Association between visceral adipose tissue and asthma based on the NHANES and Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a crucial risk factor for asthma. Observational studies have examined the association between abdominal obesity and asthma symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the causal relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and asthma and its potential as an independent indicator. METHODS: This study utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey spanning 2011-8. Multivariable logistic regression and stratified variable selection were employed to identify associations between asthma and VAT. Moreover, a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis, using 221 genetic variants as instrumental variables, was conducted to assess this relationship further. RESULTS: Our findings indicated that individuals with higher VAT levels were more likely to develop asthma. Visceral obesity remained a significant risk factor for asthma after adjusting for demographic characteristics. Genetic predictions suggest a positive association between VAT and an elevated risk of asthma (odds ratio [OR] = 1.393, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.266-1.534, and P = 1.43E-11). No significant polymorphisms were detected using the Mendelian randomization-Egger intercept test. CONCLUSIONS: This study presents potential evidence supporting the causal role of VAT in asthma development. Furthermore, the findings from the Mendelian randomization analysis further reinforce the relationship between VAT and asthma risk.

Exploration of the causality of frailty index on psoriasis: A Mendelian randomization study.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is associated with a variety of diseases, but the relationship between frailty and psoriasis remains unclear. METHODS: First, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to investigate genetic causality between frailty index and common diseases in dermatology. Inverse variance weighted was used to estimate causality. Second, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTLs) analysis was conducted to identify the genes affected by Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Third, we performed function and pathway enrichment, transcriptome-wide association studies (TWAS) analysis based on eQTLs. RESULTS: It was shown that the rise of frailty index could increase the risk of psoriasis (IVW, beta = 0.916, OR = 2.500, 95%CI:1.418-4.408, p = 0.002) through Mendelian randomization (MR), and there was no heterogeneity and pleiotropy. There was no causality between the frailty index and other common diseases in dermatology. We found 31 eQTLs based on strongly correlated SNPs in the causality. TWAS analysis found that the expressions of four genes were closely related to psoriasis, including HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQA2, HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DQB1. CONCLUSION: It suggested that the frailty index had a significant positive causality on the risk of psoriasis, which was well documented by combined genomic, transcriptome, and proteome analyses.

Machine learning versus multivariate logistic regression for predicting severe COVID-19 in hospitalized children with Omicron variant infection.

With the emergence of the Omicron variant, the number of pediatric Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases requiring hospitalization and developing severe or critical illness has significantly increased. Machine learning and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to predict risk factors and develop prognostic models for severe COVID-19 in hospitalized children with the Omicron variant in this study. Of the 544 hospitalized children including 243 and 301 in the mild and severe groups, respectively. Fever (92.3%) was the most common symptom, followed by cough (79.4%), convulsions (36.8%), and vomiting (23.2%). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age (1-3 years old, odds ratio (OR): 3.193, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.778-5.733], comorbidity (OR: 1.993, 95% CI:1.154-3.443), cough (OR: 0.409, 95% CI:0.236-0.709), and baseline neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (OR: 1.108, 95% CI: 1.023-1.200), lactate dehydrogenase (OR: 1.993, 95% CI: 1.154-3.443), blood urea nitrogen (OR: 1.002, 95% CI: 1.000-1.003) and total bilirubin (OR: 1.178, 95% CI: 1.005-3.381) were independent risk factors for severe COVID-19. The area under the curve (AUC) of the prediction models constructed by multivariate logistic regression analysis and machine learning (RandomForest + TomekLinks) were 0.7770 and 0.8590, respectively. The top 10 most important variables of random forest variables were selected to build a prediction model, with an AUC of 0.8210. Compared with multivariate logistic regression, machine learning models could more accurately predict severe COVID-19 in children with Omicron variant infection.

Trends in gynaecologic cancer mortality and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States.

OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to assess the trend in gynaecologic cancer (GC) mortality in the period from 2010 to 2022 in the United States, with focus on the impact of the pandemic on increased deaths. METHODS: GC mortality data were extracted from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-Ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research (CDC WONDER) platform. We analysed mortality trends and evaluated observed vs. predicted mortality for the period from 2020 to 2022 with joinpoint regression and prediction modelling analyses. RESULTS: A total of 334,382 deaths among adults aged 25 years and older with gynaecologic cancer were documented from 2010 to 2022. The overall age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR, per 100,000 persons) for ovarian cancer-related death decreased gradually from 7.189 in 2010 to 5.517 in 2019, yielding an APC (annual percentage change) of -2.8%. However, the decrease in ovarian cancer-related mortality slowed down by more than 4-fold during the pandemic. Cervical cancer -related mortality decreased slightly prior to the pandemic and increased during the pandemic with an APC of 0.6%, resulting in excess mortality of 4.92%, 9.73% and 2.03% in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively. For uterine corpus cancer, the ASMR increased from 1.905 in 2010 to 2.787 in 2019, and increased sharply to 3.079 in 2021 and 3.211 in 2022. The ASMR rose steadily between 2013 and 2022, yielding an APC of 6.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we found that GC-related mortality increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, and this increase was not specific to age, race, or ethnicity.

