Rapid detection of murine-derived ingredients in meat products using real-time enzymatic recombinase amplification.

BACKGROUND: Accurate identification of meat species is critical to prevent economic fraud and safeguard public health. The use of inappropriate meat sources, such as murine, poses significant health risks because of potential contamination with pathogens and allergens, leading to foodborne illnesses. The present study aimed to develop a novel real-time enzymatic recombinase amplification (ERA) method for the rapid and specific detection of murine DNA in meat products. RESULTS: A novel ERA primer and probe set was designed, targeting a murine-specific single-copy nuclear gene identified through bioinformatics analysis. The assay demonstrates high specificity, showing no amplification in commonly consumed meats, other animals or major crops. Additionally, it exhibits remarkable sensitivity, detecting as few as five copies of murine genomic DNA. For practical application, the ERA method could effectively identify mouse DNA in laboratory-prepared samples at concentrations as low as 0.5% and also quantify samples with mouse DNA content as low as 5%. It also accurately detects the presence of murine-derived ingredients in commercially available meat products. The detection process is straightforward, utilizing a simple isothermal device for incubation, blue light excitation and a smartphone camera for result interpretation. This rapid analysis can be completed within 20 min. CONCLUSION: The newly developed real-time ERA method provides a valuable tool for standardizing meat trade practices, promoting food safety and enhancing consumer confidence in the authenticity of meat products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Association of Vegetables-Fruits Dietary Patterns with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Mediating Effects of Gut Microbiota.

(1) Introduction: Previous studies have found that diet can change gut microbiota, thereby affecting metabolic health. However, research on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is still limited. Our study aimed to explore the mediating role of gut microbiota in the relationship between dietary patterns and GDM. (2) Methods: In this case-control study, 107 women with GDM at 24-28 weeks of gestation and 78 healthy pregnant women were enrolled. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess dietary intake over the previous month. Mediation analysis was performed to explore the link between dietary patterns, gut microbiota, and GDM. (3) Results: Among the five dietary patterns extracted, the high group (factor scores ≥ -0.07) of the vegetables-fruits dietary pattern had a 67% lower risk of developing GDM compared to the low group (factor scores < -0.07) (OR: 0.33; 95% CI: 0.15-0.74). In addition, a significant alteration was observed in gut microbiota composition among GDM pregnant women. Mediation analysis showed that the Lachnospiraceae family, Blautia, and Ruminococcus genus partially mediated the effect of vegetables-fruits dietary pattern on GDM, explaining 45.81%, 44.33%, and 31.53% of the association, respectively. (4) Conclusions: Adherence to vegetables-fruits dietary patterns during pregnancy may reduce the risk of GDM by altering gut microbiota composition.

NCF4 attenuates colorectal cancer progression by modulating inflammasome activation and immune surveillance.

The spatiotemporal regulation of inflammasome activation remains unclear. To examine the mechanism underlying the assembly and regulation of the inflammasome response, here we perform an immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry analysis of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC) and identify NCF4/1/2 as ASC-binding proteins. Reduced NCF4 expression is associated with colorectal cancer development and decreased five-year survival rate in patients with colorectal cancer. NCF4 cooperates with NCF1 and NCF2 to promote NLRP3 and AIM2 inflammasome activation. Mechanistically, NCF4 phosphorylation and puncta distribution switches from the NADPH complex to the perinuclear region, mediating ASC oligomerization, speck formation and inflammasome activation. NCF4 functions as a sensor of ROS levels, to establish a balance between ROS production and inflammasome activation. NCF4 deficiency causes severe colorectal cancer in mice, increases transit-amplifying and precancerous cells, reduces the frequency and activation of CD8+ T and NK cells, and impairs the inflammasome-IL-18-IFN-γ axis during the early phase of colorectal tumorigenesis. Our study implicates NCF4 in determining the spatial positioning of inflammasome assembly and contributing to inflammasome-mediated anti-tumor responses.

