Biomass and production of Cladocera in Furnas Reservoir, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

Secondary production of zooplankton, the main energy pathway in many aquatic ecosystems, is crucial to an Understanding of functioning of these systems function. In this study, we analyzed the magnitude and seasonal variations of the population density, biomass and secondary production of Cladocera in the Furnas Reservoir (Brazil). Samples were carried out monthly at 6 points in the reservoir, from August 2006 to July 2007. Main physical and chemical variables in the water column were measured in situ. Data on density, biomass and development times were obtained and used to calculate the secondary production of eight Cladocera species. The total production of Cladocera varied from 0.02 to 28.6 mgDWm-3.day-1, among the sampling sites. The highest values were recorded in spring and summer months (September to January), and were correlated to the increase in the biomass of the phytoplankton. The mean production:biomass ratio was 0.32. The level of production in Furnas Reservoir fell within the range of those reported in the literature and was of the same order of magnitude of the production values recorded for oligotrophic reservoirs. Cladocera production differed spatially inside the Sapucaí compartment and also in the temporal scale, seasonally.

The use of PCR-RFLP to genetically distinguish the morphologically close species: Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, 1894 and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii Daday, 1902 (Crustacea Cladocera).

The cladocerans are important components of planktonic and benthic freshwater and good indicators of the trophic state of water bodies. The morphological taxonomy of many species of Cladocera is considered complex with minor differences separating some species. Nowadays, molecular techniques provide a powerful tool to identify and classify different taxonomical levels, using mainly ribosomal RNA genes (rRNA) as molecular markers. In the present work we performed PCR-RFLP to separate Ceriodaphnia dubia, an exotic species in Brazil and the native species Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, widely distributed in Brazilian freshwater. The RFLP analysis of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region of rRNA genes showed to be different between C. dubia and C. silvestrii when using enzymes EcoRI, ApaI and SalI. Thus, the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 region proved to be a useful molecular marker to differentiate the studied Ceriodaphnia species, which makes the task easier of telling apart species that are morphologically very similar. Also, this methodology might be interesting in determining the distribution of the exotic species C. dubia in Brazilian freshwaters, particularly in cases when C. dubia occurs in the absence of C. silvestrii, a particularly difficult task for ecologists who are not taxonomy specialists.

Composition, diversity and short-term temporal fluctuations of zooplankton communities in fish culture ponds (Pindamonhangaba), SP.

The present study aimed at evaluating the composition, diversity and short-term temporal fluctuations of zooplankton communities in fish ponds. The study was carried out in two fish ponds, with 180 m(2) of water surface (6 x 30 m) each, located in the Aquiculture Centre of the Pindamonhangaba Fisheries Institute - São Paulo. The study was developed over eight weeks, from February 16 to April 6, 1998. The physical and chemical conditions of the water in the fish ponds were adequate for zooplankton development. The zooplanktonic community was characterised by high richness of species and a greater diversity was observed in the first fish pond, with a superior density of Rotifera. Temporal changes in zooplankton composition occurred in both ponds with Cladocera appearing in abundance later, in the fourth week, whereas copepods and rotifers were well represented since the beginning. Many species found are typical of fish ponds and are considered to constitute an excellent food source, showing high nutritional value for fish larvae, a good example being individuals from the Rotifera group and the micro-crustacean species Moina minuta and Thermocyclops decipiens.

Composition, diversity and short-term temporal fluctuations of zooplankton communities in fish culture ponds (Pindamonhangaba), SP / Composição, diversidade e flutuações temporais de curto prazo da comunidade zooplanctônica de viveiros de piscicultura (Pindamonhangaba), SP

The present study aimed at evaluating the composition, diversity and short-term temporal fluctuations of zooplankton communities in fish ponds. The study was carried out in two fish ponds, with 180 m² of water surface (6 × 30 m) each, located in the Aquiculture Centre of the Pindamonhangaba Fisheries Institute - São Paulo. The study was developed over eight weeks, from February 16 to April 6, 1998. The physical and chemical conditions of the water in the fish ponds were adequate for zooplankton development. The zooplanktonic community was characterised by high richness of species and a greater diversity was observed in the first fish pond, with a superior density of Rotifera. Temporal changes in zooplankton composition occurred in both ponds with Cladocera appearing in abundance later, in the fourth week, whereas copepods and rotifers were well represented since the beginning. Many species found are typical of fish ponds and are considered to constitute an excellent food source, showing high nutritional value for fish larvae, a good example being individuals from the Rotifera group and the micro-crustacean species Moina minuta and Thermocyclops decipiens.

