Evaluating somatosensory evoked potentials in predicting treatment outcomes for thoracolumbar spinal compression fractures using closed reduction and over-extension techniques.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the predictive value of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) for the efficacy of closed reduction combined with over-extension reduction technique (PVP) in managing thoracolumbar spinal compression fractures. METHODS: Data were collected from 125 patients who underwent closed reduction with PVP and SEP monitoring from February 2021 to July 2023. We evaluated surgery success rates, incidence of bone cement leakage, and patient recovery outcomes including vertebral anterior height, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and Cobb angle restoration. SEP results were analyzed to categorize patients into effective and ineffective treatment groups. Differences in SEP waveforms between these groups were examined, and ROC analysis was used to assess the predictive value of these differences. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify risk factors affecting treatment efficacy. RESULTS: Post-treatment assessments showed significant improvements in vertebral anterior height, ODI, and Cobb angle. SEP monitoring correlated well with intraoperative findings and physical examinations. During reduction, changes in SEP latency and amplitude were noted in 37 patients, with 7 patients meeting SEP amplitude alarm criteria, which normalized after adjustments. During PVP, 28 patients exhibited SEP amplitude fluctuations and 5 experienced a 30% reduction in amplitude following initial cement injection, with no significant latency changes. Treatment was deemed effective in 93 patients and ineffective in 32. SEP amplitudes during vertebral compression and PVP were significantly lower in the effective group (P<0.05). The AUC for predicting treatment efficacy was 0.819 and 0.859, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed low preoperative vertebral compression ratio, number of fractures, and abnormal SEP amplitudes as independent risk factors for treatment outcomes. CONCLUSION: SEP monitoring provides an accurate reflection of spinal cord function during closed reduction with PVP, aiding in predicting treatment safety and efficacy. The use of SEP monitoring is thus recommended for clinical application in this context.

Impact of High-Temperature Feeds on Gut Microbiota and MAFLD.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of non-obese MAFLD on the gut microbiota and metabolic pathways caused by high-temperature processed meals. It was decided to divide the eighteen male Sprague-Dawley rats into three groups: the control group, the dry-fried soybeans (DFS) group, and the high-fat diet (HFD) group. Following the passage of twelve weeks, a series of physical, biochemical, histological, and microbiological examinations were carried out. There were distinct pathological abnormalities brought about by each diet. The DFS diet was found to cause the development of fatty liver and to demonstrate strong relationships between components of the gut microbiota, such as Akkermansia and Mucispirillum, and indices of liver health. Diet-induced changes in the gut microbiome have a significant impact on liver pathology in non-obese patients with metabolically altered liver disease (MAFLD), which suggests that dietary interventions that target gut microbiota could be used to manage or prevent the illness.

Effects of Alhagi maurorum Medik polysaccharide derived from different regions on the intestinal immune functions of lambs.

Introduction: Plant polysaccharide are widely studied as potential prebiotics because of their potential to protect and enhance the immunity of lambs. Methods: In this study, the polysaccharide content of Alhagi maurorum Medik from Aksu (AK) and Shanshan (SS) at different cutting periods was determined, and the functions of Alhagi maurorum Medik polysaccharide were investigated to useas an immunomodulator. Results: Our results indicated that the content of Alhagi maurorum Medik polysaccharide is the highest at the maturity stage, and the polysaccharide content of Alhagi maurorum Medik produced in Shanshan area is higher as compared to the Aksu area. The serum IgG, duodenum IgA, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10 contents, jejunum IgA, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-17 contents, ileum IgA, IL-17 contents, duodenum villus height, crypt depth and jejunum crypt depth of lambs were significantly adjusted in the SS group as compared to CK control group and AK groups (p < 0.05). Furthemore, the sequencing results showed that SS polysaccharide promoted the release of large amounts of IgA and enhanced the immunal function of intestine by regulating the IgA production pathway and B-cell receptor signaling to activate B cells in the T-dependent pathway. Discussion: Altogether, Alhagi maurorum Medik polysaccharide from SS group holds a promising potential to be used as a valuable immunopotentiator for optimizing the immune system of intestine in lambs.

miR-520e and its promoter region DNA methylation as potential biomarkers in atherosclerosis.

