Background: Sex-based differences are known to be a significant feature of chronic stress; however, the morphological mechanisms of the brain underlying these differences remain unclear. The present study aimed to use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to investigate the effects of sex on gray matter volume (GMV) changes under conditions of chronic stress. Methods: A total of 32 subjects were included for analysis in the present study: 16 participants experiencing chronic stress and 16 healthy controls. T1-weighted (T1WI) images from a 3 T MRI scanner were extracted from the OpenfMRI database. Images were segmented into gray matter using VBM analysis. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a 2 × 2 full factorial design was used to evaluate the main and interaction effects of chronic stress and sex on GMV changes, and then post hoc testing was used to verify each simple effect. Results: Two-way ANOVA showed a chronic stress × sex interaction effect on GMV. Simple effects analysis indicated that the GMV of the bilateral pre- and post-central gyri, the right cuneus and superior occipital gyrus was decreased in males, whereas that of the bilateral pre- and post-central gyri, the right superior occipital gyrus and the left middle frontal gyrus and orbital middle frontal gyrus was increased in females, under chronic stress. Additionally, in the control group, the GMV of the bilateral pre- and post-central gyri, the right cuneus and superior occipital gyrus was greater in males than females. While in the chronic stress group, the above sex-based differences were no longer significant. Conclusions: This study preliminarily shows that there are significant differences in gray matter volume changes between males and females under chronic stress. These findings provide a basis for future studies investigating the volumetric mechanisms of sex differences under chronic stress.
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) recently becomes one of the most important mental health concerns. However, no previous study has comprehensively reviewed the application of big data and machine learning (ML) techniques in PTSD. We found 873 studies meet the inclusion criteria and a total of 31 of those in a sample of 210,001 were included in quantitative analysis. ML algorithms were able to discriminate PTSD with an overall accuracy of 0.89. Pooled estimates of classification accuracy from multi-dimensional data (0.96) are higher than single data types (0.86 to 0.90). ML techniques can effectively classify PTSD and models using multi-dimensional data perform better than those using single data types. While selecting optimal combinations of data types and ML algorithms to be clinically applied at the individual level still remains a big challenge, these findings provide insights into the classification, identification, diagnosis and treatment of PTSD.
Fear overgeneralization is widely accepted as a pathogenic marker of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recently, GABAergic interneurons have been regarded as key players in the regulation of fear memory. The role of hippocampal GABAergic interneurons in contextual fear generalization of PTSD remains incompletely understood. In the present study, we established a rat model of PTSD with inescapable foot shocks (IFS) and observed the loss of GABAergic interneuron phenotype in the hippocampal cornu ammonis-1 (CA1) subfield. To determine whether the loss of GABAergic interneuron phenotype was associated with fear generalization in PTSD rats, we used adeno-associated virus (AAV) to reduce the expression of GAD67 in CA1 and observed its effect on fear generalization. The results showed that the reduction of GAD67 in CA1 enhanced contextual fear generalization in rats. We investigated whether the PERK pathway was involved in the GABAergic interneuron injury. Increased expression of p-PERK, CHOP, and Caspase12 in GABAergic interneurons of PTSD rats was observed. Then, we used salubrinal, an endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibitor, to modulate the PERK pathway. The salubrinal treatment significantly protected the GABAergic interneurons and relieved fear generalization in PTSD rats. In addition, the results showed that salubrinal down-regulated the expression of CHOP and Caspase12 in GABAergic interneurons of PTSD rats. In conclusion, this study provided evidence that the loss of GABAergic interneuron phenotype in CA1 may contribute to contextual fear generalization in PTSD. The PERK pathway is involved in the GABAergic interneuron injury of PTSD rats and modulating it can protect GABAergic interneurons and constrain contextual fear generalization.
