Rheological properties, multiscale structure, and in vitro digestibility of a maize starch-konjac glucomannan-bamboo leaf flavonoid complex modified by dynamic high-pressure microfluidization.

The effects of dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) treatment on the rheological properties, multiscale structure and in vitro digestibility of complex of maize starch (MS), konjac glucomannan (KGM), and bamboo leaf flavonoids (BLFs) were investigated. Compared with MS, the MS-KGM-BLF complex exhibited reduced viscosity and crystallinity, along with increased lamellar thickness to 10.26 nm. MS-KGM-BLF complex had lower viscosity after DHPM treatment. The highest ordered structure and crystallinity were observed at 50 MPa, with the α value increasing from 3.40 to 3.59 and the d value decreasing from 10.26 to 9.81 nm. However, higher DHPM pressures resulted in a decrease in the α value and an increase in the d value. The highest gelatinization enthalpy and resistant starch content were achieved at 100 MPa DHPM, while the fractal structure shifted from surface fractal to mass fractal at 150 MPa. This study presents an innovative method for enhancing the properties of MS.

The impact of extraction processes on the physicochemical, functional properties and structures of bamboo shoot protein.

This study aimed to extract bamboo shoot protein (BSP) using different extraction approaches and compare their functional and physicochemical properties with commercial protein ingredients, including whey protein and soy protein isolates. The extraction methods including alkali extraction (AE), salt extraction (SE), and phosphate-aided ethanol precipitation (PE) were used. An enhanced solvent extraction method was utilized in combination, resulting in a significant improvement in the protein purity, which reached 81.59 %, 87.36 %, and 67.08 % respectively. The extraction methods had significant effects on the amino acid composition, molecular weight distribution, and functional properties of the proteins. SE exhibited the best solubility and emulsification properties. Its solubility reached up to 93.38 % under alkaline conditions, and the emulsion stabilized by SE with enhanced solvent extraction retained 60.95 % stability after 120 min, which could be attributed to its higher protein content, higher surface hydrophobicity, and relative more stable and organized protein structure. All three BSP samples demonstrated better oil holding capacity, while the SE sample showed comparable functional properties to soy protein such as foaming and emulsifying properties. These findings indicate the potential of BSP as an alternative plant protein ingredient in the food industry.

New insights into the interaction between bamboo shoot polysaccharides and lotus root starch during gelatinization, retrogradation, and digestion of starch.

In this study, the interaction between bamboo shoot polysaccharides (BSP) and lotus root starch (LS) during gelatinization, retrogradation, and digestion of starch was investigated. The addition of BSP inhibited the gelatinization of LS and decreased the peak viscosity, valley viscosity, and final viscosity. Amylose leaching initially increased and then decreased with the increase in BSP addition. The apparent viscosity and viscoelasticity of LS decreased with the increase in BSP addition. Moreover, 3 % BSP increased the hardness and cohesiveness of LS gel, whereas 6 %-15 % BSP decreased them. In addition, 3 %-6 % BSP promoted the uniform distribution of water molecules in the starch paste, whereas the addition of 12 % and 15 % BSP resulted in the inhomogeneous distribution of the water. The retrogradation degree of LS gel gradually increased with the increase in BSP addition from 3 % to 6 %, whereas 9 %-15 % BSP restricted the short-term and long-term retrogradation of LS. After 12 % BSP was added, the RDS content reduced by 11.6 %, the RS content significantly increased by 75 %, and the digestibility of starch decreased. This work revealed the interaction between BSP and LS during starch gelatinization, retrogradation, and digestion to improve the physicochemical properties and digestive characteristics of LS.

Lotus starch/bamboo shoot polysaccharide composite system treated via ultrasound: Pasting, gelling properties and multiscale structure.

