Antibiotic Resistance and Epidemiology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus from Clinical Samples in Nantong, China, 2018-2021.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from fecal samples of patients in Nantong, China. Methods: From 2018 to 2021, a total of 106 clinical cases and samples of V. parahaemolyticus infection were collected. The virulence genes, serotypes and antibiotic resistance of these isolates were analyzed. Additionally, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to analyze the homogeneity of the isolates. Results: Outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus infection were concentrated in the summer, with seafood consumption being the primary contributing factor, followed by meat and meat products. tlh+tdh+trh- was confirmed as the most frequently detected virulence genotype among the clinical isolates. 16 serotypes were identified, and O3:K6 was the dominant serotype in Nantong. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed the highest resistance rate to cefazolin (99.1%, 104/106), followed by ampicillin (64.2%, 68/106) and tetracycline (29.2%, 31/106). Fourteen resistant phenotypes were identified, with ampicillin-cefazolin being the most prevalent. The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.07 to 0.36. PFGE typing clustered isolates with similarity greater than 85% into ten genetic clusters (A-J). Conclusion: Clinical isolates generally exhibited pathogenicity and drug resistance, with some isolates displaying high homology. Clusters C, E, and G were the predominant circulating clusters in this area, posing a potential risk of recurrent outbreaks, which demanded our vigilance.

CENPM upregulation by E5 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus promotes radiosensitivity in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate how human papillomavirus (HPV) affects the key gene in the biological behaviors of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) that leads to better response to radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expression of key gene CENPM was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HNSCC data and HPV positive and HPV negative HNSCC tumors and cells. Assays with siRNAs, CRISPR/Cas9-based models, Western blot, qRT-PCR, ChIP, etc., were used to explore how HPV affects CENPM and response to radiotherapy for HNSCC. RESULTS: CENPM occupies the hub in the HPV-related gene network. HPV-positive HNSCC showed higher level of CENPM expression comparing with HPV-negative HNSCC. HPV E5 has the most pronounced impact on CENPM (R = 0.44, p = 0.00081). This might result from the binding of transcription factor E2F1 to CENPM. We further found that inhibition of CENPM expression in HPV-positive HNSCC cell line SCC47 increased resistance to X-ray radiation by approximately 59% under 2 Gy irradiation, which may be resulted from a reduced proportion of mitotic cells. CONCLUSION: HPV E5 enhances CENPM expression by transcription factor E2F1 in HNSCC, which results in a radiosensitive profile in cell cycle redistribution of HNSCC. Thus, HPV infection in HNSCC provides profound evidence that underscores the magnitude of E2F1 control of CENPM expression illustrating the potential clinical benefit of CENPM examination for difficult-to-treat HPV-negative cancers.

Characteristics of B lymphocyte infiltration in HPV+ head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important etiological factor of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). HPV+ HNSCC patients usually have a better prognosis, which probably results from the higher infiltration of B lymphocytes. This study was purposed to detect the infiltration of B lymphocyte subsets and the correlation between B lymphocyte subsets and the prognosis in HPV-related HNSCC. In this study, 124 HPV+ and 513 HPV- HNSCC samples were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database for transcriptomic analysis. Infiltration of B lymphocytes subsets was detected with 7 HPV+ HNSCC and 13 HPV- HNSCC tissues through immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. One HPV- HNSCC sample was detected with single-cell sequencing for chemokine analysis. In the results, the infiltration of plasma cells (CD19+ CD38+ ) and memory B cells (MS4A1+ CD27+ ) was higher in HPV+ HNSCC samples. High infiltration of plasma cells and memory B cells was related to a better prognosis. High density of B lymphocytes was positively correlated with high CXCL13 production mainly from CD4+ T lymphocytes in HNSCC. These results indicated that a high density of plasma cells and memory B cells could predict excellent prognosis. CD4+ T lymphocytes might affect B lymphocytes and their subsets through the CXCL13/CXCR5 axis in HNSCC.

