Prophylactic Intracameral Antibiotics and Endophthalmitis After Cataract Surgery.

Importance: Although the effectiveness of intracameral antibiotics to prevent postoperative endophthalmitis is described, selective use of antibiotics combined with 1% povidone iodine disinfection might be equally effective and could lead to cost reduction and avoidance of unnecessary use of antibiotics. Objective: To compare the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis when 1% povidone iodine disinfection is applied in combination with selective intracameral antibiotics with the incidence after routine use of intracameral antibiotics in combination with 5% povidone iodine. Design, Setting, and Participant: This was a retrospective cohort study using incidence data from the ongoing endophthalmitis register of the Rotterdam Eye Hospital, a specialized hospital providing both secondary and tertiary ophthalmological care, when intracameral antibiotics were used only during cataract procedures with occurrence of a posterior capsular tear in comparison with results from cohorts described in the literature where routine antibiotics were used. All patients who had cataract (phacoemulsification) surgery at the Rotterdam Eye Hospital between 1993 and 2022 were included. No cataract surgical procedures combined with other intraocular procedures were included. Exposure: Povidone iodine disinfection and intracameral antibiotics during cataract surgery either routinely or only in case of posterior capsular tears. Main Outcome and Measure: Postoperative endophthalmitis incidence. Results: Postoperative endophthalmitis incidence after 56 598 cataract (phacoemulsification) surgical procedures in the Rotterdam Eye Hospital between 2016 and 2022 was 0.000 (95% CI, 0.000-0.000). A PubMed literature search until September 2023 with respect to the incidence of postoperative endophthalmitis after routine antibiotic prophylaxis yielded 37 publications with an overall postoperative endophthalmitis incidence of 0.000 (95% CI, 0.000-0.000). Conclusions and Relevance: No difference was observed between the postoperative endophthalmitis incidence during the last 7 years in the Rotterdam Eye Hospital and the overall postoperative endophthalmitis incidence after routine intracameral antibiotics prophylaxis as described in the literature. Disinfection with 1% povidone iodine in combination with selective antibiotic prophylaxis may be equally effective as routine antibiotic use and 5% povidone iodine.

Prevalence of vitreoschisis-induced vitreous cortex remnants over the peripheral retinal surface in eyes undergoing vitrectomy for primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.

PURPOSE: Unremoved vitreoschisis-induced vitreous cortex remnants over the peripheral retinal surface posterior to the vitreous base (pVCR) may increase the risk of surgical failure after primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) repair. The purpose of this study was to validate our previous findings on pVCR prevalence during vitrectomy for RRD and to examine their association with proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) and surgical failure. METHODS: Prospective observational multisurgeon study of 100 eyes of 100 consecutive patients who underwent vitrectomy for RRD by one of four vitreoretinal surgeons. Collected data included detected pVCR and known PVR risk factors. Pooled analysis with our previous retrospective study (251 eyes of 251 patients) was also performed. RESULTS: Initial PVR (≥C) was present and removed in 6/100 (6%) patients, pVCR were detected in 36/100 (36%) patients, pVCR were removed in 30/36 (83%) patients with pVCR, and 4/36 (11%) patients with pVCR were high myopes (≤-6D). Six per cent (6/100) developed a retinal redetachment, of which 3/6 (50%) had initial PVR (≥C). Surgical failure rates in eyes with and without pVCR were 17% (6/36) and 0% (0/64), respectively. In eyes with pVCR and surgical failure, pVCR were not or not completely removed during the first surgery. Overall analysis showed that pVCR were statistically significantly associated with PVR. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms our previous findings: a pVCR prevalence of around 35% and an association between pVCR, PVR formation and surgical failure in patients undergoing vitrectomy for RRD. More research is needed to determine which patients would benefit most from pVCR removal.

Donor lamella thickness after ultrathin Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty and its relation to postoperative visual acuity and pre-operative lamella measures.