BACKGROUND: Compared to midazolam, remimazolam has a faster onset and offset of hypnotic effect, as well as cardiorespiratory stability, this study aims to determine the 90% effective dose (ED90) of remimazolam to inhibit responses to insertion of a duodenoscope during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). METHODS: A dose-response study was carried out undergoing ERCP who received remimazolam-alfentanil anesthesia using 10 µg/kg of alfentanil between September 2021 and November 2021. The initial dose of remimazolam was 0.2 mg/kg. The dose was then decided based on the responses of earlier patients by exploiting the sequential ascend and descend according to a 9: 1 biased coin design. Upon failure, the dose of remimazolam was increased by 0.025 mg/kg in the next patient. When the insertion was successful, the succeeding patient was randomized to an identical dose or a dose that was lower by 0.025 mg/kg.The ED90 of remimazolam for inhibiting responses to the insertion of a duodenoscope during ERCP was calculated. Adverse events and complications of remimazolam were recorded. RESULTS: A total of 55 elderly patients (age > 65) were included in the study. 45 successfully anesthetized patients, and 10 unsuccessfully. The ED90 of remimazolam was 0.300 mg/kg (95% CI = 0.287-0.320). ED95 was 0.315 (95% CI = 0.312-0.323) and ED99 was 0.323 (95% CI = 0.323-0.325). Among the patients, 9 patients developed hypotension, 2 patients developed bradycardia and 1 patient developed tachycardia, and hypoxia occurred in 2 patients. CONCLUSIONS: A loading dose of 0.300 mg / kg of remimazolam for elderly patients undergoing ERCP can safely, effectively, and quickly induce patients to fall asleep and inhibit responses to the insertion of a duodenoscope. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study protocol was registered at the website ClinicalTrials.gov on 22/09/2021(NCT05053763).
Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Duodenoscopes , Hypnotics and Sedatives , Humans , Cholangiopancreatography, Endoscopic Retrograde/methods , Male , Female , Hypnotics and Sedatives/administration & dosage , Aged , Alfentanil/administration & dosage , Middle Aged , Benzodiazepines/administration & dosage
This study developed a modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN) membrane controlled by a phenol-amine network and enhanced with a sulfonated covalent organic framework (SCOF), aimed at improving the efficiency of textile wastewater treatment. Utilizing a phenol-amine network control strategy allows for precise manipulation of interfacial reactions in the synthesis of SCOF, achieving highly uniform modification on the surface of the PAN membrane. This modified membrane demonstrated high rejection of over 98% for various water-soluble dyes, including Alcian blue 8GX, Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250, methyl blue, congo red, and rose bengal, and also exhibited specific selectivity in processing salt-containing wastewater. By adjusting the deposition time of the phenol-amine and the concentration of SCOF monomers, optimal retention performance and permeate flux were achieved, effectively separating dyes and salts. This research provides a new and effective solution for treating textile wastewater, especially in separating and recovering dyes and salts, offering broad application prospects in environmental management and water resource management, and highlighting its significant practical implications.
Background: Medication overuse headache (MOH) is a secondary headache disorder that leads to pronounced disability and decreased quality of life. Available therapeutic options for MOH are limited, and many are only effective in a subset of individuals. Although the existing evidence is limited, acupuncture may be an effective treatment option for MOH. Case presentation: A 45-year-old Chinese woman presented to the Medical Acupuncture Department of Sanming Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital on April 11, 2022. Thirty-five years ago, she had episodic migraines. The frequency increased over time, however, and for the past 10 years she has had daily headaches. These headaches were characterized by daily persistent throbbing pain on the left side of the patient's head, accompanied by photophobia, phonophobia, neck stiffness, dizziness, and fatigue. Without painkillers, the patient rated her headache intensity as 9 out of 10 on a visual analog scale (0 = no pain, 10 = intolerable pain), and reported that the headaches lasted for up to 7 days or more. With painkillers, the headaches had a reduced intensity (5 of 10), but persisted. The patient had taken 1-3.5 compound aminopyrine phenacetin tablets daily for more than 5 years. Standard conservative therapy (patient education, medication withdrawal, and behavioral intervention) for MOH had failed to improve her symptoms. Before her visit, the patient had headache and engaged in short-term medication use on 30 days per month. The total monthly headache intensity score was 90. The patient's Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ) score was 33 points, her Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) score was 24 points, and her Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) score was 20 points. Results: After 48 acupuncture sessions over 24 weeks, the patient completely discontinued short-term analgesic use and the monthly number of headache days and headache intensity score were both reduced by 96.67 % (from 30 to 1 and 90 to 3, respectively), with no adverse effect. Compared with baseline, the MSQ, HAMD, and HAMA scores improved by 45, 17, and 16 points, respectively. At 12 months, the patient's condition remained stable and her MOH had not relapsed. Conclusion: In the context of the current literature and the present case, electroacupuncture shows promise for the long-term relief of chronic migraine with MOH when other treatments fail.