In atherosclerosis, DNA methylation plays a key regulatory role in the expression of related genes. However, the molecular mechaism of these processes in HUVECs are unclear. Here, using high-throughput sequencing from the Infinium HumanMethylation450 assay, we manifested that the cg19564375 methylation of miR-520e promoter region in the peripheral blood of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients was higher than that of healthy controls. As shown by RQ-MSP, the upstream DNA methylation level of the miR-520e promoter region was considerably increased in ACS patients. miR-520e was markedly down-regulated in ACS patients compared with healthy controls. In the ox-LDL-induced HUVECs injury model, DNA methylation of the upstream region of miR-520e was significantly increased. With increasing concentrations of the methylase inhibitor 5-Aza, miR-520e expression was upregulated. The silence of methyltransferase DNMT1, rather than DNMT3a or DNMT3b, abolished the influence of miR-520e expression by ox-LDL treatment in HUVECs. A dual luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-520e regulated the TGFBR2 3'-UTR region. After silencing TGFBR2, the promoting effect of miR-520e inhibitor on cell proliferation and migration may be attenuated. In conclusion, the expression of miR-520e is modified by its promoter region DNA methylation, and miR520e and its promoter region DNA methylation may be potential biomarkers in atherosclerosis.

Light-induced ß-hydroxy sulfone synthesis in DNA-encoded libraries.

We here describe a visible-light photooxidation of sulfinate salts with common alkenes to yield ß-hydroxy sulfones on DNA. This process demonstrates a broad substrate compatibility and achieves conversion rates ranging from moderate to excellent. Most importantly, it presents a straightforward, efficient, and metal-free approach for synthesizing Csp3-rich DNA-encoded libraries.

Structure characterization and intestinal immune promotion effect of polysaccharide purified from Alhagi camelorum Fisch.

This study investigated the structure of acid Alhagi camelorum Fischa polysaccharide (aAP) and its impact on intestinal activity in mice. The results showed that aAP comprised of the fucose, arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose, mannose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid with the molar ratio of 0.81:14.97:10.84:11.14:3.26:0.80:0.80:54.92:2.47 with the molecular weight (Mw) of 22.734 kDa. Additionally, the composition of aAP was assessed via FT-IR, methylation, and NMR analyses, indicating that the backbone of the aAP was consisted of →4)-α-D-GalpA-6-OMe-(1 â†’ 4)-α-GalpA-(1 â†’ and →4)-α-D-GalpA-6-OMe-(1 â†’ 2)-α-L-Rhap-(1→, as well as →4)-ß-D-Galp- and →5)-α-L-Araf- for the branched chain. Furthermore, ICR mice underwent intragastric administration of different concentrations of aAP for 7 consecutive days. The results showed that aAP enhanced the murine spleen and thymus indices, promoted the secretion of serum lgG antibody, intestinal lgA antibody and intestinal cytokines, improved the morphology of intestinal villi and crypts, enhanced quantity of intestinal IELs and IgA+ cells, and activated T lymphocytes and DC cells in MLNs. In summary, these findings suggest that the utilization of aAP could enhance the immune response of the murine intestinal mucosa.

PTOV1-AS1 desensitizes colorectal cancer cells to 5-FU through depressing miR-149-5p to activate the positive feedback loop with Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