Investigation of GPR143 as a promising novel marker for the progression of skin cutaneous melanoma through bioinformatic analyses and cell experiments.

BACKGROUND: Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is an aggressive and life-threatening skin cancer. G-protein coupled receptor 143 (GPR143) belongs to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors. METHODS: We used the TCGA, GTEx, CCLE, and the Human Protein Atlas databases to examine the mRNA and protein expression of GPR143. In addition, we performed a survival analysis and evaluated the diagnostic efficacy using the Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve. Through CIBERSORT, R programming, TIMER, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, Sangerbox, and Kaplan-Meier plotter database analyses, we explored the relationships between GPR143, immune infiltration, and gene marker expression of immune infiltrated cells. Furthermore, we investigated the proteins that potentially interact with GPR143 and their functions using R programming and databases including STRING, GeneMANIA, and GSEA. Meanwhile, the cBioPortal, UALCNA, and the MethSurv databases were used to examine the genomic alteration and methylation of GPR143 in SKCM. The Connectivity Map database was used to discover potentially effective therapeutic molecules against SKCM. Finally, we conducted cell experiments to investigate the potential role of GPR143 in SKCM. RESULTS: We demonstrated a significantly high expression level of GPR143 in SKCM compared with normal tissues. High GPR143 expression and hypomethylation status of GPR143 were associated with a poorer prognosis. ROC analysis showed that the diagnostic efficacy of the GPR143 was 0.900. Furthermore, GPR143 expression was significantly correlated with immune infiltration in SKCM. We identified 20 neighbor genes and the pathways they enriched were anabolic process of pigmentation, immune regulation, and so on. Genomic alteration analysis revealed significantly different copy number variations related to GPR143 expression in SKCM, and shallow deletion could lead to high expression of GPR143. Ten potential therapeutic drugs against SKCM were identified. GPR143 knockdown inhibited melanoma cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation while promoting apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that GPR143 serves as a novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and is associated with the progression of SKCM.

The causal relationship between osteoarthritis and bladder cancer: A Mendelian randomization study.

OBJECTIVE: The causal association between osteoarthritis (OA) and bladder cancer remains unclear. This Mendelian randomization (MR) study was carried out to assess the potential causal effects of any OA, knee OA and hip OA, and bladder cancer. METHOD: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary data for OA and bladder cancer were obtained in GWAS CATALOG, UK Biobank, and FinnGen Consortium. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) approach was primarily conducted to evaluate the causal relationships between OA and bladder cancer, and MR-Egger intercept and Cochran's Q test were mainly used to estimate heterogeneity and pleiotropy. MR-PRESSO was used to test the presence of horizontal outliers. Leave-one-out analysis was utilized to ensure the reliability of the results. RESULTS: A higher genetic predisposition to any OA has a causal association with bladder cancer risk, while neither knee OA nor hip OA is causally linked to bladder cancer. MR-Egger intercept analysis exhibited that any OA and knee OA had no pleiotropic effect on the risk of bladder cancer, and Cochran's Q test showed that any OA, knee OA and hip OA had no heterogeneity on bladder cancer risk. Neither MR PRESSO analysis nor leave-one-out analysis revealed any outlier SNPs. CONCLUSIONS: This MR study exhibited a positive cause-and-effect relationship between any type of OA and bladder cancer risk, but not between site-specific OA, knee OA and hip OA, and bladder cancer. Attention should be paid to the screening and prevention of bladder cancer in OA patients at any site.

Bioinformatic Analysis to Identify and Cellular Experiments to Validate Autophagy-related Genes in Psoriasis.