Early life stress (ELS) can cause long-term changes by epigenetic factors, especially histone acetylation modification, playing a crucial role, affect normal cognition, mood, and behavior, and increase susceptibility to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adulthood. It has been found that paeoniflorin (PF) can cross the blood-brain barrier to exert anti-PTSD effects on adult PTSD rats. However, whether PF can alleviate the harmful effects caused by ELS in adulthood has not yet been reported. Therefore, to explore the relationship between ELS and PTSD susceptibility in adulthood and its mechanism, in this study, SPS was used as a stressor of ELS, and the mathematical tool Z-normalization was employed as an evaluation criterion of behavioral resilience susceptibility. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of PF on histone acetylation in the hippocampus and amygdala of ELS rats in adulthood, using changes in HATs/HDACs as the entry point, meanwhile, the epigenetic marks (H3K9 and H4K12) in the key brain regions of ELS (hippocampus and amygdala) were evaluated, and the effects of PF on behavioral representation and PTSD susceptibility were observed. This study found that ELS lead to a series of PTSD-like behaviors in adulthood and caused imbalance of HATs/HDACs ratio in the hippocampus and amygdala, which confirms that ELS is an important risk factor for the development of PTSD in adulthood. In addition, paeoniflorin may improve ELS-induced PTSD-like behaviors and reduce the susceptibility of ELS rats to develop PTSD in adulthood by modulating the HATs/HDACs ratio in the hippocampus and amygdala.
China is actively encouraging households to replace traditional solid fuels with clean energy. Based on the Chinese Families Panel Survey (CFPS) data, this paper uses propensity scores matching with the difference-in-differences model to examine the impact of clean energy in the household sector on residents' health status, and whether such an energy transition promotes health equity by favoring relatively disadvantaged social groups. The results show that: (1) The use of cleaner cooking fuels can significantly improve residents' health status; (2) The older adult and women have higher health returns from the clean energy transition, demonstrating that, from the perspective of age and gender, the energy transition contributes to the promotion of health equity; (3) The clean energy transition has a lower or insignificant health impact on residents who cannot easily obtain clean energy or replace non-clean energy at an affordable price. Most of these individuals live in low-income, energy-poor, or rural households. Thus, the energy transition exacerbates health inequalities. This paper suggests that to reduce the cost of using clean energy and help address key issues in health inequality, Chinese government efforts should focus on improving the affordability, accessibility, and reliability of clean energy.
Air Pollution, Indoor , Humans , Female , Aged , Air Pollution, Indoor/analysis , Health Status Disparities , Reproducibility of Results , China , Health Inequities
Ammonia (NH3) contributes significantly to the formation of particulate matter, and vehicles represent a major source of NH3 in urban areas. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the emission characteristics of NH3 from vehicles. This study conducted real-world driving emission (RDE) measurements and dynamometer measurements on 33 light-duty gasoline vehicles (LDGVs) to investigate their emission characteristics and impact factors. The tested vehicles include China 3 to China 6 emission standards. The results show that the average NH3 emission factors of LDGVs decreased by >80 % from China 3 to China 6 emission standards. The results obtained from dynamometer measurements reveal that independent from other conventional pollutants (such as HCHO and NOx), NH3 emissions do not exhibit significant emission peaks during the hot- or cold-start phase. The RDE measurement covers a more comprehensive range of the vehicle's real-world driving conditions, resulting in higher NH3 emission factors compared with dynamometer measurements. The analysis of RDE measurements revealed that NH3 emissions are influenced by vehicle speeds and accelerations. Acceleration processes contribute approximately 50 % of total NH3 emissions over a driving period. Finally, using real driving speed, acceleration, and road gradient as input parameters, an NH3 emission rate model based on vehicle specific power was developed. This emission rate model enables a more precise reflection of LDGVs' NH3 emissions of LDGVs across diverse driving conditions and provides valuable data support for high-resolution inventories of vehicle NH3 emissions.