5-Fluorouracil is a commonly used chemotherapy drug for colorectal cancer. Resistance to 5-Fluorouracil remains a challenge. This research aimed to explore the mechanism of 5-Fluorouracil resistance in colorectal cancer. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to determine the RNA and protein expression in both cells and exosome. Assays in vitro and in vivo were performed to measure the role of miR-149-5p in colorectal cancer cells. RIP, luciferase activity report, and RNA pulldown assay were applied to detect the association of PTOV1-AS1, SUV39H1, miR-149-5p, and FOXM1. MiR-149-5p was down-expressed in 5-Fluorouracil-resistant cells. MiR-149-5p enhanced the effectiveness of 5-Fluorouracil both in vitro and in vivo. Sensitive colorectal cancer cells released exosomal miR-149-5p to sensitize resistant cells to chemotherapy. Mechanistically, miR-149-5p targeted the FOXM1 to inactivate Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, and PTOV1-AS1 recruited SUV39H1 to suppress miR-149-5p transcription, in turn activating Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, and forming a positive feedback loop with FOXM1. PTOV1-AS1 inhibits miR-149-5p by a positive feedback loop with FOXM1-mediated Wnt/ß-catenin pathway, which provides insights into a potential novel target for enhancing the effectiveness of chemotherapy in colorectal cancer patients.

Simple and Practical DNA Quantification Method for DNA-Encoded Library Synthesis.

Over the past three decades, DNA-encoded library (DEL) technologies have become one of the most relevant strategies for hit-finding. Recent advances in synthetic methodologies for DNA-encoded libraries rendered the increased chemical space available, but it is unknown how every variety of chemistry affects DNA's integrity. Available assays to quantify DNA damage are restricted to electrophoresis, ligation efficiency, and mostly qPCR quantification and sequencing, which may contain predisposition and inconsistency. We developed an external standard method through LC-MS analysis to accurately quantify DNA damage throughout the chemical transformations. An assessment was conducted on on-DNA chemical reactions that are frequently employed in DEL synthesis, and these results were compared to traditional qPCR measurements. Our study provides a simple, practicable, and accurate measurement for DNA degradation during DEL synthesis. Our finding reveals substantial disagreement among the usual DNA-damaging assessment methods, which have been largely neglected so far.

Constructive on-DNA Thiol Aerial Oxidization for DNA-Encoded Library Synthesis.

A novel on-DNA oxidative disulfide formation method has been developed. Under ambient conditions, the methodology showcased wide applicability and swift implementation in routine DNA-encoded library synthesis to access pharmaceutically relevant motifs.

On-DNA Morita-Baylis-Hillman Reaction: Accessing Targeted Covalent Inhibitor Motifs in DNA-Encoded Libraries.

We herein present the first application of the on-DNA Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction for the creation of pharmaceutically relevant targeted covalent inhibitors (TCIs) with an α-hydroxyl Michael acceptor motif. Adapting a DNA-compatible organocatalytic process, this MBH reaction for covalent selection-capable DNA encoded library (DEL) synthesis grants access to densely functionalized and versatile precursors to explore novel chemical space for molecule recognition in drug discovery. Most importantly, this methodology sheds light on potentially unexpected reaction outcomes of the MBH reaction.

Development of On-DNA Cyclic Imide Synthesis for DNA Encoded Library Construction.

Here, we describe a novel method for the on-DNA synthesis of cyclic imides, an important class of molecules that includes several well-known medications. Significantly, the new method enabled on-DNA synthesis under mild conditions with high conversions and a broad functional group tolerance, utilizing ubiquitous bifunctional amines and bis-carboxylic acid, or alkyl halides, and therefore served as the linchpin for DNA encoded library (DEL) synthesis. The mechanism study of off-DNA and on-DNA chemical transformations revealed unique insights in contrast to conventional chemical transformation.

Optimizing the fuel economy of hydrostatic power-split system in continuously variable tractor transmission.

The aim of this study is to enhance the fuel economy of a continuously variable tractor transmission by analyzing its energy and fuel consumption. First, we present the principle of a self-developed tractor transmission based on power splitting and examine its parasitic power characteristics. Next, we construct a mathematical model of the hydraulic system, mechanical system, and entire transmission, calibrating the model to ensure the accuracy of subsequent results. We then perform a systematic analysis of the energy and fuel consumption of the tractor transmission. Finally, we optimize the transmission through design and power matching, investigating the impact of changes in parameters and control strategies on the fuel economy of the transmission. The results indicate that fuel consumption can be reduced by 2%-14% through parameter optimization and by an additional 0%-20% through appropriate power matching.

Bovine pulmonary surfactant alleviates inflammation and epithelial cell apoptosis in the early phase of lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats.