This study investigated the effects of ultrasound treatment on the physicochemical properties, digestion properties, and multiscale structure of a lotus root starch (LS) and bamboo shoot polysaccharide (BSP) composite system. It also preliminarily revealed the mechanism underlying the modification effect of ultrasound treatment. After 180-360 W ultrasound treatment, the viscosity, thixotropy, and gel viscoelasticity of the LS/BSP paste increased. However, treatment with the ultrasound power of 540 and 720 W decreased viscoelasticity. After 14 days of retrogradation, the hardness and cohesiveness of the LS/BSP gel increased under 180 and 360 W ultrasound treatment but decreased under 540 and 720 W ultrasound treatment. After 540 W ultrasound treatment, RDS content decreased by 17.2 % and resistant starch content increased by 32.5 %. After 180 min of in vitro digestion, the hydrolysis rate of LS/BSP decreased from 97.82 % to 93.13 % as the ultrasound power increased to 540 W. Ultrasound promoted the uniform dispersion of BSP in the starch paste and the movement, orientation, rearrangement, and aggregation of starch and BSP molecular chains. These effects further enhanced the interaction between BSP and starch, resulting in the formation of a dense paste structure with strong resistance to digestive enzymes. This work revealed the mechanism of the effects of ultrasound treatment on LS/BSP and found that 360-540 W ultrasound treatment could improve the physicochemical properties and digestion properties of LS/BSP.

Synergistic modification of ultrasound and bamboo leaf flavonoid on the rheological properties, multi-scale structure, and in vitro digestibility of pea starch.

In this study, the effect of ultrasonic treatment (UT), bamboo leaf flavonoid (BLF), ultrasonic treatment prior to bamboo leaf flavonoid (UT-BLF), and bamboo leaf flavonoid prior to the ultrasonic treatment (BLF-UT) on the rheological properties, multi-scale structure, and digestibility of pea starch (PS) were investigated. The morphology and crystal structure of starch granules were destroyed by UT, thereby promoting starch retrogradation and digestion. The binding between BLF and starch through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds inhibited the interaction between starch molecular chains and impaired their double helix structure, thus effectively retarding starch retrogradation. The anti-digestibility of starch was enhanced after synergistic treatment. Compared with single treatment, synergistic treatment increased the ordered structure and gelatinization enthalpy of starch. In comparison with the UT-BLF group, the viscoelastic and thermal stability of BLF-UT group were improved with the increase in ordered structure. This study could provide valuable information for PS modification.

Sucrose ester alleviates the agglomeration behavior of bamboo shoot dietary fiber treated via high pressure homogenization: Influence on physicochemical, rheological, and structural properties.

High-pressure homogenization (HPH) is a physical modification method that can rapidly reduce the particle size of bamboo shoot dietary fiber (BSDF), but it can lead to agglomeration. Therefore, the effects of the addition of sucrose ester (SE) to alleviate the agglomeration of BSDF during HPH were investigated. Compared with BSDF without added SE, BSDF obtained the smallest particle size (276.5 nm) and highest ζ-Potential (53.6 mV) when SE was 5 g/L. Water-holding capacity, oil-holding capacity, swelling capacity, and b* increased, whereas L* and a* decreased significantly with the addition of SE. The shear stress and viscoelasticity of BSDF solution were minimized when 5 g/L SE was added. SE reduced relative crystallinity and thermal stability of BSDF. SE could effectively alleviate the aggregation of BSDF through the mechanism of electrostatic repulsion. This study highlights an innovative and promising strategy for alleviating the agglomeration behavior of BSDF during HPH treatment.

Schiff base cross-linked dialdehyde cellulose/gelatin composite aerogels as porous structure templates for oleogels preparation.

