[NMR method for simultaneous determination of 21 chemical components in Danhong Injection].

Danhong Injection, a compound Chinese medicine injection prepared from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and Carthami Flos, is used in the clinical treatment of coronary heart disease, cerebral thrombosis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, a quantitative method for simultaneous determination of multiple components in Danhong Injection was developed based on ~1H-qNMR technology and then methodological verification was carried out. The results showed that the established method had good methodological indexes. This method can simultaneously determine the content of 21 chemical components including 6 amino acids, 4 small molecular organic acids, 5 sugars and their derivatives, 1 nucleoside, and 5 aromatic compounds in Danhong Injection. The total content accounted for about 85% of the total solid mass, which reflected the great advantage of ~1H-qNMR method in the analysis of Chinese medicine injections. The ~1H-qNMR method for simultaneous determination of multiple components in Danhong Injection developed in this study has simple operation, short analysis time, and wide application range, which has practical significance for the quality evaluation of Danhong Injection and provides reference for the development of quality control methods for Chinese medicine injections.

Facile synthesis of S-Ag nanocomposites and Ag2S short nanorods by the interaction of sulfur with AgNO3 in PEG400.

A facile, eco-friendly and inexpensive method to prepare Ag2S short nanorods and S-Ag nanocomposites using sublimed sulfur, AgNO3, PVP and PEG400 was studied. According to x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy of the Ag2S, the products are highly crystalline and pure Ag2S nanorods with diameters of 70-160 nm and lengths of 200-360 nm. X-ray diffraction of the S-Ag nanocomposites shows that we obtained cubic Ag and S nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the molar ratio of PVP to Ag(+) plays an important role in controlling the size and morphology of the S-Ag nanocomposites. When the molar ratio of PVP to Ag(+) was 10:1, smaller sizes, better dispersibility and narrower distribution of S-Ag nanocomposites with diameters of 10-40 nm were obtained. The formation mechanism of the S-Ag nanocomposites was studied by designing a series of experiments using ultraviolet-visible measurement, and it was found that S nanoparticles are produced first and act as seed crystals; then Ag(+) becomes Ag nanocrystals on the surfaces of the S nanoparticles by the reduction of PVP. PEG400 acts as a catalyzer, accelerating the reaction rate, and protects the S-Ag nanocomposites from reacting to produce Ag2S. The antimicrobial experiments show that the S-Ag nanocomposites have greater antimicrobial activity on Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and blue mold than Ag nanoparticles.

[Oxidation of cationic red 3R in water with H2O2 catalyzed by mineral loaded with Fe/Co].

Catalyst supported on pyrite was prepared by the impregnation method to enhance the activity of catalyst and characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Some Fe2O3 and CoFe2O4 species were formed on the surface of pyrite. Synthetized catalyst was used to catalyze H2O2 oxidative discoloration of azo dye. Under the conditions of the catalyst adding dosage of 3 g x L (-1), H2O2 adding dosageof 0.3 mL x L(-1), and the oxidation reaction timeof 1 h, results showed that about 99.8% of color removal rate and 58.4% of TOC removal rate could be achieved. The active ingredients of catalyst were Fe2O3 and CoFe2O4. Hydroxyl radical was determined during the reaction by ESR technology, the chromophore of dyes could be destroyed with 1 min, and small molecular substances might be produced during the process according to the spectrum analysis. Reaction with wide pH ranges is beneficial to overcome the limitation of traditional Fenton reactions. This technology might be used as a potential alternative for treatment of recalcitrant wastewater.

[Modification of activated carbon fiber for electro-Fenton degradation of phenol].

Microwave-modified activated carbon fiber (ACF-1), nitric acid-modified activated carbon fiber (ACF-2), phosphoric acid-modified activated carbon fiber (ACF-3) and ammonia-modified activated carbon fiber (ACF-4) were successfully fabricated. The electro-Fenton catalytic activities of modified activated carbon fiber were evaluated using phenol as a model pollutant. H2O2 formation, COD removal efficiency and phenol removal efficiency were investigated compared with the unmodified activated carbon fiber (ACF-0). Results indicated that ACF-1 showed the best adsorption and electrocatalytic activity. Modification was in favor of the formation of H2O2. The performance of different systems on phenol degradation and COD removal were ACF-1 > ACF-3 > ACF-4 > ACF-2 > ACF-0 and ACF-1 > ACF-4 > ACF-3 > ACF-2 > ACF-0, respectively, which confirmed that electrocatalytic activities of modified activated carbon fiber were better than the unmodified. In addition, phenol intermediates were not the same while using different modified activated carbon fibers.

[Effects of combined pollution of Cd, Cu and Pb on antioxidant enzyme activities of earthworm in soils].