Sirt1 inhibits macrophage polarization and inflammation in gouty arthritis by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB/AP-1 pathway and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: To elucidate Sirt1's role in gouty arthritis inflammation and its potential mechanisms. MATERIAL: Constructed murine models of gouty arthritis and conducted THP-1 cell experiments. TREATMENT: 1 mg of MSU crystals injected into mice ankle joints for a 72-h intervention. After a 3-h pre-treatment with Sirt1-specific inhibitor (EX527) and agonist (SRT2104), inflammation was induced for 21 h using lipopolysaccharide (LPS) plus MSU crystals. METHODS: We assessed gouty arthritis severity through joint inflammation index, swelling, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, and measured CD68 mononuclear macrophages and Sirt1 expression in synovial tissue via immunohistochemistry. ELISA, NO assay, RT-qPCR, Flow cytometry, and Western blot were utilized to examine macrophage inflammatory factors, polarization, reactive oxygen species(ROS), MAPK/NF-κB/AP-1 and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways proteins. RESULTS: Significant joint swelling, synovial tissue edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed. CD68 mononuclear macrophages and Sirt1 expression were elevated in synovium. Sirt1 activation decreased inflammatory factors, M1 polarization, and ROS generation. Sirt1 activation reduced p38/JNK phosphorylation, thereby inhibiting downstream NF-κB p65/AP-1 and enhancing Nrf2/HO-1, thus suppressing inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Sirt1 alleviates M1 macrophage polarization and inflammation in gouty arthritis by inhibiting the MAPK/NF-κB/AP-1 pathway and activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Thus, activating Sirt1 may provide a new therapeutic target for gouty arthritis.

The Impact of Caregiver Pressure to Eat on Food Neophobia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Study.

(1) Background: With autistic children's high pervasiveness of eating problems and inappropriate feeding behaviors by their caregivers, this study wanted to inspect the connection between caregivers' pressure to eat and food neophobia in these children. (2) Methods: Cross-sectional overview of 160 guardians of kids aged 2 to 7 years. After one-on-one questioning by the researcher, the collected information on the socio-demographic characteristics of the children with autism, caregiver feeding behavior, and new food neophobia (FN) scores was entered into the Questionnaire Star system. (3) Results: The mean FN score was 25.56 ± 6.46. The caregiver's pressure to eat positively related to children's FN (ß = 0.164 95% CI, 0.078, 2.163). In these children, we found a negative correlation between FN score and the frequency of vegetable intake (p ≤ 0.001), fruit intake (p ≤ 0.05), aquatic product intake (p ≤ 0.05), and dietary diversity score (p ≤ 0.01), and positively correlated with the frequency of snack intake (p ≤ 0.05). (4) Conclusions: Caregiver pressure to eat was positively associated with high levels of FN in Chinese kids with ASD, which in turn negatively impacted dietary quality. To improve eating habits, caregivers should reconsider their feeding strategies and avoid using forceful methods to ease food neophobia in these children.

Comprehensive assessment of the microbial community structure in a typical lead-zinc mine soil.

Understanding the microbial community structure in soil contaminated with heavy metals (HMs) is a precondition to conduct bioremediation in mine soil. Samples were collected from a typical lead-zinc (Pb-Zn) mine to assess the microbial community structure of the HMs concentrated in the soil. The goal was to analyze the bacterial and fungal community structures and their interactions using the 16S rRNA genes and internal transcribed spacer high-throughput sequencing. Analyses at different sampling sites showed that contamination with HMs significantly reduced the bacterial richness and diversity but increased that of the fungi. The predominant bacteria genera of Acidobacteriales, Gaiellales, Anaerolineaceae, Sulfurifustis, and Gemmatimonadaceae, and predominant fungal genera of Sordariomycetes, Talaromyces, and Mortierella were assumed as HM resistant genera in Pb-Zn mining area. The pH effect on the bacterial and fungal communities was opposite to those of Cd, Pb, and Zn. This study offers comprehensive outlooks for bacterial and fungal community structures upon multiple HM stresses in the soil around a typical Pb-Zn mine area.

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass combined with UNIFI to study the mechanism of Tao Hong Si Wu Decoction in the treatment of postpartum blood stasis.

Postpartum hemorrhage can lead to a variety of maternal complications. Tao Hong Si Wu Decoction (THSWD) is a traditional Chinese medicine used for treating gynecological diseases. However, the active ingredients of THSWD and its pharmacological mechanism of treatment for postpartum blood stasis still remained unclear. In this study, 201 components were identified in THSWD ethanol extract using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, including 59 terpenoids and volatile oil, 61 Phenylpropanoids, 41 flavonoids, 22 alkaloids, and other 18 components. A total of 45 active compounds were identified in the blood and 33 active compounds were identified in the uterine. Taking the common components into the blood and into the uterus combined with network pharmacology. It was demonstrated that the active compounds can bind to the core target with good affinity through molecular docking. The results of this study will provide a reference for the quality control and pharmacodynamic material base research of THSWD.