BACKGROUND: To accurately measure ultrathin Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) donor lamella thickness during the first postoperative year and to correlate this with pre-operative and other postoperative measurements. METHODS: Donor lamella thickness in 41 eyes undergoing DSAEK for Fuchs endothelial dystrophy (FED) was measured using the Tomey Casia OCT directly after graft preparation and at 1 week and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. Visual acuity and endothelial cell density were measured as the secondary parameters. RESULTS: Individual graft thickness profiles were shown to be fairly regular within the optically relevant area. There was a strong and highly significant correlation between the pre- and postoperative lamellar thicknesses at all time points (p < 0.0001). Compared with the measurements directly after preparation at the cornea bank, the lamella thickness decreased by 12% after 12 months. Between 1 and 12 months postoperatively, the lamella thickness (mean ± SD) changed from 112 ± 27 µm to 101 ± 21 µm. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) changed from 0.46 ± 0.30 logMAR pre-operatively through 0.36 ± 0.33 at 1 month to 0.13 ± 0.16 at 1 year postoperatively. The endothelial cell counts were comparable to those reported in previous studies. CONCLUSIONS: Thickness profiles of individual grafts were fairly regular within the optically relevant area. A strong relationship between pre- and postoperative graft thicknesses was detected, and ultrathin DSAEK grafts prepared using methods similar to that applied in this study are expected to show a deswelling of around 12% during the first postoperative year. No correlation was detected between graft thickness and BSCVA.

Efficacy of tarsoconjunctivomullerectomy in adults with acquired aponeurogenic blepharoptosis: a large single-surgeon case-series.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the reoperation rate and symmetry after uni- or bilateral tarsoconjunctivomullerectomy (TCM) in a large, consecutive series of adult patients suffering from mild to moderate acquired aponeurogenic blepharoptosis. METHODS: Patients who underwent TCM because of mild to moderate acquired aponeurogenic blepharoptosis between January 2005 and September 2016 were analysed. Main outcome was reoperation rate. Secondary outcomes were eyelid symmetry and the effects of uni- or bilateral surgery, and in unilateral cases contralateral ptosis surgery. MRD-1 (Margin to Reflex Distance) similarity within 1 mm and contour of the eyelid were used for grading eyelid symmetry. RESULTS: We analysed the data of 243 patients, of whom 178 underwent unilateral, and 65 bilateral TCM. Previous ptosis surgery of the same eyelid had been performed (by another surgeon) in 44 patients. Reoperation was performed in four patients after unilateral (2.2%) and in 1 patient after bilateral surgery (1.5%) (p = 1.00). After unilateral surgery, contralateral ptosis surgery due to increased contralateral ptosis was performed in 16 patients (9.0%). We found no difference in reoperation rate between patients in whom ptosis surgery had been performed previously versus primary surgery (p = .22). Symmetry was good in 44%, acceptable in 44% and poor in 12% of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: After TCM, the reoperation rate was about 2% with good or acceptable eyelid symmetry in most cases. There was no difference in reoperation results between uni- and bilateral cases. However, if we include secondary ptosis surgery of the contralateral eyelid in unilateral cases, results were better after bilateral surgery.

Clinical outcomes of treatment with idebenone in Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy in the Netherlands: A national cohort study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to present results from a national Dutch cohort of patients with Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) treated with idebenone. METHODS: The multicentre, open-label, retrospective evaluation of the long-term outcome of idebenone treatment of Dutch LHON patients on visual function and on thickness of the retinal ganglion cell layer. Patients included in the analysis had a confirmed mutation in their mitochondrial DNA encoding either of the seven subunits of complex I, had a reported loss of vision in at least one eye and had a follow-up of more than 6 months after their treatment was started. Control visits involved routine clinical examinations of visual function and retinal structure at (1) the start of treatment, (2) nadir (time of lowest visual acuity), (3) the time of recovery (if any), (4) the time of termination of treatment and (5) more than 6 months after termination of the treatment. RESULTS: Data from 72 patients were analysed. Treatment duration was 23.8 ± 14.4 (mean ± SD) months. A positive response, that is either a clinically relevant recovery (CRR) or a clinically relevant stabilization (CRS), occurred in 53% and 11% of the patients, respectively. The magnitude of CRR was 0.41 ± 1.54 logMAR. CRR of visual acuity is associated with recovery of colour discrimination. The thickness of both the ganglion cell complex (GCC) and the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) is irreversibly reduced. CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that idebenone may help to restore or maintain visual function. Whether this effect will persist is still unknown. Thinning of retinal neural tissue appears to be permanent.

Topical corticosteroids in Acanthamoeba keratitis: Friend or foe?

