Investigation of super-resolution in microsphere-assisted microscopy with the Poynting vector of the dipole model.

In this paper, the Fourier spectrum of an image in microsphere-assisted microscopy (MAM) and the wavenumber decomposition of the Poynting vector of the dipole model are compared for the first time to study the super-resolution performance within several wavelengths in MAM. Firstly, an experiment using microsphere-assisted microscopy is performed, and the fast Fourier transformation (FFT) spectra of the images along the distance are studied. Then the Poynting vector in the point dipole field is theoretically investigated based on the spectral decomposition of dyadic Green's function. Our study finds that the result of decomposition of the Poynting vector corresponds with the propagation results of components with different transverse wavenumbers kρ in an experiment. Even when kρ reaches 1.7k0, the waves can still arrive outside one wavelength. Our work is the first effort (to our knowledge) to associate the Fourier spectrum and the decomposition of the Poynting vector together, and it may contribute to the quantitative exploration of super-resolution performance in MAM in the future.

[Research on alien invasive plants in Jingzhou County, Hunan Province, China]. / æ¹–å—çœé–å·žåŽ¿å¤–æ¥å ¥ä¾µæ¤ç‰©ç ”ç©¶.

Harm from alien invasive plants is increasing in Jingzhou County, Hunan Province. Based on a one-year field investigation and available literature, we investigated species composition, origin, flora, degree of harm and distribution pattern of invasive plants in the county. The results showed that there were 34 invasive plant species from 27 genera and 16 families in this County. The dominant invasive species belonged to Asteraceae (8 species) and Amaranthaceae (6 species), which accounted for 23.5% and 17.7%, respectively. The majority of invasive plants originated from South America (45.7%) and North America (30.4%). Tropical flora showed a significantly higher representation than temperate flora, signifying robust tropical characteristics amongst the invasive plant population. Based on hazard level classification, we recognized four types as malicious invasion (Level 1): Alternanthera philoxeroides, Erigeron annuus, E. canadensis, and Xanthium chinense. In addition, five types were classified as severe invasion (Level 2), eight types as local invasion (Level 3), fifteen types as general invasion (Level 4), while two types were still under observation (Level 5). The pattern of distribution demonstrated that invasive plants in Jingzhou County mostly spread along the verges of transportation roads, in human settlements, and in a few areas of water flow. The higher levels of invasion damage were principally concentrated in the central part of Jingzhou County.

High Tartronic Acid Content Germplasms Screening of Cucumber and Its Response to Exogenous Agents.

Tartronic acid is known for its potential to inhibit sugar-to-lipid conversion in the human body, leading to weight loss and fat reduction. This compound is predominantly found in cucumbers and other cucurbit crops. Therefore, cultivating cucumbers with high tartronic acid content holds significant health implications. In this study, we assessed the tartronic acid content in 52 cucumber germplasms with favorable overall traits and identified 8 cucumber germplasms with elevated tartronic acid levels. Our investigation into factors influencing cucumber tartronic acid revealed a decrease in content with fruit development from the day of flowering. Furthermore, tartronic acid content was higher in early-harvested fruits compared to late-harvested ones, with the rear part of the fruit exhibiting significantly higher content than other parts. Foliar spraying of microbial agents increased tartronic acid content by 84.4%. This study provides valuable resources for breeding high tartronic acid cucumbers and offers practical insights for optimizing cucumber production practices.

Mapping annual 10-m soybean cropland with spatiotemporal sample migration.

China, as the world's biggest soybean importer and fourth-largest producer, needs accurate mapping of its planting areas for global food supply stability. The challenge lies in gathering and collating ground survey data for different crops. We proposed a spatiotemporal migration method leveraging vegetation indices' temporal characteristics. This method uses a feature space of six integrals from the crops' phenological curves and a concavity-convexity index to distinguish soybean and non-soybean samples in cropland. Using a limited number of actual samples and our method, we extracted features from optical time-series images throughout the soybean growing season. The cloud and rain-affected data were supplemented with SAR data. We then used the random forest algorithm for classification. Consequently, we developed the 10-meter resolution ChinaSoybean10 maps for the ten primary soybean-producing provinces from 2019 to 2022. The map showed an overall accuracy of about 93%, aligning significantly with the statistical yearbook data, confirming its reliability. This research aids soybean growth monitoring, yield estimation, strategy development, resource management, and food scarcity mitigation, and promotes sustainable agriculture.

The CsTM alters multicellular trichome morphology and enhances resistance against aphid by interacting with CsTIP1;1 in cucumber.