Enhanced heterogeneous interface to construct intelligent conductive hydrogel gas sensor for individualized treatment of infected wounds.

In this study, we developed an enhanced heterogeneous interface intelligent conductive hydrogel NH3 sensor for individualized treatment of infected wounds. The sensor achieved monitoring, self-diagnosis, and adaptive gear adjustment functions. The PPY@PDA/PANI(3/6) sensor had a minimum NH3 detection concentration of 50 ppb and a response value of 2.94 %. It also had a theoretical detection limit of 49 ppt for infected wound gas. The sensor exhibited a fast response time of 23.2 s and a recovery time of 42.9 s. Tobramycin (TOB) was encapsulated in a self-healing QCS/OD hydrogel formed by quaternized chitosan (QCS) and oxidized dextran (OD), followed by the addition of polydopamine-coated polypyrrole nanowires (PPY@PDA) and polyaniline (PANI) to prepare electrically conductive drug-loaded PPY@PDA/PANI hydrogels. The drug-loaded PPY@PDA/PANI hydrogel was combined with a PANI/PVDF membrane to form an enhanced heterogeneous interfacial PPY@PDA/PANI/PVDF-based sensor, which could adaptively learn the individual wound ammonia response and adjust the speed of drug release from the PPY@PDA/PANI hydrogel with electrical stimulation. Drug release and animal studies demonstrated the efficacy of the PPY@PDA/PANI hydrogel in inhibiting infection and accelerating wound healing. In conclusion, the gas-sensitive conductive hydrogel sensing system is expected to enable intelligent drug delivery and provide personalized treatment for complex wound management.

PHB2 Alleviates Neurotoxicity of Prion Peptide PrP106-126 via PINK1/Parkin-Dependent Mitophagy.

Prion diseases are a group of neurodegenerative diseases characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal death. Mitophagy is a selective form of macroautophagy that clears injured mitochondria. Prohibitin 2 (PHB2) has been identified as a novel inner membrane mitophagy receptor that mediates mitophagy. However, the role of PHB2 in prion diseases remains unclear. In this study, we isolated primary cortical neurons from rats and used the neurotoxic prion peptide PrP106-126 as a cell model for prion diseases. We examined the role of PHB2 in PrP106-126-induced mitophagy using Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy and assessed the function of PHB2 in PrP106-126-induced neuronal death using the cell viability assay and the TUNEL assay. The results showed that PrP106-126 induced mitochondrial morphological abnormalities and mitophagy in primary cortical neurons. PHB2 was found to be indispensable for PrP106-126-induced mitophagy and was involved in the accumulation of PINK1 and recruitment of Parkin to mitochondria in primary neurons. Additionally, PHB2 depletion exacerbated neuronal cell death induced by PrP106-126, whereas the overexpression of PHB2 alleviated PrP106-126 neuronal toxicity. Taken together, this study demonstrated that PHB2 is indispensable for PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in PrP106-126-treated neurons and protects neurons against the neurotoxicity of the prion peptide.

Application of surface-enhanced Raman scattering to qualitative and quantitative analysis of arsenic species.

Given the toxicity of arsenic, there is an urgent need for the development of efficient and reliable detection systems. Raman spectroscopy, a powerful tool for material characterization and analysis, can be used to explore the properties of a wide range of different materials. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can detect low concentrations of chemicals. This review focuses on the progress of qualitative and quantitative studies of the adsorption processes of inorganic arsenic and organic arsenic in aqueous media using Raman spectroscopy in recent years and discusses the application of Raman spectroscopy theory simulations to arsenic adsorption processes. Sliver nanoparticles are generally used as the SERS substrate to detect arsenic. Inorganic arsenic is chemisorbed onto the silver surface by forming As-O-Ag bonds, and the Raman shift difference in the As-O stretching (∼60 cm-1) between As(V) and As(III) allows SERS to detect and distinguish between As(V) and As(III) in groundwater samples. For organic arsenicals, specific compounds can be identified based on spectral differences in the vibration modes of the chemical bonds. Under the same laser excitation, the intensity of the Raman spectra for different arsenic concentrations is linearly related to the concentration, thus allowing quantitative analysis of arsenic. Molecular modeling of adsorbed analytes via density functional theory calculation (DFT) can predict the Raman shifts of analytes in different laser wavelengths.

Effect of the inoculation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium on nitrogen migration and organic matter conversion during electrolytic manganese residue composting.