PURPOSE: To explore differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with autophagy in psoriasis using bioinformatics analysis and verify them in an M5-induced psoriatic cell model. METHODS: We obtained gene expression microarray data from patients with psoriasis and normal skin tissues from the dataset GSE78097 of the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. R software was used to identify DEGs associated with autophagy in psoriasis. Proteinprotein interaction (PPI) and correlation analyses were used to show interactions between certain genes. Their potential biological roles were determined using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Finally, all the DEGs associated with autophagy in psoriasis were validated in a psoriatic cell model by RT-qPCR. RESULTS: 28 DEGs associated with autophagy were identified. These genes were linked to one another, and the most connected hub gene was VEGFA, according to PPI analysis. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed various biological pathways associated with autophagy. The RT-qPCR findings of the expression of 18 genes in the psoriatic cell model confirmed the bioinformatics analysis results. The five genes with the most significant differences were IL24, CCL2, NAMPT, PPP1R15A, and SPHK1. CONCLUSION: We identified DEGs associated with autophagy in patients with psoriasis. IL24, CCL2, NAMPT, PPP1R15A, and SPHK1 were identified as important genes that may influence psoriasis development through the regulation of autophagy.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Child-Pugh Class B Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Importance: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are increasingly used in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, data on ICI therapy in patients with advanced HCC and impaired liver function are scarce. Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the efficacy and safety of ICI treatment for advanced HCC with Child-Pugh B liver function. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for relevant studies from inception through June 15, 2022. Study Selection: Randomized clinical trials, cohort studies, or single-group studies that investigated the efficacy or safety of ICI therapy for Child-Pugh B advanced HCC were included. Data Extraction and Synthesis: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guideline was followed to extract data. A random-effects model was adopted if the heterogeneity was significant (I2 > 50%); otherwise, a fixed-effect model was used. Main Outcomes and Measures: The objective response rate (ORR) and overall survival (OS) were considered to be the primary efficacy outcomes of ICI treatment for Child-Pugh B advanced HCC, and the incidence of treatment-related adverse events (trAEs) was set as the primary measure for the safety outcome. Results: A total of 22 studies including 699 patients with Child-Pugh B and 2114 with Child-Pugh A advanced HCC comprised the analytic sample (median age range, 53-73 years). Upon pooled analysis, patients treated with ICIs in the Child-Pugh B group had an ORR of 14% (95% CI, 11%-17%) and disease control rate (DCR) of 46% (95% CI, 36%-56%), with a median OS of 5.49 (95% CI, 3.57-7.42) months and median progression-free survival of 2.68 (95% CI, 1.85-3.52) months. The rate of any grade trAEs in the Child-Pugh B group was 40% (95% CI, 34%-47%) and of grade 3 or higher trAEs was 12% (95% CI, 6%-23%). Compared with the Child-Pugh A group, the ORR (odds ratio, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.43-0.81; P < .001) and DCR (odds ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.50-0.81; P < .001) were lower in the Child-Pugh B group. Child-Pugh B was independently associated with worse OS in patients with advanced HCC treated with ICIs (hazard ratio, 2.72 [95% CI, 2.34-3.16]; adjusted hazard ratio, 2.33 [95% CI, 1.81-2.99]). However, ICIs were not associated with increased trAEs in the Child-Pugh B group. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this systematic review and meta-analysis suggest that although the safety of ICI treatment was comparable between patients with HCC with vs without advanced liver disease and the treatment resulted in a significant number of radiologic responses, survival outcomes are still inferior in patients with worse liver function. More study is needed to determine the effectiveness of ICI treatment in this population.

Transcarotid versus transfemoral access for cerebrovascular intervention: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Cerebrovascular intervention is an excellent option to treat cerebrovascular diseases. Interventional access is a prerequisite and a foundation for cerebrovascular intervention, which is crucial to the success of an intervention. Although transfemoral arterial access (TFA) has become a popular and acceptable method of access for cerebrovascular angiography and intervention in clinical practice, it has some drawbacks that limit the usage in cerebrovascular interventions. Therefore, transcarotid arterial access (TCA) has been developed in cerebrovascular interventions. We aim to conduct a systematic review to compare the safety and efficacy of TCA with TFA for cerebrovascular intervention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: In this protocol, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols were followed. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be searched mainly from 1 January 2004, to the formal search date. Additionally, reference lists and clinical trial registries will be searched. We will include clinical trials with more than 30 participants, which reported the endpoints of stroke, death and myocardial infarction. Two investigators will independently select studies, extract data and assess bias risk. A standardised mean difference with 95% CI will be presented for continuous data, and a risk ratio with 95% CI will be presented for dichotomous data. On inclusion of sufficient studies, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis will be conducted. The funnel plot and Egger's test will be used to assess publication bias. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: As only published sources will be used in this review, ethical approval is not required. We will publish the results in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022316468.