The multicellular trichomes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) serve as the primary defense barrier against external factors, whose impact extends beyond plant growth and development to include commercial characteristics of fruits. The aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) is one of prominent pests in cucumber cultivation. However, the relationship between physical properties of trichomes and the aphid resistance at molecular level remains largely unexplored. Here, a spontaneous mutant trichome morphology (tm) was characterized by increased susceptibility towards aphid. Further observations showed the tm exhibited a higher and narrower trichome base, which was significantly distinguishable from that in wild-type (WT). We conducted map-based cloning and identified the candidate, CsTM, encoding a C-lectin receptor-like kinase. The knockout mutant demonstrated the role of CsTM in trichome morphogenesis. The presence of SNP does not regulate the relative expression of CsTM, but diminishes the CsTM abundance of membrane proteins in tm. Interestingly, CsTM was found to interact with CsTIP1;1, which encodes an aquaporin with extensive reports in plant resistance and growth development. The subsequent aphid resistance experiments revealed that both CsTM and CsTIP1;1 regulated the development of trichomes and conferred resistance against aphid by affecting cytoplasmic H2O2 contents. Transcriptome analysis revealed a significant enrichment of genes associated with pathogenesis, calcium binding and cellulose synthase. Overall, our study elucidates an unidentified mechanism that CsTM-CsTIP1;1 alters multicellular trichome morphology and enhances resistance against aphid, thus providing a wholly new perspective for trichome morphogenesis in cucumber.

Zinc Finger-Homeodomain Transcriptional Factors (ZHDs) in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): Identification, Evolution, Expression Profiles, and Function under Abiotic Stresses.

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a globally prevalent and extensively cultivated vegetable whose yield is significantly influenced by various abiotic stresses, including drought, heat, and salinity. Transcription factors, such as zinc finger-homeodomain proteins (ZHDs), a plant-specific subgroup of Homeobox, play a crucial regulatory role in stress resistance. In this study, we identified 13 CsZHDs distributed across all six cucumber chromosomes except chromosome 7. Phylogenetic analysis classified these genes into five clades (ZHDI-IV and MIF) with different gene structures but similar conserved motifs. Collinearity analysis revealed that members of clades ZHD III, IV, and MIF experienced amplification through segmental duplication events. Additionally, a closer evolutionary relationship was observed between the ZHDs in Cucumis sativus (C. sativus) and Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) compared to Oryza sativa (O. sativa). Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis demonstrated the general expression of CsZHD genes across all tissues, with notable expression in leaf and flower buds. Moreover, most of the CsZHDs, particularly CsZHD9-11, exhibited varying responses to drought, heat, and salt stresses. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) experiments highlighted the potential functions of CsZHD9 and CsZHD10, suggesting their positive regulation of stomatal movement and responsiveness to drought stress. In summary, these findings provide a valuable resource for future analysis of potential mechanisms underlying CsZHD genes in response to stresses.

The long-acting walking control of a cockroach bio-bot for vision-aided pipeline navigation.

Many small bionic crawling robots have been invented for search and rescue missions in narrow spaces. However, their locomotion capability is far from that of insects of the same size. Transforming a cockroach into a bio-bot has been a hot topic in the past decade. Herein, we modified this insect to perform surveillance work in dark confined environments. The synergistic electrical stimulation for turning control was proposed by alternating electrical stimulation of the cerci and antennae every 5 trials. The result showed that this method was able to control cockroaches turning steadily 117 times. An electronic backpack was designed, which was capable of transmitting images in real time, and a light emitting diode (LED) was installed on the backpack providing a light source for the camera. Thus, a vision-aided navigation system was formed for dark confined environments, e.g. pipelines. With a host computer software, the operator controlled the bio-bot to pass through a completely dark and closed pipeline. The electronic backpack and the host computer were connected via transmission control protocol (TCP), which allows the operator to manipulate the bio-robot remotely. This technology can be applied in pipeline surveillance in the future.