HRRD: a manually-curated database about the regulatory relationship between HPV and host RNA.

HPV (Human papilloma virus) is a kind of small double-stranded DNA viruses which is extremely associated with different cancers. The roles HPV plays in the host were gradually identified through the interaction between it (including its early genes) and host RNA. In recent years, increasing numbers of studies in HPV-related cancers have been published showing the relationship between HPV and host RNA. Here, we present a database named HRRD, which contains the regulatory relationship between HPV and RNA (mRNA, miRNA and lncRNA). The information was extracted from 10,761 papers in PubMed (up to December 1st, 2019). In addition, the sequence map of HPV (198 genotypes) is also contained. HRRD was designed as a user-friendly web-based interface for data retrieval. It integrated the information of interaction between HPV and RNA, which reflects the relationship between HPV and host. We hope HRRD will further provide a comprehensive understanding of HPV in carcinogenesis and prognosis. HRRD is freely accessible at www.hmuhrrd.com/HRRD .

Amides and Heparin-Like Polymer Co-Functionalized Graphene Oxide Based Core @ Polyethersulfone Based Shell Beads for Bilirubin Adsorption.

Excessive bilirubin in the body of patient with liver dysfunction or metabolic obstruction may cause jaundice with irreversible brain damage, and new type of adsorbent for bilirubin is under frequent investigation. Herein, graphene oxide based core @ polyethersulfone-based shell beads are fabricated by phase inversion method, amides and heparin-like polymer are introduced to functionalize the core-shell beads. The beads are successfully prepared with obvious core-shell structure, adequate thermostability and porous shell. Clotting times and protein adsorption are investigated to inspect the hemocompatibility property of the beads. The adsorption of bilirubin is systematically investigated by evaluating the effects of contacting time, initial concentration and temperature on the adsorption, which exhibits improved bilirubin adsorption amount for the beads with amides contained cores or/and shells. It is worth believing that the amides and heparin-like polymer co-functionalized core-shell beads may be utilized in the field of hemoperfusion for bilirubin adsorption.

HPV + HNSCC-derived exosomal miR-9 induces macrophage M1 polarization and increases tumor radiosensitivity.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an etiological risk factor for a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). HPV + HNSCC is more radiosensitive than HPV- HNSCC, however, the mechanism underlying this observation remains unknown. Tumor microenvironment can regulate tumor response to radiation therapy. Secretory exosomes are emerging as crosstalk mediators between tumor cells and the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we attempted to determine the role of HPV + HNSCC exosomes in increased radiation sensitivity. We found that HPV + HNSCC exosomes were able to transform macrophages into the M1 phenotype, which subsequently increased the radiosensitivity of HNSCC. miR-9 was found enriched in HPV + HNSCC exosomes and it could be transported into macrophages, inducing M1 macrophage polarization via downregulation of PPARδ. After incubating with M1 macrophages or macrophages treated with miR-9 mimics, HNSCC had strikingly increased radiosensitivity. The clinical significance of miR-9 in HNSCC was confirmed by using profiling data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. Our data suggest that miR-9-enriched exosomes from HPV + HNSCC can polarize macrophages into M1 phenotype and increase the radiosensitivity of HPV + HNSCC. Hence, miR-9 may be used as a potential treatment for HNSCC.

Demethylation of SOCS1 mediates its abnormally high expression in ovarian cancer.

The present study aimed to investigate the association between methylation and the high expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) in ovarian cancer by detecting the methylation rate and the degree of expression. The present study investigated the expression of SOCS1 mRNA and SOCS1 protein in ovarian cancer and normal ovary tissues using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry, and the methylation status of the CpG islands of SOCS1 mRNA in ovarian cancer tissue were examined using a methylation-specific PCR. The expression levels of SOCS1 mRNA in ovarian cancer specimens were significantly increased compared with that in the normal ovary tissues (P=0.0215). Consistent with this, the expression levels of SOCS1 protein in ovarian cancer specimens were significantly increased, while the methylation rate of SOCS1 mRNA was significantly decreased compared with that in the normal ovary tissues. Therefore, it may be concluded that the low methylation rate of SOCS1 mRNA in ovarian cancer increased the expression of SOCS1 mRNA, which may serve a role in the development of ovarian cancer.