We investigate the impact of bovine pulmonary surfactant (PS) on LPS-induced ALI in vitro and in vivo to improve recognition and prevent mortality in sepsis-induced ALI. Primary alveolar type II (AT2) cells were treated with LPS alone or in combination with PS. Cell morphology observation, CCK-8 proliferation assay, flow cytometry apoptosis assay, and ELISA for inflammatory cytokine levels were performed at different time points after treatment. An LPS-induced ALI rat model was established and treated with vehicle or PS. Lung wet/dry weight ratio, histopathological changes, lung function parameters, and serum inflammatory cytokine levels were examined 6 h after PS treatment. Survival analysis by Kaplan-Meier method. RNA sequencing was conducted to identify LPS-induced differentially expressed genes in rat lungs. Proapoptotic gene expression in rat lungs was determined by Western blot. LPS significantly inhibited cell proliferation while promoting apoptosis of AT2 cells starting 2 h after treatment, accompanied by a significant increase in inflammatory cytokine production; PS reversed these effects. PS decreased the lung wet/dry ratio in septic rats, histological abnormalities, alterations in lung function parameters, and inflammatory cytokines production; while improving the overall survival of rats. LPS-induced differentially expressed genes were closely associated with apoptosis. PS attenuated LPS-induced upregulation of proapoptotic gene expression starting 2 h after treatment in AT2 cells while restoring lung ATPase activity in vivo. Bovine PS alleviates LPS-induced ALI in the early phase, possibly by suppressing inflammation and AT2 cell apoptosis, as a preemptive therapeutic agent for managing sepsis-induced ALI.

Spermine synthase (SMS) serves as a prognostic biomarker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a bioinformatics analysis.

Background: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) is an aggressive type of cancer that lacks early detection, and therefore, has a low 5-year survival rate. The spermine synthase (SMS) gene has been shown to be associated with Snyder-Robinson syndrome and poor prognosis of multiple cancers; however, its regulatory role in HNSC has never been investigated. Therefore, we explored the potential predictive value of SMS in HNSC. Methods: We explored the association between SMS expression and clinicopathological parameters of HNSC patients by using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas datasets (TCGA). The prognostic value of SMS was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier plotter, Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) 2 and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. We further used gene set enrichment analysis (GESA) to investigate the potential roles of SMS in HNSC prognosis and Tumor Immunity Estimation Resource 2.0 (TIMER2.0) to analyze the correlation between immune cell infiltration and SMS expression. Finally, starBase was used to screen out prognosis-associated non-coding RNA genes to constructed the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network. Co-expression and survival analyses were used to identify the ceRNA network's effect on HNSC prognosis. Results: We found that SMS expression was increased in HNSC compared with normal tissues (P<0.05). In addition, SMS expression was associated with tumor grade (P=0.006), N stage (P=0.001), and prognosis. Survival analysis revealed that high expression of SMS showed worse overall survival (OS) (HR =1.4, P=0.01) and worse disease-free survival (DFS) (HR =1.5, P=0.014). Multivariate Cox analysis further supported the prognostic value of SMS in HNSC (HR =1.006636, P=0.0056). GESA showed that SMS was involved in metabolism- and immune-related pathways. The immune infiltration analyses results showed a decrease in the landscape of immune cell infiltration with high SMS expression and SMS deletion in HNSC. Finally, a ceRNA network (SMS/hsa-miR-23b-3p/KTN1-AS1 and VPS9D1-AS axis) was constructed based on the co-expression and survival analyses in HNSC. Conclusions: Our findings first revealed that SMS functioned as a potential prognostic biomarker and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of its function in HNSC. The use of SMS may be powerful for determining worse prognosis HNSC patients.