O presente estudo visou avaliar a composição, a diversidade e a flutuação do zooplâncton em dois viveiros escavados na terra com 180 m² de espelho d'água (6 × 30 m) cada um, no Núcleo de Aquicultura do Instituto de Pesca de Pindamonhangaba-SP. O estudo foi realizado durante oito semanas, no período de 16 de fevereiro a 6 de abril de 1998. As condições observadas, em relação às características físicas e químicas da água dos viveiros, foram adequadas ao desenvolvimento dos organismos zooplanctônicos. A comunidade zooplanctônica foi caracterizada por elevada riqueza de espécies, com maiores densidades de organismos pertencentes ao grupo Rotifera. Mudanças temporais na composição do zooplâncton ocorreram em ambos os tanques, com Cladocera aparecendo em maior abundância mais tarde, na quarta semana, enquanto que copepodos e rotíferos foram bem representados desde o início. Muitas espécies encontradas são típicas de viveiros de piscicultura e constituem excelente fonte alimentar, apresentando alto valor nutritivo para larvas de peixes, como por exemplo os indivíduos do grupo Rotifera e as espécies Moina minuta e Thermocyclops decipiens.

Spatial distribution and secondary production of Copepoda in a tropical reservoir: Barra Bonita, SP, Brazil.

The present paper aims to describe the spatial distribution of zooplankton copepods, their biomass and instantaneous secondary production, in Barra Bonita, a large eutrophic, polymitic reservoir (22 degrees 29' S and 48 degrees 34' W) on the Tietê River, of the Paraná basin. Sampling was carried out during two seasons: dry winter and rainy summer. Species composition, age structure and numerical density of each copepod species population were analyzed at 25 sampling stations. Secondary production was calculated for Copepoda, the dominant group in zooplankton communities, taking Calanoida and Cyclopoida separately. Copepoda represented the largest portion of the total zooplankton biomass, the dominant species being Notodiaptomus iheringi among the Calanoida and Mesocyclops ogunnus and Thermocyclops decipiens among the Cyclopoida. The production of Copepoda was higher during the rainy summer (23.61 mgDW.m(-3).d(-1) in January 1995) than during the dry winter season (14 mgDW.m(-3).d(-1) in August 1995), following the general pattern of abundance for the whole zooplankton community. Among the copepods, Cyclopoida production was higher than that of Calanoida, a pattern commonly observed for tropical lakes and reservoirs. Barra Bonita copepods are very productive, but there was a great degree of spatial heterogeneity, related to the physical and chemical conditions, particularly the level of nutrients and also to phytoplankton biomass.

Spatial distribution and secondary production of Copepoda in a tropical reservoir: Barra Bonita, SP, Brazil

The present paper aims to describe the spatial distribution of zooplankton copepods, their biomass and instantaneous secondary production, in Barra Bonita, a large eutrophic, polymitic reservoir (22° 29' S and 48° 34' W) on the Tietê River, of the Paraná basin. Sampling was carried out during two seasons: dry winter and rainy summer. Species composition, age structure and numerical density of each copepod species population were analyzed at 25 sampling stations. Secondary production was calculated for Copepoda, the dominant group in zooplankton communities, taking Calanoida and Cyclopoida separately. Copepoda represented the largest portion of the total zooplankton biomass, the dominant species being Notodiaptomus iheringi among the Calanoida and Mesocyclops ogunnus and Thermocyclops decipiens among the Cyclopoida. The production of Copepoda was higher during the rainy summer (23.61 mgDW.m-3.d-1 in January 1995) than during the dry winter season (14 mgDW.m-3.d-1 in August 1995), following the general pattern of abundance for the whole zooplankton community. Among the copepods, Cyclopoida production was higher than that of Calanoida, a pattern commonly observed for tropical lakes and reservoirs. Barra Bonita copepods are very productive, but there was a great degree of spatial heterogeneity, related to the physical and chemical conditions, particularly the level of nutrients and also to phytoplankton biomass.