Association between dyslipidaemia and dry eye disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To report a systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between dry eye disease (DED) and dyslipidaemia. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were systematically searched from January 2000 to December 2021. We included observational studies to assess the correlation of DED with meibomian gland dysfunction and dyslipidaemia without any language restrictions. The pooled OR with 95% CI was calculated in Stata V.15. RESULTS: Of 6727 identified studies, 18 studies (21 databases) with a total of 2 663 126 patients were analysed in our meta-analysis. The results showed that DED risk was associated with dyslipidaemia (OR=1.53, 95% CI: 1.41 to 1.66, p=0.001), especially elevated total cholesterol levels (OR=1.57, 95% CI: 1.25 to 1.99, p<0.001), elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (OR=1.13, 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.20, p<0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (OR=1.06, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.11, p<0.001), but not with serum triglyceride levels. Moreover, having a history of lipid-lowering drug use (OR=1.41, 95% CI: 1.19 to 1.67, p<0.001) was also found to be positively associated with DED risk. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggested that dyslipidaemia and lipid-lowering drug use might be associated with an increased risk of DED. More evidence is needed to confirm the findings by prospective studies. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022296664.

The Autonomous Pipeline Navigation of a Cockroach Bio-Robot with Enhanced Walking Stimuli.

Tens of crawling bio-robots with cockroaches as the mobile platform have been developed with various functions. Compared with artificial crawling robots of the same size, they revealed better flexibility, larger payload, and stronger endurance. These features made bio-robots ideal for pipeline inspection scenarios because the advancements in locomotion mechanisms and efficient power systems are still hurdles for current artificial systems. In this study, we controlled the bio-robot to crawl in the confined dark pipeline and achieved autonomous motion control with the help of an onboard sensing system. Specifically, a micro-camera was mounted on the electronic backpack of the cockroach for image collection, and an IMU sensor was used to compute its body orientation. The electronic backpack transmitted images to the host computer for junction recognition and distance estimation. Meanwhile, the insect's habituation to electrical stimulation has long been an uncertain factor in the control of bio-robots. Here, a synergistic stimulation strategy was proposed to markedly reduce the habituation and increase the number of effective turning controls to over 100 times. It is also found that both the increase of payload and the application of stimulations could promote the metabolic rate by monitoring carbon dioxide release. With the integration of synergistic stimulation and autonomous control, we demonstrated the fully autonomous pipeline navigation with our cockroach bio-robot, which realized the cycle number of approximately 10 in a roll. This research provides a novel technology that has the potential for practical applications in the future.

Accurate estimation of fractional vegetation cover for winter wheat by integrated unmanned aerial systems and satellite images.

Accurate estimation of fractional vegetation cover (FVC) is essential for crop growth monitoring. Currently, satellite remote sensing monitoring remains one of the most effective methods for the estimation of crop FVC. However, due to the significant difference in scale between the coarse resolution of satellite images and the scale of measurable data on the ground, there are significant uncertainties and errors in estimating crop FVC. Here, we adopt a Strategy of Upscaling-Downscaling operations for unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and satellite data collected during 2 growing seasons of winter wheat, respectively, using backpropagation neural networks (BPNN) as support to fully bridge this scale gap using highly accurate the UAS-derived FVC (FVCUAS) to obtain wheat accurate FVC. Through validation with an independent dataset, the BPNN model predicted FVC with an RMSE of 0.059, which is 11.9% to 25.3% lower than commonly used Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Random Forest Regression (RFR), and traditional Normalized Difference Vegetation Index-based method (NDVI-based) models. Moreover, all those models achieved improved estimation accuracy with the Strategy of Upscaling-Downscaling, as compared to only upscaling UAS data. Our results demonstrate that: (1) establishing a nonlinear relationship between FVCUAS and satellite data enables accurate estimation of FVC over larger regions, with the strong support of machine learning capabilities. (2) Employing the Strategy of Upscaling-Downscaling is an effective strategy that can improve the accuracy of FVC estimation, in the collaborative use of UAS and satellite data, especially in the boundary area of the wheat field. This has significant implications for accurate FVC estimation for winter wheat, providing a reference for the estimation of other surface parameters and the collaborative application of multisource data.

IL-7 promotes CD19-directed CAR-T cells proliferation through miRNA-98-5p by targeting CDKN1A.

CAR-T targeting CD19 have achieved significant effects in the treatment of B-line leukemia and lymphoma. However, the treated patients frequently relapsed and could not achieve complete remission. Therefore, improving the proliferation and cytotoxicity of CAR-T cells, reducing exhaustion and enhancing infiltration capacity are still issues to be solved. The IL-7 has been shown to enhance the memory characteristics of CAR-T cells, but the specific mechanism has yet to be elaborated. miRNAs play an important role in T cell activity. However, whether miRNA is involved in the activation of CAR-T cells by IL-7 has not yet been reported. Our previous study had established the 3rd generation CAR-T cells. The present study further found that IL-7 significantly increased the proliferation of anti-CD19 CAR-T cells, the ratio of CD4 + CAR + cells and the S phase of cell cycle. In vivo study NAMALWA xenograft model showed that IL-7-stimulated CAR-T cells possessed stronger tumoricidal efficiency. Further we validated that IL-7 induced CAR-T cells had low expression of CDKN1A and high expression of miRNA-98-5p. Additionally, CDKN1A was associated with miRNA-98-5p. Our results, for the first time, suggested IL-7 could conspicuously enhance the proliferation of CAR-T cells through miRNA-98-5p targeting CDKN1A expression, which should be applied to CAR-T production.