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic pointed out significant mental symptoms of frontline healthcare workers (HCWs). Objective: We aimed to estimate the prevalence and comorbidity of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), depression and anxiety symptoms in HCWs from Fangcang shelter hospitals during the pandemic. Design: Demographic information, post-traumatic stress disorder checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7) were obtained online based on stratified random sampling design during April 2022, with 284 eligible responses. Method: Hierarchical regression analyses were applied to investigate independent variables associated with psychological status outcomes (PHQ-9, GAD-7 and PCL-5), and the network analyses were applied to explore the comorbidity using all items of PCL-5, PHQ-9 and GAD-7. Results: (1) 10.56%, 13.03% and 8.10% of HCWs reported PTSS, depression and anxiety symptoms. Fifty-three (18.66%) HCWs experienced at least one mental health disorder, among which 26.42-37.74% HCWs had comorbidity of two or three mental disorders; (2) several influence factors of mental health were identified, including medical professions, working hours, contacted patients (p < 0.05); (3) prominent bridge symptoms between PTSS and depression were sleep problems, suicide ideation, concentration difficulties and recklessness. Comorbidity between PTSS and anxiety was thought to mainly stem from negative affect, such as afraid, anxious, annoyed and worrying. Depressed mood and worry might be good targets during treatment of comorbidity of depression and anxiety. Conclusion: Our data suggest mild level of PTSS, depression and anxiety symptoms among HCWs during the pandemic and might give novel insights into assessment and intervention of comorbidity.
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease that affects over 30% of the world's population. For decades, the heterogeneity of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has impeded our understanding of the disease mechanism and the development of effective medications. However, a recent change in the nomenclature from NAFLD to MASLD emphasizes the critical role of systemic metabolic dysfunction in the pathophysiology of this disease and therefore promotes the progress in the pharmaceutical treatment of MASLD. In this review, we focus on the mechanism underlying the abnormality of hepatic lipid metabolism in patients with MASLD, and summarize the latest progress in the therapeutic medications of MASLD that target metabolic disorders.
Metabolic Diseases , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease , Humans , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/complications , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/drug therapy , Lipid Metabolism
BACKGROUND: Irinotecan is widely used in the treatment of various solid tumors, but the adverse effects from it, especially diarrhea, limit its use. Several clinical trials of prophylactic treatment of irinotecan-induced diarrhea (IID) have been ongoing, and some of the data are controversial. This encouraged us to conduct a meta-analysis of the effects of interventions on preventing IID. METHOD: This systematic review was conducted based on the PRISMA statement. We performed literature searches from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane Library. The number registered in PROSPERO is CRD42022368633. After searching 1034 articles in the database and references, 8 studies were included in this meta-analysis. RESULT: The RR of high-grade diarrhea and all-grade diarrhea were 0.31 (I2 = 51%, 95% CI: 0.14-0.69; P = .004) and .76 (I2 = 65%, 95% CI: 0.62-0.93; P < .008) respectively, thus the use of intervention measures for preventing IID is effective, and the risk reduction of high-grade diarrhea was more significant. Subgroup analysis revealed that the monotherapy group (RR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.21-1.13, I2 = 0%) and combination therapy group (RR: 0.14, 95% CI: 0.06-0.32, I2 = 0%) in the risk of high-grade diarrhea had no significant heterogeneity within the groups, and traditional herbal medicines (Kampo medicine Hangeshashin-to, PHY906 and hot ironing with Moxa Salt Packet on Tianshu and Shangjuxu) were effective preventive measures (RR:0.20, 95% CI: 0.07-0.60, I2 = 0%). The Jadad scores for traditional herbal medicines studies were 3, and the follow-up duration was only 2 to 6 weeks. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that preventive treatments significantly reduced the risk of high-grade and all-grade diarrhea, confirming the efficacy in the incidence and severity of IID, among which traditional herbal medicines (baicalin-containing) provided a protective effect in reducing the severity of IID. However, the traditional herbal medicines studies were of low quality. Combined irinotecan therapy can obtain better preventive effects than monotherapy of IID. These would be helpful for the prevention of IID in clinical practice.
