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1.
J Pers Soc Psychol ; 2023 Oct 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37796592

RESUMEN

The time between adolescence and adulthood is a transformative period of development. During these years, youth are exploring work, relationships, and worldviews while gaining the capacities needed to take on adult roles. These social and psychological processes are reflected in how personality develops across this period. Most youth personality development research has focused on the Big Five domains, ignoring the hierarchical structure of personality and missing broader, higher order processes and more specific, lower order processes. Toward a more comprehensive account, this study examines how personality develops from adolescence into the early years of adulthood at the metatrait (stability, plasticity), domain (Big Five), and facet levels. Data come from a longitudinal study of Mexican-origin youth (N = 645) with few socioeconomic resources who were assessed 5 times from Ages 14 to 23. We used latent growth curve models to investigate mean-level change, rank-order consistency, and the maintenance of trajectories for self-reported personality metatraits, domains, and facets. We found distinct developmental processes unfolding at each level of the hierarchy, including (a) mean-level changes in the metatraits and domains indicating increases in exploratory tendencies (i.e., plasticity) and maturity (i.e., increases in agreeableness and conscientiousness, decreases in neuroticism), and divergent change patterns between facets within each domain indicating nuanced maturational processes; (b) comparable levels of rank-order consistency for metatraits, domains, and facets; and (c) evidence that deviations from youth's developmental trajectories did not persist over time. Our findings offer insights into personality development that would be impossible to glean from the domain-level alone and adds needed sociocultural diversity to the literature. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

2.
Sleep ; 44(9)2021 09 13.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33823052

RESUMEN

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Sleep quantity and continuity vary across the lifespan. Actigraphy is a reliable and widely used behavioral measure of sleep in research and personal health monitoring. This meta-analysis provides a novel examination of whether age (in years) is associated with actigraphy-assessed sleep across the lifespan. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase.com, Cochrane CENTRAL, and PsycINFO using "actigraphy" and "sleep" terms provided 7079 titles/abstracts; studies of individuals with known psychiatric or medical comorbidities were excluded. Ninety-one articles (N = 23 365) provided data for six meta-analyses examining sleep duration (k = 89), sleep efficiency (k = 58), bedtime (k = 19) and waketime (k = 9) for individuals ages 6-21, and bedtime (k = 7) and waketime (k = 7) for individuals ages 22 and older. RESULTS: At older ages, sleep duration was shorter (r = -0.12) and sleep efficiency was lower (r = -0.05). Older age was associated with later bedtime (r = 0.37) and wake-up time (r = 0.24) from ages 6-21, whereas older age was associated with earlier bedtime (r = -0.66) and wake-up time (r = -0.59) for ages 22 and above. The strength of these associations was modified by study continent, but not by any other moderator. CONCLUSIONS: Age was negatively associated with actigraphy-assessed sleep duration and efficiency, but the effects were small in magnitude. On the other hand, large associations were observed between age and sleep timing, despite a smaller literature and the absence of analyzable data for ages 30-60. Changes in sleep timing, rather than changes in sleep duration or continuity, may better characterize the effects of age on human sleep.


Asunto(s)
Actigrafía , Longevidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Sueño , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Tiempo , Adulto Joven
3.
Int J Geriatr Psychiatry ; 35(4): 384-395, 2020 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31894591

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: While suicidal behavior often manifests in adolescence and early adulthood, some people first attempt suicide in late life, often with remarkable lethal intent and determination. Given these individuals' more adaptive functioning earlier in life, they may possess traits that hinder adjustment to aging, such as high conscientiousness, rather than impulsive-aggressive traits associated with suicidal behavior in younger adults. METHODS: A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted in older adults aged ≥50 (mean: 65), divided into early- and late-onset attempters (age at first attempt ≤ or >50, mean: 31 vs 61), suicide ideators as well as non-suicidal depressed and healthy controls. Personality was assessed in terms of the five-factor model (FFM, n = 200) and five DSM personality disorders analyzed on the trait level as continuous scores (PDs, n = 160). Given our starting hypothesis about late-onset attempters, the FFM dimension conscientiousness was further tested on the subcomponent level. RESULTS: All clinical groups displayed more maladaptive profiles than healthy subjects. Compared to depressed controls, higher neuroticism, and borderline traits characterized both suicide ideators and early-onset attempters, while only early-onset attempters further displayed lower extraversion and higher antisocial traits. Late-onset attempters were similar to depressed controls on most measures, but scored higher than them on orderliness, a conscientiousness subcomponent. CONCLUSIONS: While neuroticism, introversion, and cluster B traits are prominent in early-onset suicidal behavior, late-onset cases generally lack these features. In contrast, higher levels of orderliness in late-onset suicidal behavior are compatible with the age-selective maladjustment hypothesis. Key points Personality of elderly attempters differed between those with early- and late-onset first attempts. Early-onset attempters possessed personality traits generally found in younger suicidal populations (high neuroticism, low extraversion, antisocial, and borderline PD traits), supporting that constitutional suicide risk factors persist into late life in some individuals. Late-onset suicide attempters had higher levels of orderliness than non-suicidal depressed participants, suggesting that this generally adaptive trait may facilitate suicidal behavior in a subset of depressed elderly.


Asunto(s)
Agresión , Trastornos de la Personalidad/psicología , Personalidad , Intento de Suicidio/psicología , Suicidio/psicología , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Neuroticismo , Factores de Riesgo , Ideación Suicida
4.
Acad Emerg Med ; 25(8): 844-855, 2018 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29513381

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Psychosocial factors and responses to injury modify the transition from acute to chronic pain. Specifically, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms (reexperiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal symptoms) exacerbate and cooccur with chronic pain. Yet no study has prospectively considered the associations among these psychological processes and pain reports using experience sampling methods (ESMs) during the acute aftermath of injury. This study applied ESM via daily text messaging to monitor and detect relationships among psychosocial factors and postinjury pain across the first 14 days after emergency department (ED) discharge. METHODS: We recruited 75 adults (59% male; mean ± SD age = 34 ± 11.73 years) who experienced a potentially traumatic injury (i.e., involving life threat or serious injury) in the past 24 hours from the EDs of two Level I trauma centers. Participants received five questions per day via text messaging from Day 1 to Day 14 post-ED discharge; three questions measured PTSD symptoms, one question measured perceived social support, and one question measured physical pain. RESULTS: Sixty-seven participants provided sufficient data for inclusion in the final analyses, and the average response rate per subject was 86%. Pain severity score decreased from a mean ± SD of 7.2 ± 2.0 to 4.4 ± 2.69 over 14 days and 50% of the variance in daily pain scores was within person. In multilevel structural equation models, pain scores decreased over time, and daily fluctuations of hyperarousal (B = 0.22, 95% confidetnce interval = 0.08-0.36) were uniquely associated with daily fluctuations in reported pain level within each person. CONCLUSIONS: Daily hyperarousal symptoms predict same-day pain severity over the acute postinjury recovery period. We also demonstrated feasibility to screen and identify patients at risk for pain chronicity in the acute aftermath of injury. Early interventions aimed at addressing hyperarousal (e.g., anxiolytics) could potentially aid in reducing experience of pain.

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