Do Illegitimate Tasks Lead to Work Withdrawal Behavior among Generation Z Employees in China? The Role of Perceived Insider Status and Overqualification.

Generation Z employees in the workplace cause a management challenge that enterprises have recently faced. The unique characteristics of Generation Z employees necessitate an urgent update to the knowledge of organizational management. However, few studies of the literature focus on the workplace behaviors of Generation Z. This study proposes that illegitimate tasks may lead to work withdrawal behavior among Generation Z employees. Based on the equity theory model, this study constructed a moderated mediation model to explore the impact of illegitimate tasks on the work withdrawal behavior of Generation Z employees, as well as the mediating role of perceived insider status and the moderating role of perceived overqualification. The analysis of survey data from 283 Generation Z employees in China at two time points found that illegitimate tasks are positively correlated with work withdrawal behavior. At the same time, the mediating role of perceived insider status was successfully confirmed. The results also showed that perceived overqualification strengthened the effect of illegitimate tasks on work withdrawal behavior and the mediating effect of perceived insider status. This study offers new insights into the management and development of Generation Z employees and the sustainable evolution of workplace relationships from both theoretical and practical perspectives.

Radiomics Nomogram with Added Nodal Features Improves Treatment Response Prediction in Locally Advanced Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Multicenter Study.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to develop and validate a radiomics nomogram and determine the value of radiomic features from lymph nodes (LNs) for predicting pathological complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT) in patients with locally advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). METHODS: In this multicenter retrospective study, eligible participants who had undergone NCRT followed by radical esophagectomy were consecutively recruited. Three radiomics models (modelT, modelLN, and modelTLN) based on tumor and LN features, alone and combined, were developed in the training cohort. The radiomics nomogram was developed by incorporating the prediction value of the radiomics model and clinicoradiological risk factors using multivariate logistic regression, and was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic curve, validated in two external validation cohorts. RESULTS: Between October 2011 and December 2018, 116 patients were included in the training cohort. Between June 2015 and October 2020, 51 and 27 patients from two independent hospitals were included in validation cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. The radiomics modelTLN performed better than the radiomics modelT for predicting pCR. The radiomics nomogram incorporating the predictive value of the radiomics modelTLN and heterogeneous after NCRT outperformed the clinicoradiological model, with an area under the curve (95% confidence interval) of 0.833 (0.765-0.894) versus 0.764 (0.686-0.833) [p = 0.088, DeLong test], 0.824 (0.718-0.909) versus 0.692 (0.554-0.809) [p = 0.012], and 0.902 (0.794-0.984) versus 0.696 (0.526-0.857) [p = 0.024] in all three cohorts. CONCLUSIONS: Radiomic features from LNs could provide additional value for predicting pCR in ESCC patients, and the radiomics nomogram provided an accurate prediction of pCR, which might aid treatment decision.

The influence of perceived Human Resource strength on safety performance among high-speed railway drivers: The role of organizational identification and psychological capital.

INTRODUCTION: Under the Chinese railway system reform background, high-speed railway drivers face continuous organizational change. As a communication channel between organizations and employees, the implementation of Human Resource Management (HRM) requires urgent attention. The present study explored the impacts of perceived Human Resource (HR) strength on safety outcomes premised on social identity theory. The relationships among perceived HR strength, organizational identification, psychological capital, and safety performance were investigated. METHOD: This study gathered 470 sets of paired data from Chinese high-speed railway drivers and their direct supervisors. RESULTS: The results indicated that perceived HR strength positively affects safety performance via organizational identification, directly and indirectly. The findings also revealed that psychological capital promotes the direct effect of perceived HR strength on drivers' safety performance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Railway organizations were suggested to not only focus on the HR content but also consider the HR process, especially in an organizational change context.

Microsphere-assisted dark-field microscopy based on a fully immersed low refractive index microsphere.