Diarrhea , Humans , Irinotecan/adverse effects , Diarrhea/chemically induced , Diarrhea/prevention & control , Combined Modality Therapy
Background: The aim of this study was to assess whether intravenous dexamethasone was noninferior to perineural dexamethasone as an adjuvant to ropivacaine for a combination of saphenous and sciatic nerve blocks in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery. Methods: This was a prospective, blinded, randomized noninferiority study. Seventy-five patients, aged 18-75 years, with an American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-III who underwent foot and ankle surgery were involved. Patients scheduled for ultrasound-guided popliteal sciatic nerve block and saphenous nerve block were randomized to receive 0.375% ropivacaine with 7.5 mg of dexamethasone perineurally (Dex-PN), 10 mg of dexamethasone intravenously (Dex-IV) or neither (Placebo). The primary outcome was the duration of analgesia. The major secondary outcomes were the composite pain intensity and opioid consumption score at 0-48 h intervals after anesthesia. Results: The mean analgesic duration was 26.2 h in the Dex-IV group and 27.9 h in the Dex-PN group (duration difference, -1.7; 95% CI, -3.8 to 0.43; P = 0.117), and both durations were significantly longer than that in the placebo group (17.6 h, P < 0.001). Conditions for establishing non-inferiority were met. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a single 10-mg intravenous dose of dexamethasone was noninferior to the combined dose of ropivacaine plus deaxmethasone in terms of duration of analgesia for foot and ankle surgery.
BACKGROUND: Previous research on the factors associated with surgical dose-response in strabismus surgery for exotropia has yielded inconsistent results. This study determined the factors influencing surgical dose-response in exotropia patients who underwent recession and resection (R&R). METHODS: Exotropia patients who underwent unilateral R&R at the National Taiwan University Hospital between 2006 and 2021 were evaluated. Deviation-angle differences in prism diopters (PD) were measured preoperatively and at 1 month postoperatively. Surgical dose-response (PD/mm) was defined as the difference in deviation angle (in PD) divided by the surgical dose in millimeters. Linear and non-linear regression models were used to evaluate the influence of variables including age, sex, axial length, and preoperative deviation on surgical dose-response. RESULTS: Overall, 295 patients (162 children; 133 adults) were included. Average surgical dose-response in the pediatric and adult groups was 2.82 ± 0.60 PD/mm and 3.02 ± 0.62 PD/mm, respectively. Male sex was negatively correlated with surgical dose-response in children. The surgical dose-response was larger in adults with longer axial length (>25.64 mm) and patients with larger preoperative deviation (>42.6 PD and >38.7 PD in pediatric and adult groups, respectively). Surgical dose-responses peaked at 35.1 years. CONCLUSION: Age, axial length, and preoperative deviation have a nonlinear effect on surgical dose-responses in exotropia patients undergoing R&R. Surgical dose-responses were larger in patients in young adulthood, with longer axial length and larger preoperative deviation angle. A table with fitted values for surgical dose-response based on age, axial length, and preoperative deviation was established for clinical reference.
Quercetin, an abundant flavonoid compound in plants, is considered a novel antidepressant; however, its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of quercetin on chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced depression-like behaviors in rats and explore the underlying mechanisms by combining untargeted metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of brain tissue metabolites and gut microbiota. Gut microbiota analysis revealed that at the phylum level, quercetin reduced Firmicutes and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and enhanced Cyanobacteria. At the genus level, quercetin downregulated 6 and upregulated 14 bacterial species. Metabolomics analysis revealed that quercetin regulated multiple metabolic pathways, including glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, sphingolipid metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and coenzyme A biosynthesis. This modulation leads to improvements in depression-like phenotypes, anxiety-like phenotypes, and cognitive function, highlighting the therapeutic potential of quercetin in treating depression.
The immune mechanism underlying hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss, particularly type I inflammatory response, during pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN) therapy remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate such immune mechanisms. Overall, 82 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), including 41 with HBsAg loss (cured group) and 41 uncured patients, received nucleos(t)ide analogue and PEG-IFN treatments. Blood samples from all patients, liver tissues from 14 patients with CHB, and hepatic perfusate from 8 liver donors were collected for immune analysis. Jurkat, THP-1 and HepG2.2.15 cell lines were used in cell experiments. The proportion of IFN-γ+ Th1 cells was higher in the cured group than in the uncured group, which was linearly correlated with HBsAg decline and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels during treatment. However, CD8+ T cells were weakly associated with HBsAg loss. Serum and intrahepatic levels of Th1 cell-associated chemokines (C-X-C motif chemokine ligand [CXCL] 9, CXCL10, CXCL11, IFN-γ) were significantly lower in the cured patients than in patients with a higher HBsAg quantification during therapy. Serum from cured patients induced more M1 (CD68+CD86+ macrophage) cells than that from uncured patients. Patients with chronic HBV infection had significantly lower proportions of CD86+ M1 and CD206+ M2 macrophages in their livers than healthy controls. M1 polarization of intrahepatic Kupffer cells promoted HBsAg loss by upregulating the effector function of tissue-resident memory T cells with increased ALT levels. IFN-γ+ Th1 activates intrahepatic resident memory T cells to promote HBsAg loss by inducing M1 macrophage polarization.