Recently, biopolymer-based structured oil has emerged to substitute saturated and trans-fats. Herein, the porous biopolymeric networks with the cellular structure were developed with cross-linked dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) and gelatin to prepare oleogels. The determination of aldehyde content in the DAC molecular chain revealed a high degree of oxidation of cellulose. The FTIR data showed the covalent cross-linking bond between the DAC and gelatin. The covalent cross-linking between DAC and gelatin promoted the composite aerogel (DG) to form a porous three-dimensional network structure with enhanced thermal stability, mechanical properties, and water stability. The DAC/gelatin composite aerogel with 5 wt% DAC (DG-5) exhibited the highest porosity (91.27 %) and lowest pore diameter (10.52 µm) with greater capillary force, resulting in a high oil absorption capacity of 11.24 g/g and oil holding capacity of 55.57 %. The DG oleogels containing 6 % thymol in the oil phase showed good antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus for 24 h. This work provides a facile and promising strategy for developing oleogels by DAC/gelatin cross-linked conjugates as aerogel templates for oil structuring.

Synthesis, determination, and bio-application in cellular and biomass-bamboo imaging of natural cinnamaldehyde derivatives.

Cinnamon essential oil (CEO) is the main ingredient in the renewable biomass of cinnamon, which contains natural cinnamaldehyde. To valorize the value of cinnamaldehyde, two simple and useful compounds (1 and 2) from CEO were synthesized using a Schiff-base reaction and characterized by infrared spectra (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Compound 1 was used to confirm the presence of Fe3+ and ClO- in solution, as well as compound 2. Using fluorescence enhancement phenomena, it offered practicable linear relationship of 1's fluorescence intensity and Fe3+ concentrations: (0-8.0 × 10-5 mol/L), y = 36.232x + 45.054, R 2 = 0.9947, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.323 µM, as well as compound 2. With increasing fluorescence, F404/F426 of 1 and the ClO- concentration (0-1.0 × 10-4 mol/L) also had a linear relationship: y = 0.0392x + 0.5545, R 2 = 0.9931, LOD = 0.165 µM. However, the fluorescence intensity of 2 (596 nm) was quenched by a reduced concentration of ClO-, resulting in a linear. In addition, compounds 1 and 2 were used to image human astrocytoma MG (U-251), brain neuroblastoma (LN-229) cells, and bamboo tissue by adding Fe3+ or ClO-, with clear intracellular fluorescence. Thus, the two compounds based on CEO could be used to dye cells and bamboo tissues by fluorescence technology.

Comparison of different extraction methods on the physicochemical, structural properties, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of bamboo shoot dietary fibers.

The effect of alkali extraction (AE), enzymatic extraction (EE), ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE), and shear homogeneous-assisted enzymatic extraction (SHAEE) on the physicochemical, structural properties, and in vitro hypoglycemic activity of bamboo shoot dietary fibers (BSDF) were investigated and compared. BSDF obtained by AE had the lowest protein content and crystallinity index. The lowest oil holding capacity (OHC) and highest protein content were observed in EE. BSDF generated highest OHC and glucose adsorption capacity by UAEE. SHAEE obtained the highest SDF content (17.89%), water-holding capacity (8.81 g/g), and α-amylase activity inhibition ratio (19.89%) and the smallest particle size (351.33 µm). BSDF extracted by SHAEE and UAEE presented a porous and loose structure. Furthermore, the in vitro hypoglycemic activity of the four BSDF samples generally followed the order of SHAEE > UAEE > EE > AE. Results show that SHAEE is an innovative and promising method to obtain BSDF with its excellent physicochemical and functional properties.

Modifying the rheological properties, in vitro digestion, and structure of rice starch by extrusion assisted addition with bamboo shoot dietary fiber.

This paper investigated the effect of extrusion treatment on the rheological properties, in vitro digestibility, and multi-structure of starch with or without bamboo shoot dietary fiber (BSDF). The viscoelasticity and thixotropy decreased after extrusion treatment, however, they increased after BSDF addition, and decreased with increasing BSDF content. The starch granules became smooth and formed big lumps after extrusion treatment. The dense lumps became loose after the addition of BSDF. Extrusion treatment changed the movement and arrangement of starch chains and thus the relative crystallinity and branching degree decreased by 92.6% and 40.9%, respectively. The disruption of starch further increased rapid digestion starch (RDS) content by 10%. The decreased disruption of starch granules and increased entanglement between BSDF and starch decreased the RDS content. The addition of BSDF is a novelty method to enhance the nutritional properties and control the physicochemical properties of extruded starchy foods.

