Ferroptosis, a type of programmed cell death that relies on iron, is distinct in terms of its morphological, biochemical and genetic features. Unlike other forms of cell death, such as autophagy, apoptosis, necrosis, and pyroptosis, ferroptosis is primarily caused by lipid peroxidation. Cells that die due to iron can potentially trigger an immune response which intensifies inflammation and causes severe inflammatory reactions that eventually lead to multiple organ failure. In recent years, ferroptosis has been identified in an increasing number of medical fields, including neurological pathologies, chronic liver diseases and sepsis. Ferroptosis has the potential to cause an inflammatory tempest, with many of the catalysts and pathological indications of respiratory ailments being linked to inflammatory reactions. The growing investigation into ferroptosis in respiratory disorders has also garnered significant interest to better understand the mechanism of ferroptosis in these diseases. In this review, the recent progress in understanding the molecular control of ferroptosis and its mechanism in different respiratory disorders is examined. In addition, this review discusses current challenges and prospects for understanding the link between respiratory diseases and ferroptosis.
Background: Although individuals infected with HIV for the first time manifest a series of acute syndromes, most patients show mild or no symptoms, which complicates the initial clinical diagnosis. Early diagnosis is important for effective prevention and management of patients. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing technology (mNGS) can rapidly detect a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, even in atypical cases. However, to date, few studies have reported the application of mNGS to diagnose acute HIV infection with aseptic meningitis. Case Presentation: A 38-year-old man was admitted to the Department of Infectious Diseases due to repeated fever, headache, and scattered rashes on his limbs. Routine blood analysis revealed elevated absolute lymphocytes and monocytes. Moreover, monocytes were found to be significantly increased following a lumbar puncture and cerebrospinal fluid detection. mNGS results revealed the presence of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), with HIV RNA of 910 copies/mL in his cerebrospinal fluid. The HIV antigen/antibody test was negative. According to a study by Fie Big et al, a clear diagnosis of acute HIV infection at Fiebig stage I. The patient's condition improved after treatment, and he was prescribed antiretroviral therapy (ART) after discharge. Conclusion: Aseptic meningitis is easily misdiagnosed during the initial stages of acute HIV infection. mNGS can be used to identify the pathogen early, rapidly, and accurately, thereby improving the treatment of acute HIV infections.