Hepatitis B Surface Antigens , Hepatitis B, Chronic , Liver , Macrophages , Memory T Cells , Th1 Cells , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Antiviral Agents/pharmacology , Hepatitis B Surface Antigens/immunology , Hepatitis B virus/immunology , Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology , Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy , Interferon-alpha , Interferon-gamma , Liver/immunology , Macrophages/immunology , Memory T Cells/immunology , Th1 Cells/immunology
A new sesquiterpene coumarin, bungeanin A (1), together with four known sesquiterpene coumarins, were isolated from the whole plants of Ferula bungeana Kitagawa. The structure of bungeanin A was elucidated by analysis of its spectroscopic data, including UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy.
Ectopic spleen (ES) is a rare condition. It is difficult to diagnose with conventional imaging modalities. In this case series, we presented the imaging features of three misdiagnosed ES cases in our hospital and previously reported cases to compare the consistency of enhancement patterns among different imaging modalities with varied phases. Finally, 22 cases were reviewed. We determined that variable arterial phase enhancement and persistent enhancement throughout the portal and delayed phases are present in contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) imaging of the ES and found the arterial phase of CEUS had the highest consistency compared with computerized tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Viruses are one of the leading causes of human disease, and many highly pathogenic viruses still have no specific treatment drugs. Therefore, producing new antiviral drugs is an urgent matter. In our study, we first found that the natural wasp venom peptide Protopolybia-MP III had a significant inhibitory effect on herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) replication in vitro by using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), Western blotting, and plaque-forming assays. Immunofluorescence analysis showed Protopolybia-MP III could enter cells, and it inhibited multiple stages of the HSV-1 life cycle, including the attachment, entry/fusion, and post-entry stages. Furthermore, ultracentrifugation and electron microscopy detected that Protopolybia-MP III significantly suppressed HSV-1 virion infectivity at different temperatures by destroying the integrity of the HSV-1 virion. Finally, by comparing the antiviral activity of Protopolybia-MP III and its mutants, a series of peptides with better anti-HSV-1 activity were identified. Overall, this work found the function and mechanism of the antiviral wasp venom peptide Protopolybia-MP III and its derivatives against HSV-1 and laid the foundation for the research and development of wasp venom-derived antiviral candidate peptide drugs.
Herpesvirus 1, Human , Wasps , Humans , Animals , Wasp Venoms , Biological Assay , Peptides , Antiviral Agents
Introduction: Recent years have witnessed a persistent threat to public mental health, especially during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has emerged as a pivotal concern amidst this backdrop. Concurrently, machine learning (ML) techniques have progressively applied in the realm of mental health. Therefore, our present undertaking seeks to provide a comprehensive assessment of studies employing ML methods that use diverse data modalities on the classification of people with PTSD. Methods and analysis: In pursuit of pertinent studies, we will search both English and Chinese databases from January 2000 to May 2022. Two researchers will independently conduct screening, extract data and assess study quality. We intend to employ the assessment framework introduced by Luis Francisco Ramos-Lima in 2020 for quality evaluation. Rate, standard error and 95% CIs will be utilized for effect size measurement. A Cochran's Q test will be applied to assess heterogeneity. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis will further elucidate the source of heterogeneity and funnel plots and Egger's test will detect publication bias. Ethics and dissemination: This systematic review and meta-analysis does not encompass patient interactions or engagements with healthcare providers. The outcomes of this research will be disseminated through scholarly channels, including presentations at scientific conferences and publications in peer-reviewed journals.PROSPERO registration number CRD42023342042.
