IGFBP1 promotes the proliferation and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cells through the PPARα pathway.

BACKGROUND: The immune status is closely linked to cancer progression, metastasis, and prognosis. Lipid metabolism, crucial for reshaping immune status, plays a key role in regulating the advancement of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and deserves further investigation. METHODS: This study classifies LUAD patients into different immune subtypes based on lipid metabolism-related genes and compares the clinical characteristics among these subtypes. Single-multi COX analysis screens out key genes related to prognosis, and a risk feature and prognostic model are constructed. Cell cloning, scratch, transwell, western blotting and flow cytometry cell cycle analysis to detect the function of key genes. A subcutaneous tumor animal model is used to investigate the in vivo function and molecular mechanisms of key genes. RESULTS: LUAD patients are classified into three immune subtypes, among which C3 subtype has lower immune status and higher frequency of gene mutations, and show lower immunoreactivity in immunotherapy. COX analysis identified a prognostic model for four lipid metabolism factors (IGFBP1, NR0B2, PPARA, and POMC). IGFBP1, a core gene in this model, is highly expressed in the C3 subtype. Functionally, knocking down IGFBP1 significantly inhibits tumor cell cloning, scratch, and migration abilities, and downregulates the expression of cell cycle and EMT-related proteins. Knocking down IGFBP1 significantly inhibits tumor burden (P < 0.05). Mechanistically, knocking down IGFBP1 inhibits the activation of PPARα to regulate tumor cell growth. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that lipid metabolism genes are closely related to LUAD, and IGFBP1 may be a key gene in regulating tumor growth and development.

SPP1 promotes the polarization of M2 macrophages through the Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway and accelerates the progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal pulmonary disease that requires further investigation to understand its pathogenesis. The present study demonstrated that secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) was aberrantly highly expressed in the lung tissue of patients with IPF and was significantly positively associated with macrophage and T­cell activity. Cell localization studies revealed that SPP1 was primarily overexpressed in macrophages, rather than in T cells. Functionally, knocking down SPP1 expression in vitro inhibited the secretion of fibrosis­related factors and M2 polarization in macrophages. Furthermore, knocking down SPP1 expression inhibited the macrophage­induced epithelial­to­mesenchymal transition in both epithelial and fibroblastic cells. Treatment with SPP1 inhibitors in vivo enhanced lung function and ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis. Mechanistically, SPP1 appears to promote macrophage M2 polarization by regulating the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, the present study found that SPP1 promotes M2 polarization of macrophages through the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway, thereby accelerating the progression of IPF. Inhibition of SPP1 expression in vivo can effectively alleviate the development of IPF, indicating that SPP1 in macrophages may be a potential therapeutic target for IPF.

A machine learning model predicts stroke associated with blood cadmium level.

Stroke is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Cadmium is a prevalent environmental toxicant that may contribute to cardiovascular disease, including stroke. We aimed to build an effective and interpretable machine learning (ML) model that links blood cadmium to the identification of stroke. Our data exploring the association between blood cadmium and stroke came from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 2013-2014). In total, 2664 participants were eligible for this study. We divided these data into a training set (80%) and a test set (20%). To analyze the relationship between blood cadmium and stroke, a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. We constructed and tested five ML algorithms including K-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), logistic regression (LR), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and random forest (RF). The best-performing model was selected to identify stroke in US adults. Finally, the features were interpreted using the Shapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) tool. In the total population, participants in the second, third, and fourth quartiles had an odds ratio of 1.32 (95% CI 0.55, 3.14), 1.65 (95% CI 0.71, 3.83), and 2.67 (95% CI 1.10, 6.49) for stroke compared with the lowest reference group for blood cadmium, respectively. This blood cadmium-based LR approach demonstrated the greatest performance in identifying stroke (area under the operator curve: 0.800, accuracy: 0.966). Employing interpretable methods, we found blood cadmium to be a notable contributor to the predictive model. We found that blood cadmium was positively correlated with stroke risk and that stroke risk from cadmium exposure could be effectively predicted by using ML modeling.

