Differential Protein Expression between the Motor and Sensory Fascicles in Rat Femoral Nerve Injury.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: It is important to distinguish between motor and sensory fascicles of the peripheral nerves for nerve alignment in surgery. However, there are no biomarkers currently available for effective identification of motor or sensory fascicles. The objective of this study was to identify differentially expressed proteins between motor and sensory fascicles of rats in response to injury. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: The study was carried out using a rat femoral nerve injury model. MATERIALS: A proteomic analysis was performed to detect differential protein expression using samples of bilateral motor and sensory branches of intact and injured rat femoral nerves through fluorescent two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Chi-square tests and t-tests were performed for comparison between motor or sensory nerve groups. RESULTS: The data identified six proteins that were differentially expressed between motor and sensory fascicles (>1.5-fold, P < 0.05), including apolipoprotein E, neurofilament light polypepticle, TEC kinase, serine protease inhibitor A3N, peroxiredoxin-2, and TPM1. The proteomic results were consistent with the mRNA expression levels of these genes as determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that these proteins may play roles in nerve regeneration and repair. Importantly, apolipoprotein E and Serpina3n may serve as specific biomarkers for distinguishing motor and sensory fascicles of the peripheral nerves for nerve alignment in surgery.

Identification of the sensory and motor fascicles in the peripheral nerve: A historical review and recent progress.

The aim of the study was to critically review the clinical approach to distinguish the sensory and motor nerve fascicles of the peripheral nerve system and to explore potential novel techniques to meet the clinical needs. The principles and shortcomings of the currently used methods for identification of sensory and motor nerve fascicles, including nerve morphology, electrical stimulation, spectroscopy, enzymohistochemistry staining (acetylcholinesterase [AchE], carbonic anhydrase [CA] and choline acetyltransferase [ChAC] histochemistry staining methods), and immunochemical staining were systematically reviewed. The progress in diffusion tensor imaging, proteomic approaches, and quantum dots (QDs) assessment in clinical applications to identify sensory or motor fascicles has been discussed. Traditional methods such as physical and enzymohistochemical methods are not suitable for the precise differentiation of sensory and motor nerve fascicles. Immunohistochemical staining using AchE, CA, and ChAC is promising in differentiation of sensory and motor nerve fascicles. Diffusion tensor imaging can reflect morphological details of nerve fibers. Proteomics can reveal the dynamics of specific proteins discriminating sensory and motor fascicles. QDs, with their size-dependent optical properties, make them the ideal protein markers for identification of the sensory or motor nerves. Diffusion tensor imaging, proteomics and QDs-imaging will facilitate the clinical identification of motor and sensory nerve fascicles, help in improving surgical success rates and assist in postoperative functional recovery.

Glutathionylation of the alpha-subunit of Na,K-ATPase from rat heart by oxidized glutathione inhibits the enzyme.

A partially purified Na,K-ATPase preparation from rat heart containing α1- and α2-isoforms of the enzyme was shown to include both subunits in S-glutathionylated state. Glutathionylation of the α1-subunit (but not of the α2-subunit) was partially removed when the preparation was isolated in the presence of dithiothreitol. The addition of oxidized glutathione irreversibly inhibited both isoforms. Inhibition of the enzyme containing the α1-subunit was biphasic, and the rate constants of the inhibition were 3745 ± 360 and 246 ± 18 M(-1)·min(-1). ATP, ADP, and AMP protected the Na,K-ATPase against inactivation by oxidized glutathione.