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To analyse the effect of topical corticosteroids before start of anti-amoebic therapy (AAT) in Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) on final visual outcome and to identify factors that affect the outcome. METHODS: A retrospective case control study of the medical records of patients diagnosed with AK at the Rotterdam Eye Hospital between 2003 and 2017 was performed. Patient demographic and clinical data were collected. The outcomes of patients treated with topical corticosteroids before the start of AAT were compared with those not treated with topical corticosteroids. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted. RESULTS: A total of 109 patients was diagnosed with AK, with a mean follow-up time of 18 months. The use of corticosteroids was associated with a delay in diagnosis and thereby the start of AAT. In the non-steroids group, mean diagnostic delay was 23 days versus 62 days in the steroids group (p < 0.001). We found a statistically significant effect of pre-AAT steroid use on disease severity stage (p < 0.001). Also, a suboptimal visual outcome (⩽20/80) was seen significantly more frequent in the steroids group, as was the need for an urgent penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and for the total need of surgeries. CONCLUSION: Use of corticosteroids before the start of AAT is associated with a suboptimal visual outcome, a significantly higher risk for a PK and a significantly more severe disease stage. It is important to continuously consider a differential diagnosis in a keratitis of unknown cause and to use corticosteroids cautiously before a definite diagnosis.

A pilot study on the use of prednisolone-encapsulated liposomes for the treatment of moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy with reduced systemic steroid exposure.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate that long-circulating PEGylated liposomal prednisolone is a safe and effective therapy in patients with active moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy. METHODS: Open-label, proof-of-concept, multicentre pilot study. Ten patients with moderate-to-severe Graves's orbitopathy, who were euthyroid for at least three months. Long-circulating PEGylated liposomal prednisolone 150 mg was administered intravenously twice, with 2-week interval. Total follow-up was 12 months, with visits at baseline, week 2, 6, 13, 26 and 52. Physical, laboratory and ophthalmological examinations were performed. Response to treatment was defined as a reduction in Clinical Activity Score by ≥2 points; palpebral aperture by ≥3 mm; soft tissue signs by ≥2 grades; exophthalmos by ≥2 mm; and motility by >8 degrees or improvement in diplopia score. A response was sustained when equally observed at weeks 6 and 13. RESULTS: One patient achieved a sustained response according to the predetermined definition. All patients showed a decrease in Clinical Activity Score after one infusion, with a mean decrease of two points. The Clinical Activity Score was ≤1 at week 52 for all patients. Improvement was also observed in the soft tissue signs. Most of the adverse events were mild and of a transient nature. Two patients required further treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone. CONCLUSION: This pilot study showed a positive effect of long-circulating PEGylated liposomal prednisolone on the Clinical Activity Score in patients with moderate-to-severe Graves's orbitopathy, resulting in fewer hospital visits and possibly less glucocorticoid-related side-effects.

A randomized clinical trial comparing prompt photodynamic therapy with 3 months observation in patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy with central macular leakage.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to demonstrate whether photodynamic therapy in patients with acute central serous chorioretinopathy, with the leakage point within one optic disk diameter from the fovea, can be safely deferred. METHODS: A single-center, randomized, controlled trial was conducted. Patients were randomized to photodynamic therapy within a week after presentation (Group I, 26 patients) or observation during 3 months (Group II, 26 patients). If leakage or subretinal fluid was observed during any control visit, photodynamic therapy was performed (again) within a week. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Primary outcome was change of visual acuity (Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study) after 12 months. Secondary outcomes were visual acuity, central foveal thickness, metamorphopsia, and color discrimination. RESULTS: Photodynamic therapy procedures: group I, 26 at baseline, 2 retreatments at 3 months; group II, 10 at 3 months, 1 at 6 months (2 subjects refusing treatment), 2 retreatments at 6 months. At 12 months, mean visual acuity of all patients had improved by 6.5 letters (P < 0.001), mean central foveal thickness was 172 µm less (P < 0.001). After photodynamic therapy, visual acuity recovered faster and metamorphopsia significantly improved (3 months, P < 0.001). Differences between groups at 12 months were not significant. CONCLUSION: The (intended) number of photodynamic therapy (re)treatments in group II (n = 15) was 46% less than in group I (n = 28). Visual acuity and central foveal thickness at 12 months were similar. Therefore, the preferred management of acute central serous chorioretinopathy at presentation appears to be observation for 3 months.

Results of surgical correction of upper eyelid retraction in Graves' Orbitopathy.