Short-Term Exposure of PM2.5 and Epigenetic Aging: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Epigenetic age (EA) is an emerging DNA methylation-based biomarker of biological aging, but whether EA is causally associated with short-term PM2.5 exposure remains unknown. We conducted a quasi-experimental study of 26 healthy adults to test whether short-term PM2.5 exposure accelerates seven EAs with three health examinations performed before, during, and after multiple PM2.5 pollution waves. Seven EAs were derived from the DNA methylation profiles of the Illumina HumanMethylationEPIC BeadChip from CD4+ T-helper cells. We found that an increase of 10 µg/m3 in the 0-24 h personal PM2.5 exposure prior to health examinations was associated with a 0.035, 0.035, 0.050, 0.055, 0.052, and 0.037-unit increase in the changes of z-scored DNA methylation age acceleration (AA,Horvath), AA (Hannum), AA (GrimAge), DunedinPoAm, mortality risk score (MS), and epiTOC, respectively (p-values < 0.05). The same increase in the 24-48 h average personal PM2.5 exposure yielded smaller effects but was still robustly associated with the changes in AA (GrimAge), DunedinPoAm, and MS. Such acute aging effects of PM2.5 were mediated by the changes in several circulating biomarkers, including EC-SOD and sCD40L, with up to ∼28% mediated proportions. Our findings demonstrated that short-term PM2.5 exposure could accelerate aging reflected by DNA methylation profiles via blood coagulation, oxidative stress, and systematic inflammation.

N-Alkyl Linkers for DNA-Encoded Chemical Libraries.

A series of novel N-alkyl linkers that connect small-molecule library members with their encoding DNA oligonucleotides has been developed. In comparison with the standard amide linker (usually constructed with oligo-AOP-NH2 ), the N-alkyl linker is not only more chemically stable, but also provides better structural diversity at the linkage point. Chemical variety in the vicinity of the polyglycol terminus, in particular, could affect binding interactions with the target protein. It could have been neglected in previous DNA-encoded chemical library (DEL) synthesis and screening studies due to the limited linkage alternatives. With these linkers, one can produce versatile key intermediates as Cycle 1 products directly amenable to Cycle 2 chemistry without the use of protecting groups. As a result, a DEL synthesis process that uses the fewest chemical conversions, such as 3-step, 3-cycle DELs, can achieve higher synthetic efficiency while creating less DNA tag degradation, resulting in higher quality DELs.

PHF5A promotes colorectal cancerprogression by alternative splicing of TEAD2.

Dysregulated alternative splicing (AS) plays critical roles in driving cancer progression, and the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that PHF5A, a component of U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins, was frequently upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) samples and associated with poor prognosis. PHF5A promoted proliferation and metastasis of CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Transcriptomic analysis identified PHF5A-regulated AS targets and pathways. Particularly, PHF5A induced TEAD2 exon 2 inclusion to activate YAP signaling, and interference of TEAD2-L partially reversed the PHF5A-mediated tumor progression. Pharmacological inhibition of PHF5A using pladienolide B had potent antitumor activity. Collectively, these data revealed the oncogenic role of PHF5A in CRC through regulating AS and established PHF5A as potential therapeutic target.

Cardiorespiratory responses in healthy young adults with exposure to indoor airborne PAEs: A randomized, crossover trial of air purification.

BACKGROUND: Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in industrial process and consumer products. Nowadays, PAEs are ubiquitous in the environment and are reported to be associated with cardiorespiratory diseases. However, studies about the association between indoor airborne PAEs exposure and cardiorespiratory health were limited, and the potential biological mechanism remains under-recognized. METHODS: A randomized crossover trial was conducted on 57 healthy young adults in Beijing. Repeated health measurements were performed under real and sham indoor air purification with a washout interval of at least 2 weeks. The concentration of indoor airborne PAEs were determined by gas chromatography-orbit ion trap mass spectrometry. Health indicators including blood pressure, lung function, airway inflammation, and circulating biomarkers reflecting blood coagulation and systematic oxidative stress were measured. Linear mixed-effect model was used to examine the between-treatment differences in health indicators, and three models including single-constituent, constituent-fine particulate matter (PM2.5) joint, and single-constituent residual model were used to estimate the association between indoor airborne PAEs and health indicators. RESULTS: The indoor airborne PAEs were reduced effectively under real air purification. The total indoor airborne di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), bis (4-Methyl-2-pentyl) phthalate (DMPP), diphenyl phthalate (DPP), and diethyl phthalate (DEP) were identified to be most significantly associated with the increase of blood pressure and airway inflammation, and decrease of lung function. A doubling increase in DEHP, DMPP, DPP, DEP was associated with the increase of 17.2% (95% CI: 3.9%, 32.2%), 11.7% (95% CI: 3.5%, 20.6%), 7.0% (95% CI: 2.4%, 11.8%), 6.0% (95% CI: 1.8%, 10.4%) in FeNO, respectively, in single-constituent residual model. Significant associations between specific total indoor airborne PAEs and increased levels of health biomarkers including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), 8-isoprostane (8-isoPGF2α), and soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin) were observed. CONCLUSION: Indoor airborne PAEs may cause adverse cardiorespiratory health effects in young healthy adults, and indoor air purification could ameliorate the adverse cardiorespiratory effects.