Reconstruction of finger-pulp defect with a homodigital laterodorsal fasciocutaneous flap distally based on the dorsal branches of the proper palmar digital artery.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our study was to introduce the surgical procedure and long-term follow-up of finger-pulp defect treated with the homodigital laterodorsal fasciocutaneous flap, which is based on the dorsal branches of the proper palmar digital artery. METHODS: Seven cases with finger-pulp defect, which were treated by the homodigital laterodorsal fasciocutaneous flap based on the dorsal branches of the proper palmar digital artery, were involved in this study. The defect size ranged from 14.5 mm x 14.5 mm to 24.5 mm x 16.5 mm. Average duration of follow-up was 12 months (range, 10-36 months). Standardised assessment of outcome in terms of the defect size of finger-pulp, survival size of the flap, the static and moving two-point discrimination, time of returning to work and subjective assessment (satisfactory, good and very good) was completed. RESULTS: All flaps in this series survived uneventfully. No loss of the flap in this series was noted. The average size of the flaps was 18.43 mm x 15.28 mm. The flaps had a good appearance, texture and blood circulation. The average static two-point discrimination and moving two-point discrimination of the flaps were 4.5mm (range, 4-6 mm) and 4.3 mm (range, 3-6 mm). All patients were content with the aesthetic and functional outcome of the surgery, and returned to their original job after an average of 4 weeks (range, 3-8 weeks) postoperatively. CONCLUSION: The homodigital laterodorsal fasciocutaneous flap based on the dorsal branch of the proper palmar digital artery is an ideal alternative to reconstruct the finger-pulp for single-stage reconstruction without sacrificing the proper palmar digital artery and nerve.

FIBER PROJECTIONS FROM THE NUCLEI OF THE TRIGEMINAL NERVE TO THE CEREBELLAR CORTEX OF THE RAT——A STUDY WITH THE HRP METHOD / 解剖学报

The trigemino-cerebellar projections of rats were studied by introducing HRP microelectrophoretically into various areas of the cerebellar cortex. The results indicate that the following parts of the cerebellum receive bilateral (mostly ipsilateral) trigeminal projections, namely, the simple lobule, the crusa Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the paramedian lobuIe, the dorsal paraflocculus, the lateral part of the lobule Ⅷ and the vermal cortex of the lobules Ⅵ～Ⅸ.Fibers from the interpolar subnucleus and the principal sensory nucleus of the trigeminal nerve project to all of the above mentioned areas.The caudal subnucleus projects to the crus Ⅰ, the paramedian lobule, the dorsal paraflocculus, the lateral part of the lobule Ⅷ and the vermal cortex of the lobules Ⅵ～Ⅸ.The oral subnucleus gives its projections to the crus Ⅱ, the paramedian lobule, the lateral part of the lobule Ⅷ and the vermal cortex of the lobules Ⅶ～Ⅸ.The mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sends fibers to the crura Ⅰ and Ⅱ, the paramedian lobule, the lateral part of the lobule Ⅷ and the vermal cortex of lobules Ⅶ～Ⅸ.A few labeled neurons were found in the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve; while in the region ventro-lateral to the motor nucleus, in the root of the trigeminal nerve and in areas adjacent to it large amount of labeled cells were seen in all the cases studied.Unexpectedly, several labeled neurons were seen in a semilunar ganglion of the trigeminal nerve.

LOCALIZATION OF THE CELL BODIES OF THE PHRENIC MOTOR AND SENSORY NEURONES IN RABBIT BY HRP METHOD / 解剖学报

Eight rabbits were used in this study.The position of the phrenic nucleus in thespinal cord,the morphology of the phrenic motoneurones and position of the cellbodies of the sensory neurons of the phrenic nerve were determined by using themethod of HRP labelling through the centralcutting end of the left phrenic nerve atthe root of the neck.The results were as follows:1.The phrenic nucleus in the rabbit was located in C_3,C_4,and C_5 segments.Itis a longitudinal cell column lying between the ventromedial and the ventrolateralcolumns of the ventral horn of the spinal cord.2.Phrenic motoneurones differed in shape and size.Most of the cell bodies ofthe rabbit's phrenic motoneurones were round or oval in shape,ranging from 5 to45 ?m(mean 25 ?m)in diameter.3.The rabbit phrenic nerve arises from the ventral rami of the 3 rd,4 th and5 th cervical nerves,and the nucleus of this nerve does not extend beyond the 3 rd-5 th segments——the location of the nucleus corresponds with the segmental rootsfrom which the phrenic nerve arises.4.The cell bodies of the sensory neurones of the rabbit's phrenic nerve werelocated in the dorsal root ganglia of the third and fourth cervical nerves.Besides,50 rabbits were dissected,and the origin of their phrenic nerves werestudied.