INTRODUCTION: Anterior levator disinsertion/reinsertion and Müllerectomy (ALDM) is generally performed to correct upper eyelid retraction in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO). We studied the outcome of this procedure and its correlation with clinical parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of results of ALDM in 305 consecutive euthyroid patients with burnt-out GO treated in our hospital between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2016. From the patient files, we recorded data on age, gender, laterality of surgery, smoking history and previous interventions. For outcome analysis, we used a qualitative scoring system with subdivision into three categories (good (MRD-1 of 4-5 mm, smooth upper eyelid contour and left-right difference of < 1 mm); acceptable (MRD-1 of 3-<4 or> 5-6 mm), smooth upper eyelid contour and left-right difference of < 2 mm; poor: if none of the above criteria was met). We analysed the outcome per eyelid as well as per patient. RESULTS: Of the 305 patients (471 eyelids), 166 underwent bilateral and 139 unilateral surgery. Regarding eyelids, the outcome of surgery was good in 71.6% (337/471) acceptable in 15.7% (74/471) and poor in 12.7% (60/471). Regarding patients, the outcome was good in 64.3% (196/305), acceptable in 15.7% (48/305) and poor in 20% (61/305). Concerning bilateral and unilateral surgery, the outcome was good in 60.8% (101/166) and acceptable in 16.9% (28/166) of patients after bilateral surgery, and good in 68.3% (95/139) and acceptable in 14.4% (20/139) of the patients after unilateral surgery (p = 0.17). Reoperation was performed in 16% (75 of 471) of eyelids and in 22 % (66 of 305) of patients. After secondary surgery, the cumulative success percentage was good in 78.6% (370/471) of eyelids and in 79% (241/305) of patients. We found no relation between surgical outcome and any other studied parameter, such as age, gender, smoking history and previous intervention such as extraocular muscle surgery and/or orbital decompression. CONCLUSION: Correction of upper eyelid retraction yields a good result in 64.3% of patients and 71.6% of eyelids. With one additional procedure, the procedure proved was successful in 79% of patients and eyelids. We found no relation between the outcome of surgery and any other parameter, such as previous disease severity, previous interventions or smoking history. For comparative analysis, we recommend to report the outcome per patient rather than per eyelid.

PROPHYLACTIC LASER TREATMENT TO DECREASE THE INCIDENCE OF RETINAL DETACHMENT IN FELLOW EYES OF IDIOPATHIC GIANT RETINAL TEARS.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of prophylactic 360° laser treatment in the fellow eye of patients with unilateral idiopathic giant retinal tear (GRT) to prevent the occurrence of a (macula-off) retinal detachment. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, nonrandomized case-control study. Clinical data of consecutive patients, undergoing surgery for idiopathic GRT, between 2003 and 2015 were analyzed. The data collected included GRT, retinal detachment, and RTs in the fellow eye. RESULTS: We included 129 patients who underwent surgery for an idiopathic GRT, with a mean follow-up period of 107 months. In the observation group, a retinal detachment developed in the fellow eye in 22/51 patients (43.1%), leading to a macula-off detachment in 9/51 patients (17.6%). By contrast, in the prophylactic 360° laser group, only 10/78 (12.8%) patients developed a retinal detachment, leading to a macula-off detachment in 1/78 patient (1.3%). This difference was statistically significant. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that prophylactic 360° laser treatment in the fellow eye of patients with an idiopathic GRT decreased the incidence of retinal detachment, lowering the high risk of visual loss due to a macula-off retinal detachment.

The learning curve for Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty performed by two experienced corneal surgeons: a consecutive series of 40 cases.

PURPOSE: To describe the learning curve for Descemet's membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) in the Rotterdam Eye Hospital and to evaluate safety and visual outcome. METHODS: This was a single-centre prospective study of 40 consecutive patients with Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy who underwent a DMEK procedure in the Rotterdam Eye Hospital. The performance of two corneal surgeons, each conducting their first series of 20 procedures, was examined with the cumulative summation test for the learning curve (LC-CUSUM). The surgical procedure was considered unsuccessful when >30% of the graft was not attached at any time during the first 12 postoperative weeks and a mixture of SF6 (20%) and air (80%) had to be injected in the anterior chamber (rebubbling) to reattach the graft. Also assessed were visual outcome, intraocular pressure and peri- and postoperative complications. RESULTS: In total, nine rebubbling procedures were performed in seven eyes. Following repeated rebubbling, two eyes did not achieve a satisfactory result and secondary surgery was required to restore visual function. Complications were usually manageable. The last 13 DMEK procedures (33%) of this series did not require rebubbling. After 3 months, 86% of the eyes had reached a Snellen visual acuity of 0.5 or more. CONCLUSION: Together with the two surgeons' personal experience, the aggregate learning curve was considered to justify incorporation of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty as a regular option of the standard of care for endothelial dysfunction in the Rotterdam Eye Hospital.