Composting has made it practicable to dispose electrolytic manganese residues (EMR) in a less toxic way, nevertheless, the decomposition and the loss of nitrogen is a critical issue. This study aimed to investigate the role of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PC) inoculation on nitrogen migration and promotion of decomposing organic matter (OM), as well as the effect on bacterial community structure during EMR composting. The results exhibited that nitrogen loss tallied with the first-order kinetic model. PC inoculation increased the relative microbial abundance of Firmicutes, which improved the efficiency of nitrogen nitrification and OM degradation, and increased the germination index and total nitrogen content by 13.8% and 2.95 g/kg, respectively. Moreover, aromatic benzenes replaced heteropolysaccharides, alcohols and ethers as the main components of OM in fertilizer, leading up to a more stable humus structure. This study provides a rationale and a novel perspective on the resource and nutrient conservation of EMR-contaminated soils.

The application of traditional Chinese medicine nursing combined with the health education standard path in acute myeloid leukaemia.

Objective: The standard path of health education is a standardised health education method formulated according to the characteristics of the disease in question. This study aimed to explore the effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) nursing combined with the health education standard path in terms of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Methods: Sixty patients with AML at Shijiazhuang Ping'an Hospital were recruited and divided into the control group (n = 30) and the intervention group (n = 30). Both groups received the same chemotherapy treatment, while the control group received routine nursing and the intervention group received a combined TCM-health education standard path intervention. The scores for the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), Spitzer quality of life index (QLI), self-rating depression scale (SDS), awareness of TCM health education standard path content and nursing satisfaction were then compared. Results: The SAS and SDS scores of the patients decreased following the intervention, while the QLI score increased, with the intervention group significantly improved compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The awareness of TCM health education standard path content was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (P < 0.05), and the nursing satisfaction was also higher in the former than in the latter (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the hospitalisation cost and length of stay were lower in the intervention group than in the control group (P < 0.05). There were no statistical differences in the median survival time between the intervention group and the control group (P > 0.05). Conclusion: The application of TCM combined with the health education standard path has an effect in terms of reducing patients' anxiety and depression, improving their awareness of health education content and enhancing their nursing satisfaction.

Sequential Early-Life Infections Alter Peripheral Blood Transcriptomics in Aging Female Mice but Not the Response to De Novo Infection with Influenza Virus or M. tuberculosis.

To determine the impact of accumulating Ag exposure on immunity in the aging mouse, and to develop a model more relevant to humans who are exposed to multiple pathogens during life, we sequentially infected young female mice with four distinct pathogens at 8-wk intervals: murine γ-herpesvirus 68, Sendai virus, murine CMV, and Heligmosomoides polygyrus. Mock-infected mice received PBS. After aging the sequentially infected and mock-infected mice to 18-25 mo under specific pathogen-free conditions, we analyzed multiple immune parameters. We assessed transcriptional activity in peripheral blood, T cell phenotype, the diversity of influenza epitopes recognized by CD8 T cells, and the response of the animals to infection with influenza virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Our data show enhanced transcriptional activation in sequentially infected aged mice, with changes in some CD8 T cell subsets. However, there was no measurable difference in the response of mock-infected and sequentially infected aged mice to de novo infection with either influenza virus or M. tuberculosis at 18-21 mo. Unexpectedly, a single experiment in which 25-mo-old female mice were challenged with influenza virus revealed a significantly higher survival rate for sequentially infected (80%) versus mock-infected (20%) mice. These data suggest that although exposure to a variety of pathogen challenges in the mouse model does not overtly impact cellular markers of immunity in aged female mice following de novo respiratory infection, subtle changes may emerge in other compartments or with increasing age.

Be aware of the sodium intake outside student canteens: development and validation of a sodium food frequency questionnaire in Chinese undergraduates.

Background: Chinese college students used to eat in student canteens, making dietary consumption outside the cafeterias the main reason for the difference in sodium intake. This study aims to develop and validate a food frequency questionnaire (Sodium-FFQ) targeting dietary sodium intake outside the canteens among undergraduates in China. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 124 and 81 college students from comprehensive universities in the development and validation stage. A 24 h dietary recall and a food frequency questionnaire were used to develop the Sodium-FFQ. Food items were selected according to the foods that contributed more to the total sodium intake. Test-retest correlation coefficients with an interval of 14 days were employed to evaluate reproducibility. Validity was assessed against a single 24 h urine collection and a 3-day dietary record using correlation coefficients, Bland-Altman analyses, and cross-classification analysis of Kappa coefficients. Results: The Sodium-FFQ consists of 12 groups of foods with 48 items. The Spearman correlation coefficient of test-retest on sodium intake was 0.654 (p < 0.05), and that between the Sodium-FFQ, 3 × 24 h dietary record, and 24-h urinary sodium were 0.393 (p < 0.05) and 0.342 (p < 0.05), respectively. The Sodium-FFQ was correlated to 24 h urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio, with a Spearman coefficient of 0.370 (p < 0.05). The classification agreement of the Sodium-FFQ and 24 h urinary sodium was 68.4%, and the Kappa coefficient was 0.371 (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The Sodium-FFQ developed in this study presented an acceptable reproducibility, validity, and classification agreement. It indicates that the Sodium-FFQ could be a potential tool for promoting sodium restriction in college students.