Stenting versus medical therapy alone for symptomatic intracranial arterial stenosis: protocol for a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) is a common cause of stroke worldwide. However, whether the treatment options for symptomatic ICAS is stent placement or medical therapy alone is still controversial. At present, three multicentre randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have been published, but their research designs are also slightly different and the conclusions are not completely consistent. Therefore, we plan to conduct a systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials to ascertain safety and efficacy of stenting versus medical therapy alone for symptomatic patients with intracranial arterial stenosis. METHODS AND ANALYSES: We will identify RCTs comparing stenting vs medical therapy alone in patients with symptomatic ICAS stenosis (70%-99%) through a systematic search, mainly including PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov. Individual-level patient data for a prespecified list of variables will be sought from authors of all eligible studies. The primary outcome was a composite of stroke or death within 30 days, or stroke in territory of qualifying artery beyond 30 days after randomisation. IPD meta-analysis will be conducted with a one-stage approach. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval and individual patient consent will not be required in most cases since this IPD meta-analysis will use pseudoanonymised data from RCTs. Results will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and international conferences. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022369922.

Potential predictors for progression of moyamoya disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The progress of Moyamoya disease (MMD) is often accompanied by the occurrence of new ischemia or hemorrhagic events, which was difficult to predict. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify predictors for progression in MMD patients. Methods: We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases up to December 10th, 2022 for randomized controlled trials, case-control studies, or cohort studies reporting predictors of disease progression in MMD patients. The results of each predictor were pooled by meta-analysis and further analyzed by subgroup analysis for predictors of unilateral to bilateral progression of MMD. Results: A total of 842 patients from 12 studies were included. The estimated pooled means indicated lower age (standard mean difference [SMD]: -0.29, 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.55 to -0.03; P = 0.03), family history (odds ratio [OR] 3.97, 95% CI: 1.96 to 8.03; P < 0.001) and contralateral abnormality (OR 3.95, 95% CI: 1.10 to 14.20; P = 0.04) were associated with progression in MMD patients. Subgroup analyses indicated that the same three factors were associated with the progression of unilateral to bilateral MMD. Conclusions: This meta-analysis revealed that lower age, family history and contralateral abnormality were associated with progression in MMD patients. The same three factors are associated with the progression of unilateral to bilateral MMD. Further studies are needed to validate our results.

Exploration of the underlying comorbidity mechanism in psoriasis and periodontitis: a bioinformatics analysis.

BACKGROUND: Increasing evidence indicates that psoriasis (PSO) and periodontitis (PD) are likely to occur together, however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression profiles of PSO (lesion vs non-lesion, GSE30999, GSE14905) and PD (affected vs unaffected gingival tissue, GSE16134, GSE10334) were downloaded from the GEO database. First, we investigated the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of PSO and PD. Then, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, protein interaction network (PPI) construction, and hub gene identification analysis were carried out. Finally, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, miRNA interaction analysis, and transcription factors (TFs) interaction analysis for hub genes were performed. RESULTS: Eighteen DEGs were identified for further analysis, including 15 up-regulated genes and 3 down-regulated genes. 9 hub genes were then identified via Cytohubba, including IL1B, CXCL1, CXCL8, MMP12, CCL18, SELL, CXCL13, FCGR3B, and SELE. Their functions are mainly enriched in two aspects: neutrophil chemotaxis and migration, chemokine activation and interaction. The enriched signaling pathways includes three categories: host defense, inflammation-related signaling pathways, and disease-related pathways. 9 common miRNAs based on experimental evidence and 10 common TFs were further identified in both PSO and PD. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed possible comorbidity mechanisms in PSO and PD from the perspective of bioinformatics tentatively. The data can present new insight for joint prevention and treatment of in PSO and PD, as well as provide data support for further prospective studies.

Assessment of Diagnosis, Prognosis and Immune Infiltration Response to the Expression of the Ferroptosis-Related Molecule HAMP in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (HAMP) is a key factor in maintaining iron metabolism, which may induce ferroptosis when upregulated. However, its prognostic value and relation to immune infiltrating cells remains unclear. METHODS: This study analyzed the expression levels of HAMP in the Oncomine, Timer and Ualcan databases, and examined its prognostic potential in KIRC with R programming. The Timer and GEPIA databases were used to estimate the correlations between HAMP and immune infiltration and the markers of immune cells. The intersection genes and the co-expression PPI network were constructed via STRING, R programming and GeneMANIA, and the hub genes were selected with Cytoscape. In addition, we analyzed the gene set enrichment and GO/KEGG pathways by GSEA. RESULTS: Our study revealed higher HAMP expression levels in tumor tissues including KIRC, which were related to poor prognosis in terms of OS, DSS and PFI. The expression of HAMP was positively related to the immune infiltration level of macrophages, Tregs, etc., corresponding with the immune biomarkers. Based on the intersection genes, we constructed the PPI network and used the 10 top hub genes. Further, we performed a pathway enrichment analysis of the gene sets, including Huntington's disease, the JAK-STAT signaling pathway, ammonium ion metabolic process, and so on. CONCLUSION: In summary, our study gave an insight into the potential prognosis of HAMP, which may act as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target related to immune infiltration in KIRC.