Association of lnc-IL17RA-11 with increased radiation sensitivity and improved prognosis of HPV-positive HNSCC.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) associated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) has a far better prognosis than HPV negative HNSCC. Recent studies suggest that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) moieties may play a role in HPV associated differential HNSCC prognoses. In this study, we examined differential expression of lncRNAs in HPV+ vs HPV- HNSCC using The Cancer Genome Atlas database. LncRNAs were categorized based on expression level and survival analysis. A group of eight lncRNAs was identified in which altered expression was associated with both HPV infection and better prognosis. Subsequently, genes coexpressed with these lncRNAs in HNSCC cells were sorted into corresponding co-expression modules. The lnc-IL17RA-11 coexpression module exhibited the greatest correlation with HPV infection and radiotherapy efficacy. We identified the lnc-IL17RA-11 transcription factor ER-alpha as the most likely HPV infection associated factor promoting increased lnc-IL17RA-11 levels. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis revealed enrichment among lnc-IL17RA-11 co-expressed genes for functions related to DNA replication and cell proliferation. These observations are consistent with a model in which HPV infection upregulates transcription factor ER-alpha, which increases levels of lnc-IL17RA-11 and coexpressed genes that promote HNSCC cell sensitivity to radiotherapy, thereby improving disease prognosis.

IL-6 induced M1 type macrophage polarization increases radiosensitivity in HPV positive head and neck cancer.

Radiation is a crucial component of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) treatment. Human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) HNSC is significantly more radiosensitive than HPV- HNSC, but the mechanism underlying this increased sensitivity is unknown. We investigated the possible involvement of macrophage subpopulations as key mediators of HNSC radiosensitivity linked to HPV status. We collected forty-one clinical HNSC specimens and determined HPV status and radiosensitivity of each sample. We investigated cytokine mediated induction of macrophage polarization by HPV+ and HPV- HNSC cells. Radiosensitive HNSC tissues exhibited greater numbers of infiltrating M1 macrophages than radioresistant tumor tissue samples. Moreover, M1 macrophage numbers were positively correlated with HNSC radiosensitivity. HPV+ and HPV- tumor cells induced macrophage polarization to M1 and M2 type, respectively. HPV+ HNSC cells secreted more IL-6 than HPV- cells. HPV promoted tumor cell secretion of IL-6, thereby increasing radiosensitivity through M1 polarization of macrophages. M1 macrophages represent an important tissue microenvironment factor with implications for HNSC treatment efficacy and may prove valuable as a biomarker of radiation sensitivity.

DisV-HPV16, versatile and powerful software to detect HPV in RNA sequencing data.

BACKGROUND: The increasing availability of high-throughput sequencing data provides researchers with unprecedented opportunities to investigate viral genetic elements in host genomes that contribute to virus-linked cancers. Almost all of the available computational tools for secondary analysis of sequencing data detect viral infection or genome integration events. However, viral oncogenes expression is likely of importance in carcinoma. We therefore developed a new software, DisV-HPV16, for the evaluation of HPV16 oncogenes expression. RESULTS: HPV16 virus and viral oncogenes expression was detected more rapidly using DisV-HPV16 compared to other software. DisV-HPV16 was proved highly convenient for detecting candidate virus after modification of the reference file. The accuracy of DisV-HPV16 was empirically confirmed in laboratory experiments. DisV-HPV16 exhibited greater reliability than other software. CONCLUSIONS: DisV-HPV16 is a new, dependable software to detect virus and viral oncogenes expression through analysis of RNA sequencing data. Use of DisV-HPV16 can yield deeper, more comprehensive insights into virus infection status and viral and host cell gene expression.

