Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are potential candidates for large energy storage usage because of the natural abundance and cheap sodium. Nevertheless, improving the energy density and cycling steadiness of SIB cathodes remains a challenge. In this work, F-doping Na3 Al2/3 V4/3 (PO4 )3 (NAVP) microspheres (Na3 Al2/3 V4/3 (PO4 )2.9 F0.3 (NAVPF)) are synthesized via spray drying and investigated as SIB cathodes. XRD and Rietveld refinement reveal expanded lattice parameters for NAVPF compared to the undoped sample, and the successful cation doping into the Na superionic conductor (NASICON) framework improves Na+ diffusion channels. The NAVPF delivers an ultrahigh capacity of 148 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 with 90.8% retention after 200 cycles, enabled by the activation of V2+ /V5+ multielectron reaction. Notably, NAVPF delivers an ultrahigh rate performance, with a discharge capacity of 83.6 mAh g-1 at 5000 mA g-1 . In situ XRD demonstrates solid-solution reactions occurred during charge-discharge of NAVPF without two-phase reactions, indicating enhanced structural stability after F-doped. The full cell with NAVPF cathode and Na+ preintercalated hard carbon anode shows a large discharge capacity of 100 mAh g-1 at 100 mA g-1 with 80.2% retention after 100 cycles. This anion doping strategy creates a promising SIB cathode candidate for future high-energy-density energy storage applications.
Microplastics (MPs) have been considered an emerging environmental pollutant which, when combined with toxic metals, enter the circulatory system of mammals and eventually cause damage. Therefore, it is important to study the toxicity of the mixture of MPs and heavy metals for evaluating risk assessment of mammals. In the present study, the toxicological effects of different concentrations of polystyrene (PS)-MPs alone or in combination with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) during chronic exposure (8 weeks) were evaluated using intragastric administration in mice. Using comparative analysis, it was revealed that PS-MPs alone or in combination with Cd could destroy the normal structural morphology of liver tissue and increase the levels of two biochemical indicators of liver damage, thereby inducing changes in antioxidant and hyperoxide capacities. In addition, PS-MPs and/or Cd activated the antioxidant signaling pathway Nrf2-Keap1 and affected the endogenous apoptosis signaling pathway p53-Bcl-2/Bax, thus promoting apoptosis. These findings suggested that exposure to MPs alone or in combination with Cd led to adverse effects on the liver. Furthermore, it was revealed that co-exposure to MPs and Cd reduced Cd toxicity, thereby highlighting the possibility MPs may act as carriers of other toxic substances and coordinate with them. Therefore, evaluating the synergistic or anti-agonistic effects of MPs on the toxicity and bioavailability of xenobiotics is in the future critical in environmental toxicological studies.
Cadmium , Microplastics , Mice , Animals , Microplastics/toxicity , Cadmium/toxicity , Polystyrenes/toxicity , Plastics/toxicity , Antioxidants/pharmacology , Kelch-Like ECH-Associated Protein 1 , NF-E2-Related Factor 2 , Oxidative Stress , Liver , Apoptosis , Mammals
Manganese hexacyanoferrate (MnHCF) is one of the most promising cathode materials for aqueous battery because of its non-toxicity, high energy density, and low cost. But the phase transition from MnHCF to Zinc hexacyanoferrate (ZnHCF) and the larger Stokes radius of Zn2+ cause rapid capacity decay and poor rate performance in aqueous Zn battery. Hence, to overcome this challenge, a solvation structure of propylene carbonate (PC)-trifluoromethanesulfonate (Otf)-H2 O is designed and constructed. A K+ /Zn2+ hybrid battery is prepared using MnHCF as cathode, zinc metal as anode, KOTf/Zn(OTf)2 as the electrolyte, and PC as the co-solvent. It is revealed that the addition of PC inhabits the phase transition from MnHCF to ZnHCF, broaden the electrochemical stability window, and inhibits the dendrite growth of zinc metal. Hence, the MnHCF/Zn hybrid co-solvent battery exhibits a reversible capacity of 118 mAh g-1 and high cycling performance, with a capacity retention of 65.6% after 1000 cycles with condition of 1 A g-1 . This work highlights the significance of rationally designing the solvation structure of the electrolyte and promotes the development of high-energy-density of aqueous hybrid ion batteries.
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common adverse drug reaction (ADR) and a serious threat to health that affects disease treatments. At present, no targeted clinical drugs are available for DILI. Traditional natural medicines have been widely used as health products. Some natural medicines exert specific hepatoprotective effects, with few side effects and significant clinical efficacy. Thus, natural medicines may be a promising direction for DILI treatment. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge, common drugs and mechanisms of DILI, as well as the clinical trials of natural drugs and their bioactive components in anticipation of the future development of potential hepatoprotective drugs.