FLG Is a Potential Biomarker of Prognosis and Immunotherapy in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma.

Background: Skin cutaneous melanoma is one of most aggressive type of cancers worldwide. Therefore, the identification of SKCM biomarkers is of great importance. FLG gene is one of the genes that encode proteins involved in epidermal formation. This was the first time to study the role of FLG in the prognosis and immune infiltrates of skin cutaneous melanoma. Methods: We downloaded the somatic mutation data of 471 SKCM patients from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and analyzed the mutation profiles with "MafTools" package. The expression of FLG and the overall survival in SKCM were analyzed by GEPIA. Additionally, univariate and multivariate Cox analyses were used to compare several clinical features with survival rates. We used TIMER to investigate FLG expression and collection of immune infiltration levels in SKCM, as well as cumulative survival in SKCM. Meanwhile, we also used CIBERSORT to investigate the association between FLG and cancer immune infiltration. In addition, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed using the TCGA dataset. Furthermore, data from GEO and HPA was used to validate the results. Results: Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) happened more frequently than insertion or deletion, and C > T was the most common of SNV in SKCM. We selected the first 15 mutated genes by analyzing 471 melanoma samples, and the prognosis analysis showed that only the high expression of mutated FLG gene was significantly correlated with the poor prognosis of SKCM. Multivariate Cox analysis showed that age, the worse tumor status, less lymph node metastasis, and FLG expression were independent factors for prognosis. Specifically, lower infiltration levels of B cell, CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, and dendritic cells correlated with poor survival outcomes in SKCM. GSEA revealed that FLG is closely related to cancer pathways and epidermal cell proliferation. In addition, the previous conclusions can be verified from external data from GEO and HPA. Conclusion: The discovery of mutant gene FLG as a biomarker of SKCM helps elucidate how changes in the immune environment promote the occurrence of cutaneous melanoma. Further analysis suggested that FLG might be a new predictor of SKCM prognosis.

A Pan-Cancer Analysis of the BIRC Gene Family and Its Association with Prognosis, Tumor Microenvironment, and Therapeutic Targets.

The inhibitors of apoptosis protein (IAP)/baculoviral IAP repeat containing (BIRC) gene families are necessary for cell protection, and most of these genes act as endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis. In some cancers, the over-expression of the BIRC gene is associated with cancer progression, multidrug resistance, poor prognosis and short-term survival. In this study, we aimed to assess the effect of the BIRC family in pan-cancer. We downloaded transcriptome and clinical data from 33 types of TCGA tumor samples and adjacent tissues. Then, the expression characteristics of IAP family members BIRC2, BIRC3, BIRC5, BIRC6 and BIRC7 in pan-cancer were analyzed. R packet and Cox regression were used to analyze the clinical correlation. In addition, the transcription level of BIRC and immune subtypes, stem cells, immune tumor microenvironment (TME) and drug sensitivity were analyzed by multidimensional correlation. Our studies have shown that the expression of IAP family members BIRC2, BIRC3, BIRC5, BIRC6, and BIRC7 is different in different tumor types, and the heterogeneity is obvious in cancers. Overall, our analysis showed that BIRC2, BIRC3, BIRC6, and BIRC7 were mainly down-regulated in tumors, whereas BIRC5 was mainly up-regulated in tumors. The expression of IAP family members is related to the overall survival of patients. However, the direction of the association varies depending on specific IAP subtypes and specific types of cancer. More specifically, BIRC5 is mainly related to poor prognosis. The rest of the IAP family showed either a survival advantage or a survival disadvantage, depending on the type of cancer. In addition, BIRC2, BIRC3, BIRC5, BIRC6 and BIRC7 were significantly correlated with immune infiltration subtypes and had different degrees of correlation with the degree of interstitial cell infiltration and tumor cell dryness. Finally, our study revealed that BIRC2, BIRC5, and BIRC7 genes may be related to drug resistance of tumor cells. Our systematic analysis of (IAP) gene expression and its relationship with immune infiltration, TME, cancer stem cells, drug sensitivity and prognosis of cancer patients highlights the need to study IAP family members as separate entities in each specific cancer type. In addition, our study confirmed that IAP family genes are promising therapeutic targets for cancer and potential prognostic indicators for clinical application, although further laboratory verification is needed.