STRICT POSTURING WITH OR WITHOUT BILATERAL PATCHING FOR POSTERIOR VITREOUS DETACHMENT-RELATED VITREOUS HEMORRHAGE.

PURPOSE: To determine whether bilateral patching with posturing is superior to posturing alone in visualizing the superior retina in suspected posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)-related vitreous hemorrhage (VH). METHODS: Prospective randomized controlled trial: 80 patients with fundus-obscuring VH due to suspected retinal tear were randomized to strict posturing and bilateral patching overnight (Treatment A, 40 patients) or posturing (Treatment B, 40 patients). PRIMARY OUTCOME: Visualization of ≥4 clock hours superior retina. SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: laser treatment, vitrectomy rate, and retinal detachment within 12 months. RESULTS: Intention-to-treat analysis: In 38/40 (95%) with Treatment A and 32/40 (80%) with Treatment B, the confirmed diagnosis was PVD-related VH. Visibility of the superior retina for all patients: 29/40 (73%) after Treatment A and 21/40 (53%) after Treatment B (P = 0.07). Subgroup analysis for confirmed PVD-related VH; visibility of the superior retina: 29/38 (76%) after Treatment A and 15/32 (47%) after Treatment B (P = 0.01). In subgroup analysis, vitrectomy rate within 12 months was 61% (Treatment A) and 53% (Treatment B) (P = 0.63). Retinal detachment: eight patients after each treatment. CONCLUSION: In patients with suspected PVD-related VH, overnight bilateral patching was not superior to posturing alone in superior retina visualization, but in a post-hoc analysis of patients with confirmed PVD-related VH, bilateral patching was superior.

Primary baerveldt versus trabeculectomy study after 5 years of follow-up.

PURPOSE: Although the Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI) initially was reserved for refractory glaucoma, its role in the surgical management of glaucoma has shifted towards a primary treatment choice. We performed a randomized prospective study to compare BGI surgery and trabeculectomy (TE) in patients without previous ocular surgery. METHODS: We included 119 glaucoma patients without previous ocular surgery. One eye of each subject was randomized to either a BGI or TE. Follow-up visits were at 1 day, 2 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months and 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 years postoperatively. Primary outcomes were intraocular pressure (IOP) and failure rate. Secondary outcomes were medication, anterior chamber laser flare value and complications. RESULTS: After 5 years, an IOP of 12.7 ± 3.9 mmHg (mean ± SD) was achieved in the TE group and 12.9 ± 3.9 mmHg in the BGI group. We found no statistically significant difference in failure rate between the groups (p = 0.72). More BGI patients needed additional medication to control their IOP (85%; 1.9 ± 1.2 types of glaucoma medication) compared to the TE patients (57%; 0.5 ± 0.9 types of glaucoma medication). Diplopia was significantly more present in the BGI group than in the TE group (27% versus 4%; p < 0.001). The self-limiting complication rate was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that, in the long term, the final IOP and failure rate are similar after TE and BGI surgery. However, the need for additional medication after BGI surgery is higher than after TE. Also, the increased risk of developing diplopia after BGI surgery must be taken into consideration.