Phase separation in cancer at a glance.

Eukaryotic cells are segmented into multiple compartments or organelles within the cell that regulate distinct chemical and biological processes. Membrane-less organelles are membrane-less microscopic cellular compartments that contain protein and RNA molecules that perform a wide range of functions. Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) can reveal how membrane-less organelles develop via dynamic biomolecule assembly. LLPS either segregates undesirable molecules from cells or aggregates desired ones in cells. Aberrant LLPS results in the production of abnormal biomolecular condensates (BMCs), which can cause cancer. Here, we explore the intricate mechanisms behind the formation of BMCs and its biophysical properties. Additionally, we discuss recent discoveries related to biological LLPS in tumorigenesis, including aberrant signaling and transduction, stress granule formation, evading growth arrest, and genomic instability. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of LLPS in cancer. Understanding the concept and mechanism of LLPS and its role in tumorigenesis is crucial for antitumor therapeutic strategies.

Association between Eating Habits and Sodium Intake among Chinese University Students.

(1) Background: Insufficient evidence exists regarding the dietary habits that may contribute to high sodium intake among college students in China. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the dietary sodium intake of college students in Hunan and its association with their dietary habits. (2) Methods: In total, 585 university students from Hunan were recruited for this study. The sodium Food Frequency Questionnaire (sodium-FFQ) and dietary habits were assessed. (3) Results: Excluding cooking salt and high-sodium seasonings, the daily dietary sodium intake among college students in Changsha, Hunan Province, was 1183.74 (563.38, 2054.86) mg/day. A vast majority (89%) of college students reported eating outside of school at least once a week, and approximately one-third (34%) ordered takeaways at least once a week. After adjusting for confounding factors, the associations between the frequency of eating out and ordering takeaways with college students' sodium intake remained significant. (4) Conclusions: The findings indicate that excessive dietary sodium intake among college students in Hunan is a growing concern. College students who frequently eat out and order takeaways tend to have a higher sodium intake. Future research should focus on identifying the main sources of dietary sodium and developing interventions that promote healthy dietary habits among college students.

Preparation of magnetic composites and their dimethyl arsonic acid adsorption performances.

Dimethyl arsonic acid, the most common organic arsenic pollutant, is widely present in the environment and seriously threatens the safety of drinking water. Syntheses of magnetite, magnetic bentonite, and magnetic ferrihydrite via hydrothermal methods, and the magnetic composites were examined using XRD, BET, VSM, and SEM. SEM images revealed that many monodispersible pellets were attached to the surface of magnetic bentonite. The magnetic ferrihydrite contained abundant pores and had a rich pore structure, which expanded the specific surface area of the original magnetite. The specific surface areas of the magnetic bentonite and magnetic ferrihydrite were 65.17 and 220.30 m2·g-1, respectively. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms of dimethyl arsonic acid on magnetic composites were studied. The adsorption of dimethyl arsonic acid on the magnetic composites conformed to the pseudo-second-order model and Freundlich isothermal adsorption model. By comparing the isotherms of the adsorption of dimethyl arsonic acid by the magnetic composites at pH values of 3, 7, and 11, respectively, it was found that the adsorption of dimethyl arsonic acid was the greatest at neutral pH of 7. The adsorption mechanism was analyzed via zeta potential determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The zeta potential results revealed that magnetic bentonite electrostatic activity occurred with dimethyl arsonic acid, and the magnetic ferrihydrite indicated a coordination complex with dimethyl arsonic acid. The XPS results revealed that the Fe-O bonds on the surfaces of the magnetic ferrihydrite had coordination complexation effects on the As-O of the dimethyl arsonic acid.

Application of infrared spectroscopy and its theoretical simulation to arsenic adsorption processes.

