achieving greater initial fill volume, fewer visits for expansion, and a shorter time interval to implant exchange compared with non-acellular dermal matrix procedures. The authors also describe a collinear relationship between acellular dermal matrix use and transition to direct-to-implant procedures at their institution. This work serves as a framework for future studies evaluating acellular dermal matrix efficacy, and guides innovation of biomaterials to support breast reconstruction. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.