The Influence of Prolongation of Interruptions of Preoperative Posturing and Other Clinical Factors on the Progress of Macula-On Retinal Detachment.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether prolongation of interruptions of preoperative posturing by sitting upright influences retinal detachment (RD) progression. The secondary objective was to find clinical factors to identify patients with a high risk for RD progression. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred ninety-eight patients divided among 3 cohorts of patients with macula-on RD were included. Inclusion criteria were volume OCT scans of sufficient quality and smallest distance from the fovea to the detachment border of at least 1.25 mm. In the second and third cohort, 50 patients with only superior temporal RD were included. METHODS: Patients were admitted to the ward in anticipation of surgery. Preoperative bed rest and positioning were prescribed. The position of the RD border was determined based on OCT imaging performed at baseline, before and after the usual interruptions for meals or toilet visits. The duration of interruptions was prolonged with sitting upright for 20 minutes in cohort 2 and for 40 minutes in cohort 3. Various secondary outcome measures were defined, such as the baseline area of subretinal fluid (SRF) as measured on ultrasound images in the third cohort. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The RD border displacement was determined. The worst RD progression from baseline was given by the shortest distance to the fovea in any of the OCT scans during follow-up. The worst relative RD progression from baseline was defined as the worst RD progression from baseline as a percentage of the baseline distance between RD border and fovea. RESULTS: The median duration of interruptions was 22, 41, and 58 minutes in cohorts 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The median RD border displacement during interruptions in patients with superior temporal RD was not significantly different among the cohorts (P = 0.28). The correlation coefficient between the SRF area at baseline and worst relative RD progression from baseline was 0.37 (95% confidence interval, 0.04-0.66; P = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: We did not find a significant increase in RD progression after prolongation of interruptions by sitting upright. Patients with a larger area of SRF on ultrasound showed more RD progression from baseline.

Retrospective study in 608 cases on the rate of surgical site infections after orbital surgery without prophylactic systemic antibiotics.

OBJECTIVE: To determine postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) rates in three separate patient groups who underwent orbital surgery without prophylactic systemic antibiotics. STUDY DESIGN: Single-centre retrospective descriptive case series. STUDY POPULATION: We studied the notes of 639 consecutive patients who had undergone orbital surgery in our hospital from 2009 through 2013. All patients belonged to either of three groups: (1) clean orbital surgery (n=226); (2) clean orbital surgery with implant (n=290); (3) clean-contaminated surgery (n=92). Thirty-one patients were excluded. RESULTS: Of the total of 608 patients, without systemic antibiotic prophylaxis, only five were diagnosed with SSI 5/608 (0.82%): 1/226 in the 'clean' group, 3/290 in the 'clean-with-implant' group and 1/92 in the 'clean-contaminated' group. All five patients with SSI were effectively treated with antibiotics. CONCLUSION: In this study 'clean', 'clean-with-implant' and 'clean-contaminated' orbital surgery was safely performed without prophylactic antibiotics. Where postoperative infection did occur, the patients were effectively treated with systemic antibiotics. We suggest to restrict the administration of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis in orbital surgery.

Corneal transplantation for Fuchs´ endothelial dystrophy: A comparison of three surgical techniques concerning 10 year graft survival and visual function.

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of conventional Penetrating Keratoplasty (PKP), posterior mushroom PKP and Descemet's Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty (DSAEK) regarding overall graft survival of primary corneal transplants for Fuchs´ endothelial dystrophy (FED), best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) and astigmatism. METHODS: Single centre study using prospectively collected data from the national database for follow-up of corneal transplants. Main outcome parameters: 10 years graft survival, astigmatism at 24 months, pre- and post-operative BSCVA. RESULTS: In total, 721 cases were included: PKP, n = 171; posterior mushroom PKP, n = 91; and DSAEK, n = 459. There was no significant difference in graft survival between PKP, posterior mushroom PKP and the DSAEK technique (log-rank test, P = 0.12). The overall post-operative BSCVA improvement in all treatment groups was significant (paired t-test, P<0.001). Pre-operative BSCVA was better for the DSAEK group (0.68 ± 0.41 logMAR) as compared to the PKP (0.89 ± 0.53) and posterior mushroom PKP group (0.90 ± 0.58); ANOVA, P<0.001. After 24 months, BSCVA was significantly better for the DSAEK group (0.25 ± 0.26 logMAR) compared to the PKP (0.35 ± 0.29) and posterior mushroom PKP group (0.41 ± 0.42); ANOVA, P<0.001. A significant difference in astigmatism was found (median test, P<0.001) between the DSAEK (1.7 ± 1.1 D), PKP (4.6 ± 2.7 D) and posterior mushroom PKP group (4.5 ± 3.3 D). The significantly lower DSAEK-induced astigmatism was confirmed by vector analysis. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in graft survival and BSCVA improvement between conventional PKP, inverted mushroom PKP and DSAEK in this study. The significantly lower changes in astigmatism, wound stability and faster visual rehabilitation with DSAEK surgery are favourable aspects of this technique. The benefits of posterior lamellar keratoplasty warrant earlier intervention, which may contribute to preserve better vision for a prolonged period of remaining lifetime.