Here we find that a fully immersed low refractive index SiO2 microsphere (or a microcylinder, a yeast cell) can clearly distinguish a sample with sub-diffraction features in dark-field illumination mode. The resolvable area of the sample by microsphere-assisted microscopy (MAM) is composed of two regions. One region locates below the microsphere, and a virtual image of this part of the sample is formed by the microsphere first and then the virtual image is received by the microscope. The other region is around the edge of the microsphere, and this part of the sample is directly imaged by the microscope. The simulated region of the enhanced electric field on the sample surface formed by the microsphere is consistent with the resolvable region in the experiment. Our studies show that the enhanced electric field on the sample surface generated by the fully immersed microsphere plays an important role in dark-field MAM imaging, and this finding will have a positive effect on exploring novel mechanisms in resolution improvement of MAM.

Surface plasmon-enhanced dark-field microsphere-assisted microscopy.

We present for the first time a surface plasmon-enhanced dark-field microsphere-assisted microscopy in imaging both low-contrast dielectric objects and metallic ones. We demonstrate, using an Al patch array as the substrate, the resolution and contrast in imaging low-contrast dielectric objects are improved compared to that of the metal plate substrate and a glass slide in dark-field microscopy (DFM). 365-nm-diameter hexagonally arranged SiO nanodots assembled on the three substrates can be resolved, with the contrast varied from 0.23 to 0.96, and the 300-nm-diameter hexagonally close-packed polystyrene nanoparticles can only be discerned on the Al patch array substrate. The resolution can be further improved by using the dark-field microsphere-assisted microscopy, and an Al nanodot array with a nanodot diameter of ∼65 nm and a center-to-center spacing of 125 nm can be just resolved, which cannot be distinguished in a conventional DFM. The focusing effect of the microsphere, as well as the excitation of the surface plasmons, provides evanescent illumination with enhanced local electric field (E-field) on an object. The enhanced local E-field acts as a near-field excitation source to enhance the scattering of the object, resulting in the improvement of imaging resolution.

Update on Chemoresistance Mechanisms to First-Line Chemotherapy for Gallbladder Cancer and Potential Reversal Strategies.

OBJECTIVE: Gallbladder cancer (GBC) mortality remains high and chemoresistance is increasing. This review consolidates what is known about the mechanisms of chemoresistance to inform and accelerate the development of novel GBC-specific chemotherapies. METHODS: Studies related to GBC-related chemoresistance were systematically screened in PubMed using the advanced search function. Search terms included GBC, chemotherapy, and signaling pathway. RESULTS: Analysis of existing studies showed that GBC has poor sensitivity to cisplatin, gemcitabine (GEM), and 5-fluorouracil. DNA damage repair-related proteins, including CHK1, V-SCR, and H2AX, are involved in tumor adaptation to drugs. GBC-specific chemoresistance is often accompanied by changes in the apoptosis and autophagy-related molecules, BCL-2, CRT, and GBCDRlnc1. CD44 + and CD133 + GBC cells are less resistant to GEM, indicating that tumor stem cells are also involved in chemoresistance. In addition, glucose metabolism, fat synthesis, and glutathione metabolism can influence the development of drug resistance. Finally, chemosensitizers such as lovastatin, tamoxifen, chloroquine, and verapamil are able improve the therapeutic effect of cisplatin or GEM in GBC. CONCLUSIONS: This review summarizes recent experimental and clinical studies of the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance, including autophagy, DNA damage, tumor stem cells, mitochondrial function, and metabolism, in GBC. Information on potential chemosensitizers is also discussed. The proposed strategies to reverse chemoresistance should inform the clinical use of chemosensitizers and gene-based targeted therapy for this disease.

Characteristics of Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis in Lhasa: A Single-Center, Observational Study.

The incidence of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) varies across different ethnicities and regions. To investigate the clinical features of VKC in Tibet, a single-center case series of VKC was retrospectively reviewed from a general hospital in Lhasa over one year. General data and typical manifestations were recorded. Horner-Trantas dots, limbal neovascularization, pseudogerontoxon and upper palpebral conjunctival papilla were seen in most of these patients. Patients with signs such as limbal pannus (t = 2.18, P < 0.05), pseudogerontoxon (t = 2.61, P < 0.05), and Horner-Trantas dots (t = 2.33, P < 0.05) appeared to have longer disease courses, while patients with upper palpebral conjunctival lesions had earlier onset times (t = 2.12, P < 0.05). The clinical signs of VKC on the Tibetan Plateau are more obvious, and the ocular surface is commonly and severely involved.