Recently, soil heavy metal contamination becomes more and more serious in certain areas in China. Adverse effect caused by heavy metals in contaminated soils has been a wide concern for many years. In this study, a bioassay experiment with the earthworm (Eisenia foetida) was conducted to investigate the effects of compound application of Cd, Cu and Pb in soil on surperoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acid phosphatase (AP) activity in earthworms. Through a method of greenhouse soil experiment, this study utilized a uniform design method of three factors and six levels (Cd: 0-15 mg x kg(-1), Cu: 0-175 mg x kg(-1), Pb: 0-600 mg x kg(-1)) to research the physiological property and enrichment characteristics of earthworm in soils with Cd, Cu and Pb compound pollution. The activity of SOD, GST and AP were inhibited significantly under Cd, Cu and Pb compound pollution. And they were impacted by both time and heavy metal contents in the soil. Compared with the control sample, the activity of SOD increased by 7.4% -240.5% in the first eight days under the stress of heavy metals. But owing to the extremely severe stress, it was suppressed and descended by 19.4% -69.7%. Compared with the control sample, the activity of GST increased by 104.3% -217.3% in the first sixteen days under the stress of heavy metals. But owing to the extremely severe stress, it was suppressed and descended by 1.2% - 40.3%. The activity of AP changed over time in a trend of "increase, decrease, increase, decrease". Compared with the control sample, the activity of AP decreased by 9.2% -37.8% in the first eight days, then increased by 37.2% -117.2% in sixteenth days and decreased by 24.3% -34.0% to the last day. The analysis demonstrates that Pb and Cd-Cu-Pb is the dominant factor to the activity of SOD, while Cd and Cu were the dominant factors to the activity of GST and AP.

[Effect of simulated inorganic anion leaching solution of electroplating sludge on the bioactivity of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans].

An Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain WZ-1 (GenBank sequence number: JQ968461) was used as the research object. The effects of Cl-, NO3-, F- and 4 kinds of simulated inorganic anions leaching solutions of electroplating sludge on the bioactivity of Fe2+ oxidation and apparent respiratory rate of WZ-1 were investigated. The results showed that Cl-, NO3(-)- didn't have any influence on the bioactivity of WZ-1 at concentrations of 5.0 g x L(-1), 1.0 g x L(-1), respectively. WZ-1 showed tolerance to high levels of Cl- and NO3- (about 10.0 g x L(-1), 5.0 g x L(-1), respectively), but it had lower tolerance to F- (25 mg x L(-1)). Different kinds of simulated inorganic anions leaching solutions of electroplating sludge had significant differences in terms of their effects on bioactivity of WZ-1 with a sequence of Cl-/NO3(-)/F(-) > or = NO3(-)/F(-) > Cl-/F(-) > Cl(-)/NO3(-).

[Research of urban eutrophic water repair by water/sediment biological bases].

A micro power turbine water aeration system with a water biological base and a sediment biological base was independently developed, aimed at urban water eutrophication. The results showed that the average removal rates of COD, NH+4 -N, TP by the water biological base were 82. 33% , 98. 00% and 54. 73% , respectively; The sediment reduction rate achieved by the sediment biological base could reach 20% within 5 days, and aeration in the overlying water could relieve the nutrient releasing caused by the degradation of organic matter; The effect of nutrient removal and organic matter reduction in sediment by the combined ecological restoration technology was perfect in pilot scale. The average removal rates of COD, NH+4 -N, TP were 52. 0%, 33. 6% and 23.4%, respectively, and the organic content in sediment was reduced from 38. 20% to 12.20% .

[Effect of simulated heavy metal leaching solution of electroplating sludge on the bioactivity of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans].

An Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain WZ-1 was isolated from the tannery sludge in Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province in China. The cell of WZ-1 strain is Gram negative and rod-shaped, its 16S rDNA sequence is closely related to that of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 with 99% similarity. These results reveal that WZ-1 is a strain of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. The effects of Ni2+, Cr3+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and 5 kinds of simulated leaching solutions of electroplating sludge on the bioactivity of Fe2+ oxidation and apparent respiratory rate of WZ-1 were investigated. The results showed that Ni2+ and Cr3+ did not have any influence on the bioactivity of WZ-1 at concentrations of 5.0 g x L(-1) and 0.1 g x L(-1), respectively. WZ-1 showed tolerance to high levels of Ni2+, Zn2+ (about 30.0 g x L(-1)), but it had lower tolerance to Cr3+ and Cu2+ (0.1 g x L(-1) Cr3+ and 2.5 g x L(-1) Cu2+). Different kinds of simulated leaching solution of electroplating sludge had significant differences in terms of their effects on the bioactivity of WZ-1 with a sequence of Cu/Ni/Cr/Zn > Cu/Ni/Zn > Cu/Cr/Zn > Cu/Ni/Cr > Ni/Cr/Zn.

Survey of composition and generation rate of household wastes in Beijing, China.

It is recognized that information on both quantity and composition of residential waste is important for the effective planning of household waste handling infrastructure. In this paper, we present the results of a survey on household waste generation and composition in Beijing, China. Sample communities were selected by the integration of five indices including family population, income, age, and education. Wastes were sampled on a daily basis from 113 households in six different districts of Beijing City for ten days. The results showed that the generation rate of household wastes was 0.23 kg/pers/day. The bulk density was approximately 221 kg/m(3), and the moisture content was approximately 50%. Household waste consisted of kitchen waste, paper/cardboard, plastics, textiles, metals, glass and other wastes, the proportion of each waste was approximately 69.3%, 10.3%, 9.8%, 1.3%, 0.8%, 0.6% and 2.7%, respectively. An evaluation of the relationship between daily per capita generation of household waste and socio-economic factors indicated that household size and income both showed a negative relationship with household waste generation (kg/pers/day). As for the effect of education, families with a secondary educational level produced fewer household wastes (kg/pers/day) than those with a primary or advanced educational level.

Effective incineration technology with a new-type rotary waste incinerator.

The technology of steady combustion in a new type of rotary incinerator is firstly discussed. The formation and control of HCl, NOx and SO2 during the incineration of sampled municipal organic solid waste are studied with the incinerator. Results showed that the new model of rotary incinerator can effectively control and reduce the pollutant formations by post combustion.