[Research on the Evaluation Method and Application of Provincial Differentiated Carbon Peaking in China].

Promoting regions with favorable conditions to take the lead in reaching a carbon peak is an inevitable step towards achieving the dual carbon goals under the "nationwide coordinated action" plan. Considering the differences among Chinese provinces, this study measured the peaking pressure of each province based on the spatial distribution of carbon emissions. We then constructed a provincial peaking capacity evaluation system based on five dimensions, namely, peaking pressure, emission reduction status, economic development, policy support, and resource endowment, to comprehensively evaluate the carbon peaking capacity of 30 provincial administrative regions in China, excluding Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and Tibet, using the entropy value method to determine the index weights. The 30 provinces were divided into five peaking tiers according to the evaluation results. The results showed that:① 18 regions, such as Hainan and Beijing, displayed a surplus in carbon emission space; eight regions, including Hebei and Shandong, showed a deficit in carbon emission space; and the carbon emission spaces allocated to Zhejiang, Anhui, Henan, and Hubei were comparable to their respective actual emissions. ② Developed regions generally had a higher carbon peaking capacity than that of less developed regions, with Beijing and Shanghai showing outstanding carbon peaking capacity, whereas Jiangxi and Guizhou had more room to improve their capacity. Finally, differentiated peaking targets and priority actions were proposed according to the provinces' different peaking tiers and local conditions.

[Evaluation Method and Application for Urban Carbon Peaking & Neutrality Performance].

As the key unit of greenhouse gas emission sources, cities have the most direct and fundamental significance to achieve the national carbon peaking carbon neutrality goal. In order to evaluate the current performance of urban carbon peaking and neutrality, a set of urban peaking and carbon neutrality action index evaluation systems consisting of three criterion layers, seven elements, and fourteen specific index layers were developed based on the analytic hierarchy process considering the preferences of decision makers, through the steps of influencing factor determination, indicator selection, and scoring principle determination, as well the indicator weightings. Thus, a relatively comprehensive scientific evaluation method was formed to fully evaluate the attitude of the government towards the goal of carbon peaking and neutrality, the state of social economy, energy consumption, industrial structure, transportation, and other aspects, as well as the actual effect of emission reduction efficiency and trends. Through the central city evaluation application study, it was found that the first-tier economically developed and low-carbon pilot cities had a more outstanding comprehensive performance in reaching the peak and neutrality. The comprehensive scores of Beijing, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Shanghai, Qingdao, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Xiamen, Kunming, and Lanzhou all exceeded 60 points. Beijing, Xiamen, Ningbo, Shenzhen, and Qingdao had significant climate ambitions, whereas Haikou, Guangzhou, Chengdu, Nanning, and Beijing had a better low-carbon status. Kunming, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Daqing, Jilin, and other cities showed significant emission reduction trends. Most cities still had problems such as insufficient willingness to reach the peak and lack of statistical information disclosure system. The evaluation method could be optimized by improving the index system, updating the empowerment, and forming the annual evaluation mechanism next step. It is suggested to formulate the local carbon reduction work plan by coordinating the whole country at different levels, improve the urban energy and greenhouse gas statistics and information disclosure system, and organize the carbon peaking pilot construction in areas where conditions permit.

Cloud point extraction (CPE) combined with single particle -inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) to analyze and characterize nano-silver sulfide in water environment.

Silver Nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), an emerging type of pollutant, might occur various physical and chemical transformations, which would affect its environmental fate, transformation and biological effects. Sulfurization is the most common conversion of Ag-NPs, accompanied by the formation of nano-silver sulfide (Ag2S-NPs). The method of Ag2S-NPs analysis and characterization is of great significance for assessing the environmental risks of Ag. In this study, cloud point extraction (CPE) and Single Particle-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) were used in combination to establish a simple and reliable analysis method to quantify Ag2S-NPs in water, with the morphology unchanged. Non-Ag2S-NPs were dissociated into Ag+ firstly, and Ag2S-NPs and Ag+ were separated by CPE, followed by SP-ICP-MS analysis. The extraction rate based on particle number concentration was between (76.19 ± 0.56) % to (106.35 ± 0.00) % in environmental waters. Compared with the (76.96 ± 2.18) nm Ag2S-NPs spiked, the particle size extracted increased slightly with (94.19 ± 2.72) nm- (97.25 ± 0.22) nm as the large-size Ag2S-NPs originally presented in waters, instead of agglomeration. This method could be generally applicable to the analysis of Ag2S-NPs in waters, and provide ideas for other metal sulfide nanoparticles (MS-NPs), which has certain significance.

[An object-oriented intelligent engineering design approach for lake pollution control].

Regarding the shortage and deficiency of traditional lake pollution control engineering techniques, a new lake pollution control engineering approach was proposed in this study, based on object-oriented intelligent design (OOID) from the perspective of intelligence. It can provide a new methodology and framework for effectively controlling lake pollution and improving water quality. The differences between the traditional engineering techniques and the OOID approach were compared. The key points for OOID were described as object perspective, cause and effect foundation, set points into surface, and temporal and spatial optimization. The blue algae control in lake was taken as an example in this study. The effect of algae control and water quality improvement were analyzed in details from the perspective of object-oriented intelligent design based on two engineering techniques (vertical hydrodynamic mixer and pumping algaecide recharge). The modeling results showed that the traditional engineering design paradigm cannot provide scientific and effective guidance for engineering design and decision-making regarding lake pollution. Intelligent design approach is based on the object perspective and quantitative causal analysis in this case. This approach identified that the efficiency of mixers was much higher than pumps in achieving the goal of low to moderate water quality improvement. However, when the objective of water quality exceeded a certain value (such as the control objective of peak Chla concentration exceeded 100 microg x L(-1) in this experimental water), the mixer cannot achieve this goal. The pump technique can achieve the goal but with higher cost. The efficiency of combining the two techniques was higher than using one of the two techniques alone. Moreover, the quantitative scale control of the two engineering techniques has a significant impact on the actual project benefits and costs.