Prevalence and Prognostic Significance of HPV in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Northeast China.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an etiological risk factor for a subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. HPV has been proven to be a powerful prognostic biomarker for oropharyngeal cancer, but its role in the larynx has not been explored in depth. Here, we sought to evaluate the prevalence and genotype distribution of HPV in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) in northeast China. METHODS: HPV DNA in specimens from 211 patients diagnosed with LSCC was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization, and p16 overexpression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. p16 expression was scored positive if strong and diffuse nuclear and cytoplasmic staining was present in > 75% of tumor cells. RESULTS: In this study, infection with HPV and p16 expression were not absolutely consistent. Among all patients, 132 (62.6%) were positive for HPV DNA (HPV+), while 23 (10.9%) were inconsistent for HPV and p16. Multivariate analysis indicated that HPV, but not p16, is an independent prognostic factor for overall survival in LSCC. Overall survival was significantly improved in HPV+ LSCC patients compared with the HPV-negative group (hazard ratio, 0.395; 95% confidence interval, 0.185-0.843; p = 0.016). Among the 132 HPV+ patients, 28 (21.2%) were HPV-16 single infection. CONCLUSION: This study indicates that HPV DNA is a more reliable surrogate marker than p16 for the prediction of survival in patients with LSCC.

Immunological network analysis in HPV associated head and neck squamous cancer and implications for disease prognosis.

Human papillomavirus-positive (HPV+) head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) exhibits a better prognosis than HPV-negative (HPV-) HNSCC. This difference may in part be due to enhanced immune activation in the HPV+ HNSCC tumor microenvironment. To characterize differences in immune activation between HPV+ and HPV- HNSCC tumors, we identified and annotated differentially expressed genes based upon mRNA expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Immune network between immune cells and cytokines was constructed by using single sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and conditional mutual information. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to determine the prognostic value of immune microenvironment characterization. A total of 1673 differentially expressed genes were functionally annotated. We found that genes upregulated in HPV+ HNSCC are enriched in immune-associated processes. And the up-regulated gene sets were validated by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. The microenvironment of HPV+ HNSCC exhibited greater numbers of infiltrating B and T cells and fewer neutrophils than HPV- HNSCC. These findings were validated by two independent datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Further analyses of T cell subtypes revealed that cytotoxic T cell subtypes predominated in HPV+ HNSCC. In addition, the ratio of M1/M2 macrophages was much higher in HPV+ HNSCC. The infiltration of these immune cells was correlated with differentially expressed cytokine-associated genes. Enhanced infiltration of B cells and CD8+ T cells were identified as independent protective factors, while high neutrophil infiltration was a risk enhancing factor for HPV+ HNSCC patients. A schematic model of immunological network was established for HPV+ HNSCC to summarize our findings.

MTDH promotes glioma invasion through regulating miR-130b-ceRNAs.

Cell invasion is crucial for high mortality and recurrence rate in glioma. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important step in cancer invasion. Metadherin (MTDH) contributes to EMT in several cancers, but the role and mechanism of MTDH in EMT-like process of glioma remain unknown. Here we demonstrate that MTDH was overexpressed in glioma tissues and cells and induced EMT-like change and invasion of glioma cells. Interestingly, MTDH could modulate the expression of a group of glioma-related miRNAs. In particular, MTDH upregulated miR-130b transcription via acting as a coactivator of NF-kB. MiR-130b promoted EMT-like change and invasion of glioma cells through targeting multiple EMT-related genes, including PTEN, PPP2CA and SMAD7. In addition, PTEN acted as the competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to affect PPP2CA and SMAD7 expression, and inhibited EMT-like change in glioma cells. Furthermore, miR-130b mediated EMT-like change induced by MTDH, and MTDH inhibited the expression levels of PTEN, PPP2CA and SMAD7. Taken together, we reveal a novel mechanism that MTDH induces EMT-like change and invasion of glioma via the regulation of miR-130b-ceRNAs, providing the first direct link between MTDH and miRNAs in cancer cells.