Accurate detection and analysis of arsenic pollutants are an important means to enhance the ability to manage arsenic pollution. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy technology has the advantages of fast analysis speed, high resolution, and high sensitivity and can be monitored by real-time in situ analysis. This paper reviews the application of IR spectroscopy in the qualitative and quantitative analysis of inorganic and organic arsenic acid adsorbed by major minerals such as ferrihydrite (FH), hematite, goethite, and titanium dioxide. The IR spectroscopy technique cannot only identify different arsenic contaminants but also obtain the content and adsorption rate of arsenic contaminants in the solid phase. The reaction equilibrium constants and the degree of reaction conversion can be determined by constructing adsorption isotherms or combining them with modeling techniques. Theoretical calculations of IR spectra of mineral adsorbed arsenic pollutant systems based on density functional theory (DFT) and analysis and comparison of the measured and theoretically calculated characteristic peaks of IR spectra can reveal the microscopic mechanism and surface chemical morphology of the arsenic adsorption process. This paper systematically summarizes the qualitative and quantitative studies and theoretical calculations of IR spectroscopy in inorganic and organic arsenic pollutant adsorption systems, which provides new insights for accurate detection and analysis of arsenic pollutants and arsenic pollution control. PRACTITIONER POINTS: This paper reviews the application of infrared spectroscopy in the qualitative and quantitative analyses of inorganic and organic arsenic acid adsorbed by major minerals such as ferrihydrite, hematite, goethite, and titanium dioxide, which can help identify and evaluate the type and concentration of arsenic pollutants in water bodies. In this paper, theoretical calculations of infrared spectra of mineral adsorbed arsenic pollutant systems based on density functional theory reveal the adsorption mechanism of arsenic pollutants in water at the solid-liquid interface and help to develop targeted arsenic pollution control technologies. This paper provides a new and reliable analytical detection technique for the study of arsenic contaminants in water bodies.

Copyrolysis of Waste Cartons and Polyolefin Plastics under Microwave Heating and Characterization of the Products.

Municipal organic solid waste contains many recoverable resources, including biomass materials and plastics. The high oxygen content and strong acidity of bio-oil limit its application in the energy field, and the oil quality is mainly improved by copyrolysis of biomass with plastics. Therefore, in this paper, a copyrolysis method was utilized to treat solid waste, namely, common waste cartons and waste plastic bottles (polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE)) as raw materials. The products were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis, GC, and GC/MS to investigate the reaction pattern of the copyrolysis. The results show that the addition of plastics can reduce the residue content by about 3%, and the copyrolysis at 450 °C can increase the liquid yield by 3.78%. Compared with single waste carton pyrolysis, no new product appeared in the copyrolysis liquid products but the oxygen content of the liquid decreased from 65% to less than 8%. The content of CO2 and CO in the copyrolysis gas product is 5-15% higher than the theoretical value; the O content of the solid products increased by about 5%. This indicates that waste plastics can promote the formation of l-glucose and small molecules aldehydes and ketones by providing H radicals and reduce the oxygen content in liquids. Thus, copyrolysis improves the reaction depth and product quality of waste cartons, which provides a certain theoretical reference for the industrial application of solid waste copyrolysis.

Nitrobenzene reduction promoted by the integration of carbon nanotubes and Geobacter sulfurreducens.

Electron shuttles (ES) can mediate long-distance electron transfer between extracellular respiratory bacteria (ERB) and the surroundings. However, the effects of graphite structure in ES on the extracellular electron transfer (EET) process remain ambiguous. This work investigated the function of graphite structure in the process of nitrobenzene (NB) degradation by Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA, in which highly aromatic carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was studied as a typical ES. The results showed that the addition of 1.5 g L-1 of CNTs improved the NB biodegradation up to 81.2%, plus 18.8% NB loss due to the adsorption property of CNTs, achieving complete removal of 200 µM NB within 9 h. The amendment of CNTs greatly increased the EET rate, indicating that graphite structure exhibited excellent electron shuttle performance. Furthermore, Raman spectrum proved that CNTs obtained better graphite structure after 90 h of cultivation with strain PCA, resulting in higher electrochemical performance. Also, CNTs was perceived as the "Contaminant Reservoir", which alleviated the toxic effect of NB and shortened the distance of EET process. Overall, this work focused on the effects of material graphite structure on the EET process, which enriched the understanding of the interaction between CNTs and ERB, and these results might promote their application in the in-situ bioremediation of nitroaromatic-polluted environment.