Submucosal hematoma with a wide range of lesions, severe condition and atypical clinical symptoms: A case report.

BACKGROUND: Submucosal hematoma (SH) is one of the rare causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. As a rare and critical disease in clinical practice, it should be paid more attention to by clinicians to avoid missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis. Most of the esophageal submucosal hematomas have clear causes, including retrosternal pain, dysphagia, etc. Here, we report a rare case of SH extending from the hypopharynx to the lower esophagus caused by oral administration of hirudin and panax notoginseng powder, with atypical clinical manifestation. Such a long submucosal hematoma has rarely been reported. CASE SUMMARY: The patient was a 60-year-old male with a history of gastritis, hypertension, coronary heart disease, and coronary stent implantation. The patient developed chest tiredness and heartburn after taking 10 capsules of a homemade mixture of hirudin and notoginseng powder in the previous 2 d. He did not have hematemesis or black stool. Gastroscopy and chest computed tomography confirmed the diagnosis of SH, which ranged from the pharynx to the lower esophagus and was 35-40 cm in length. After the diagnosis was confirmed, we performed active conservative treatment on the patient, and the patient recovered well and remained asymptomatic during the 26-mo follow-up. CONCLUSION: SH is rare, and cases with atypical clinical symptoms may lead to misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis. Ignorance of this disease can lead to serious clinical consequences. Conservative therapy is effective and the prognosis is good.

Urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons after short-term fine particulate matter exposure: A randomized crossover trial of air filtration.

Research on the relationship between short-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is sparse in the nonoccupationally exposed populations. A quasi-experimental observation of haze events nested within a randomized crossover trial of alternative 1-week real or sham indoor air filtration was conducted to evaluate the associations of urinary monohydroxy-PAHs (OH-PAHs) with short-term exposure to PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs. The study was conducted among 57 healthy college students in Beijing, China. PM2.5-bound PAHs and urinary OH-PAHs were quantified using gas chromatography coupled with a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer. Linear mixed-effect models were applied to evaluate the association of urinary OH-PAHs with time-weighted personal PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs, controlling for potentially confounding variables. The results demonstrated that air filtration could markedly reduce external exposure to PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound parent, nitrated, and oxygenated PAHs. In the intervention trial, the urinary concentrations of 2-hydroxyfluorene (2-OH-FLU) and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (9-OH-PHE) were elevated significantly by 16.5% (95% CI, 2.1%, 33.1%) and 37.9% (95% CI, 8.4%, 75.4%), respectively, in association with a doubling increase in personal PM2.5 exposure. Urinary 9-OH-PHE was also significantly positively associated with the increase in the sum of PM2.5-bound parent PAHs. Furthermore, the levels of urinary OH-PAHs such as 2-OH-FLU and 9-OH-PHE in the haze events were elevated by 31.1% (95% CI, 8.7%, 53.4%) and 73.5% (95% CI, 16.0%, 131.0%), respectively, in association with a doubling increase in personal PM2.5 exposure. The findings indicated that urinary 2-OH-FLU and 9-OH-PHE could serve as potential internal exposure biomarkers for assessing short-term PM2.5 exposure in nonoccupational populations.