O presente estudo visou avaliar a distribuição espacial e quantificar a biomassa e a produção secundária de copépodos em Barra Bonita, um reservatório eutrófico e polimítico (22° 29' S e 48° 34' W) no rio Tietê, bacia do rio Paraná. As amostragens foram realizadas em duas estações do ano: inverno seco e verão chuvoso. A composição de espécies, a estrutura etária e a densidade numérica de cada população foram analisadas em 25 estações de amostragem. A produção secundária foi calculada para Copepoda, o grupo dominante na comunidade zooplanctônica, considerando Calanoida e Cyclopoida separadamente. Copepoda representou a maior porção da biomassa do zooplâncton total, sendo Notodiaptomus iheringi a espécie dominante entre os Calanoida e Mesocyclops ogunnus e Thermocyclops decipiens entre os Cyclopoida. A produção de Copepoda foi maior no verão chuvoso (23,61 mgPSm-3.d-1 em janeiro de 1995), comparada àquela registrada no período de inverno e seca (14 mgPSm-3.d-1 em agosto de 1995), seguindo o padrão geral da abundância de toda a comunidade zooplanctônica. Entre os copépodos, a produção de Cyclopoida foi mais alta que a de Calanoida, um padrão normalmente observado para lagos e reservatórios tropicais. Os Copépodos do reservatório de Barra Bonita foram muito produtivos, mas houve uma grande heterogeneidade espacial, relacionada a condições físicas e químicas, particularmente nutrientes e a biomassa fitoplanctônica na porção superior do reservatório.

Cladocera Chydoridae of high altitude water bodies (Serra da Mantiqueira), in Brazil

The diversity of species of Cladocera, Chydoridae in the water bodies belonging to the water management unity of Serra da Mantiqueira, was studied inside the BIOTA/FAPESP Program. A total of 21 water bodies were analyzed and the sampling was carried out between 9th and 11th September, 1999. Horizontal and vertical net hauls were taken at littoral and limnetic region in each lake. Most water bodies in Serra da Mantiqueira unity are small, shallow, and densely colonized by macrophytes. Most species of Cladocera found belong to the Chydoridae family, being typical inhabitants of the littoral zone, living associated with macrophytes. A total of 12 species were found, 9 of the subfamily Aloninae and 3 Chydorinae. In more than half of the water bodies the relative abundance of chydorids reached 100 percent, and they were dominant in most of the others, with few exceptions. Alona rustica was the most frequent species, occurring in 62 percent of the water bodies. The results evidenced the importance of the littoral zone as propitious habitats for the species of Chydoridae and contributing significantly to the diversity of Cladocera as a whole

Cladocera Chydoridae of high altitude water bodies (Serra da Mantiqueira), in Brazil.

The diversity of species of Cladocera, Chydoridae in the water bodies belonging to the water management unity of Serra da Mantiqueira, was studied inside the BIOTA/FAPESP Program. A total of 21 water bodies were analyzed and the sampling was carried out between 9th and 11th September, 1999. Horizontal and vertical net hauls were taken at littoral and limnetic region in each lake. Most water bodies in Serra da Mantiqueira unity are small, shallow, and densely colonized by macrophytes. Most species of Cladocera found belong to the Chydoridae family, being typical inhabitants of the littoral zone, living associated with macrophytes. A total of 12 species were found, 9 of the subfamily Aloninae and 3 Chydorinae. In more than half of the water bodies the relative abundance of chydorids reached 100%, and they were dominant in most of the others, with few exceptions. Alona rustica was the most frequent species, occurring in 62% of the water bodies. The results evidenced the importance of the littoral zone as propitious habitats for the species of Chydoridae and contributing significantly to the diversity of Cladocera as a whole.