Improved Oxidation Stability of Camellia Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by the Mixed Monolayer of Soy Protein Isolate/Bamboo Shoot Protein Complexes.

The complex of soy protein isolate (SPI)/bamboo shoot protein concentrate (BPC) was developed to stabilize camellia oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. The surface hydrophobicity of the BPC/SPI complex driven by hydrogen bonds and electrostatic attractions was improved. With the increasing ratio of BPC in the complex, a tighter network layer structure of the complex was formed due to the rearrangement of proteins, and the emulsions showed a progressive enhancement in the gel-like structures. At the SPI/BPC ratio of 2:1, the emulsions had smaller droplet size and lower creaming index of 230 nm and 30%, and the emulsifying activity and stability indices of the emulsions were 803.72 min and 11.85 g/m2, respectively, indicating a better emulsifying activity and stability of emulsions. Meanwhile, the emulsions stabilized by the complex at the ratio of 2:1 showed better storage and antioxidant stability. These findings are expected to develop the application of bamboo shoots in emulsion-based food products such as mayonnaise, salad dressings, and sauces.

Fabrication and characterization of bamboo shoot cellulose/sodium alginate composite aerogels for sustained release of curcumin.

The feasibility of using unmodified bamboo shoot cellulose (BSC) to produce composite aerogels with sodium alginate (SA) in a fast and green way for sustained release of curcumin was explored for the first time, in which calcium ion-induced SA cross-linking could effectively retain the structural stability of aerogel skeleton. The aerogels were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The encapsulation and release of curcumin from aerogels were studied while the antioxidant activity of encapsulated curcumin was investigated. Curcumin was evenly encapsulated in the composite aerogels and showed a sustained release behavior, followed the first-order rate expression. Interpenetrating network structures were built between BSC and SA mainly through hydrogen bonding, which could be further reinforced by the cross-linking of CaCO3 on the SA matrix. The original characteristics of BSC in the composite aerogels were well retained. The thermal stability and mechanical properties of the composite aerogels were improved by Ca2+-induced cross-linking, while the uncross-linked composite aerogels exhibited better encapsulation efficiency and in vitro antioxidant activity. Overall, this study was the first to use cellulose from bamboo shoot to develop aerogels for drug delivery purposes. The cellulose/alginate composite aerogels were promising to be used as biocompatible carriers for drug and nutraceutical delivery.

Using the Major Components (Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin) of Phyllostachys praecox Bamboo Shoot as Dietary Fiber.

Bamboo shoots are a renewable and abundant biomass containing cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. Although many studies have explored the applications of each of these components in the preparation of biochemicals and biopolymers, few studies have evaluated the utility of these components as a dietary fiber supplement. In this study, a powder consisting of the main components of bamboo shoots (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) was prepared from fresh Phyllostachys praecox shoots and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. To evaluate the potential utility of these components as a dietary fiber supplement, we conducted an experiment in which this powder was supplemented in the diet of mice for 7 weeks. The experiment included three diet groups (n = 10/group): a low-fat control diet (LFC), high-fat diet (HFD), and high-fat diet with bamboo shoot powder (HFBSP). Compared with HFD mice, the body weights of LFC and HFBSP mice were lower, indicating that the addition of bamboo shoot powder could reduce the weight gain associated with the HFD. Bamboo shoot powder supplementation could also reduce the levels of triglycerides (TG), blood glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (CHOL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) in HFD mice. The fat histology images indicated that obesity was alleviated in HFBSP mice, and the liver histology images indicated that the addition of bamboo shoot powder to the HFD could reduce the risk of fatty liver disease. The addition of bamboo shoot powder to the HFD might also improve the gut microbiota of mice. Thus, the major components of bamboo shoot powder (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) could be used as beneficial natural additives in the food industry.

Synthesis, optical properties, determination and imaging in living cells and bamboo of cinnamaldehyde derivatives.

Two Schiff-base fluorescent probes (1 and 2) were directly synthesized from natural cinnamaldehyde, and they were characterized by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR, HRMS. Compound 1 had no fluorescence, while compound 2 could emit significant yellow fluorescence in solid and provide green light in solution. Probe 1 could selectively sense ClO- with a fluorescence enhancement, providing a good linear relationship between the fluoresence intensity and ClO- concentrations (0-5.5 × 10-5 mol/L), y = 175.64x-19.399, R2 = 0.9937, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 39.4 nM. Probe 2 was sensitive for Cu2+ by quenching with two linear relationships at the Cu2+ concentrations from 0 to 2.1 × 10-5 mol/L, LOD = 73.9 nM. Furthermore, live celluar imaging of human astrocytoma U-251 MG cells and human liver cancer cells (Hu-7) had achieved using the 1 + ClO- and 2, offering clear intracellular fluorescence. Finally, the 1 + ClO- and 2 could also be used to dye bamboo tissues for a good use. Thus, the cinnamaldehyde derivatives could be further used in the field of celluar and bamboo imaging.

Combination treatment of bamboo shoot dietary fiber and dynamic high-pressure microfluidization on rice starch: Influence on physicochemical, structural, and in vitro digestion properties.

The physicochemical, structural properties and digestibility of rice starch treated by bamboo shoot dietary fiber (BSDF) combined with dynamic high-pressure microfluidization (DHPM) were investigated. Compared with starch modified by BSDF alone, the combination treatment decreased the pasting viscosity and viscoelasticity of starch. Furthermore, the pasting viscosity and viscoelasticity showed an increase from 50 to 100 MPa and then decreased after increasing the pressure to 150 and 200 MPa. The enthalpy of gelatinization and relative crystallinity of starch treated by BSDF and 100 MPa DHPM significantly increased by 17% and 63%, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy images demonstrated that flaky BSDF coated on starch granules to form a protective layer. As a result, the fractions of resistant starch increased and the starch hydrolysis extent and rate decreased under 100 MPa DHPM. This study highlights an innovative and promising strategy for improving the properties of starch and facilitating its utilization.

Synthesis, optical properties and application of a set of novel pyrazole nopinone derivatives.

Pyrazole derivatives (4-6) were directly synthesized from ß-pinene derivative nopinone, and they were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectoscope, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry. Their optical properties were investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The three compounds emitted strong blue fluorescence in ethanol. Using a fluorescence quenching method, compound 4 could be used to detect the content (100.57%) of copper sulfate pentahydrate (≥99%) with a RSD of 1.98%, y=-0.1127×+2.7148, R2=0.9703 (Cu2+: 0.5-8.0×10-5mol/L), and compounds 4-6 also had utility of calculating the content of anhydrous ferric chloride at a wide range of concentration. Thus, compounds 4-6 are new functional fluorescents for detecting the content of some purchased products.

Can't see the (bamboo) forest for the trees: examining bamboo's fit within international forestry institutions.

Over the centuries, governments and international agencies have developed a wide range of institutions to manage timber resources and conserve values provided by treed lands. Concerns regarding the sustainable supply of timber have provided opportunities for the development of substitute resources; however, bamboo and other non-timber forest resources have not been a part of the development of these institutions. Bamboo is a unique Non-Timber Forest Product, as it is often classified as forest or timber, and therefore must adhere to the same regulations as timber. Given the recent global expansion of bamboo, it is timely to examine the interplay between bamboo and the traditional institutions of forest governance. This paper aims to contribute to debates regarding cognitive institutional constraints on the development of substitute natural resources using bamboo as a case study, with specific focus on the applicability of Forest Stewardship Council certification, timber legality verification and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation to bamboos.