Cladocera Chydoridae of high altitude water bodies (Serra da Mantiqueira), in Brazil

The diversity of species of Cladocera, Chydoridae in the water bodies belonging to the water management unity of Serra da Mantiqueira, was studied inside the BIOTA/FAPESP Program. A total of 21 water bodies were analyzed and the sampling was carried out between 9th and 11th September, 1999. Horizontal and vertical net hauls were taken at littoral and limnetic region in each lake. Most water bodies in Serra da Mantiqueira unity are small, shallow, and densely colonized by macrophytes. Most species of Cladocera found belong to the Chydoridae family, being typical inhabitants of the littoral zone, living associated with macrophytes. A total of 12 species were found, 9 of the subfamily Aloninae and 3 Chydorinae. In more than half of the water bodies the relative abundance of chydorids reached 100%, and they were dominant in most of the others, with few exceptions. Alona rustica was the most frequent species, occurring in 62% of the water bodies. The results evidenced the importance of the littoral zone as propitious habitats for the species of Chydoridae and contributing significantly to the diversity of Cladocera as a whole.

A diversidade de espécies de Cladocera Chydoridae da unidade de gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos (UGRHI) da Serra da Mantiqueira foi estudada, como parte do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP. Foram analisadas amostras de 21 corpos d'água desta unidade de gerenciamento e as coletas foram realizadas no período de 9 a 11/9/99. Para a análise da comunidade zooplanctônica foram coletadas amostras por meio de arrastos horizontais e verticais na região limnética e na região litorânea. Os corpos d'água da UGRHI da Serra da Mantiqueira são pequenos, de pouca profundidade e densamente colonizados por macrófitas aquáticas. As espécies de Cladocera encontradas são típicas de região litorânea, vivendo associadas a macrófitas, isto é, representantes da família Chydoridae. Em relação à abundância relativa, esta família representou quase 100% do total de Cladocera da maior parte dos corpos d'água e, quanto à riqueza de espécies, representou mais da metade das espécies de Cladocera. A espécie Alona rustica foi a mais freqüente, ocorrendo em 62% dos corpos d'água. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que nos ambientes estudados a região litorânea desempenha papel importante, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de condições especiais para o crescimento de espécies de Chydoridae e contribuindo significativamente para a diversidade total dos Cladocera.

Cladocera Chydoridae of high altitude water bodies (Serra da Mantiqueira), in Brazil

The diversity of species of Cladocera, Chydoridae in the water bodies belonging to the water management unity of Serra da Mantiqueira, was studied inside the BIOTA/FAPESP Program. A total of 21 water bodies were analyzed and the sampling was carried out between 9th and 11th September, 1999. Horizontal and vertical net hauls were taken at littoral and limnetic region in each lake. Most water bodies in Serra da Mantiqueira unity are small, shallow, and densely colonized by macrophytes. Most species of Cladocera found belong to the Chydoridae family, being typical inhabitants of the littoral zone, living associated with macrophytes. A total of 12 species were found, 9 of the subfamily Aloninae and 3 Chydorinae. In more than half of the water bodies the relative abundance of chydorids reached 100%, and they were dominant in most of the others, with few exceptions. Alona rustica was the most frequent species, occurring in 62% of the water bodies. The results evidenced the importance of the littoral zone as propitious habitats for the species of Chydoridae and contributing significantly to the diversity of Cladocera as a whole.

A diversidade de espécies de Cladocera Chydoridae da unidade de gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos (UGRHI) da Serra da Mantiqueira foi estudada, como parte do Programa BIOTA/FAPESP. Foram analisadas amostras de 21 corpos d'água desta unidade de gerenciamento e as coletas foram realizadas no período de 9 a 11/9/99. Para a análise da comunidade zooplanctônica foram coletadas amostras por meio de arrastos horizontais e verticais na região limnética e na região litorânea. Os corpos d'água da UGRHI da Serra da Mantiqueira são pequenos, de pouca profundidade e densamente colonizados por macrófitas aquáticas. As espécies de Cladocera encontradas são típicas de região litorânea, vivendo associadas a macrófitas, isto é, representantes da família Chydoridae. Em relação à abundância relativa, esta família representou quase 100% do total de Cladocera da maior parte dos corpos d'água e, quanto à riqueza de espécies, representou mais da metade das espécies de Cladocera. A espécie Alona rustica foi a mais freqüente, ocorrendo em 62% dos corpos d'água. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que nos ambientes estudados a região litorânea desempenha papel importante, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de condições especiais para o crescimento de espécies de Chydoridae e contribuindo significativamente para a diversidade total dos Cladocera.