Quantitative proteomics analysis identified new interacting proteins of JAL30 in Arabidopsis.

Jacalin-related lectins (JALs) are a unique group of plant lectins derived from the jacalin protein family, which play important roles in plant defense responses. JAL30/PBP1 (PYK10 binding protein 1) interacts with inactive PYK10, exerting negative regulatory control over the size of the PYK10 complex, which is formed and activated upon insect or pathogen invasion. However, the precise interplay between JAL30 and other components remains elusive. In this study, we found JAL30 as a nucleocytoplasmic protein, but no obvious phenotype was observed in jal30-1 single mutant. Through immunoprecipitation (IP) enrichment combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), dozens of new JAL30 interacting proteins were found in addition to several reported ones. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed that these interacting proteins were highly related to the wounding and bacterial stimuli, suggesting their potential involvement in the jasmonate (JA) response. Importantly, the expression of JAL30 was induced by MeJA treatment, further highlighting its relevance in plant defense mechanisms. A novel JAL30 interacting protein, ESM1, was identified and its interaction with JAL30 was confirmed by Co-immunoprecipitation. Moreover, ESM1 was found as an O-GlcNAcylated protein, suggesting that JAL30 may possess glycosylated protein binding ability, particularly in O-GlcNAcylated protein and peptide recognition. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the interacting protein network and biological function of JAL30, demonstrates the interaction between JAL30 and ESM1, and uncovers the potential significance of JAL30 in plant defense system, potentially through its association with PYK10 complex or JA response. SIGNIFICANCE: The biological functions of lectin proteins, including defense responses, immunity responses, signal transduction, have been well studied. Lectin proteins were also utilized to enrich glycosylated proteins for their specific carbohydrates binding capability. Jacalin-related lectins (JALs) were found to involve in plant defense mechanism. However, it is not yet clear whether JALs could use for enrichment of glycosylated proteins. In this study, we used label-free quantification method to identify interacting proteins of JAL30. A novel interacting protein, ESM1, as an O-GlcNAcylated protein was found. ESM1 has been reported to take part in defense against insect herbivory. Therefore, our findings provided experimental evidence to confirm that JALs have potential to be developed as the bio-tools to enrich glycosylated proteins. Finally, our data not only illustrated the vital biological role of JALs in plants, but also verified unique function of JAL30 in recognizing O-GlcNAcylated proteins.

Fungal Community Succession and Volatile Compound Changes during Fermentation of Laobaigan Baijiu from Chinese Hengshui Region.

To investigate the core fungal community succession and its effects of volatile compound production during different stages (D-1, D-2, D-3, E-4, E-5, and E-6) of Hengshui Laobaigan Baijiu, high-throughput sequencing (HTS) was carried out, accompanied by the identification and quantification of the volatile flavor compounds using headspace solid-phase coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). HTS results demonstrated that the fungal community of stage D-1 was similar to that of E-4 after adding Daqu, while the richness and diversity of the fungal community were most prominent at stage E-6. Moreover, the addition of Daqu at the beginning of Ercha fermentation resulted in a significant increase in the relative abundances of the fungal community at the genus level, setting the stage for the production of volatile compounds. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of a total of 45 volatile compounds. Combining the GC-MS result with the heat map and principal component analysis (PCA), the concentrations of volatile compounds were highest in stage E-5. Meanwhile, concentrations of esters, especially ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, isoamyl acetate and ethyl hexanoate, were high in both stages E-5 and E-6. This indicated that stage E-5 was crucial to the fermentation process of Laobaigan Baijiu. Three fungal genera (Saccharomyces, Candida, and Pichia) were indicated as the core microbiota for the production of the main volatile flavor compounds of Laobaigan Baijiu through partial least square (PLS) analysis. The information provided in this study offered valuable insights into the fermentation mechanism of Laobaigan Baijiu, thereby serving as a theoretical framework for enhancing the quality of Baijiu and realizing cost-effective production.

Identification of novel molecular subtypes to improve the classification framework of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment is largely based on a 'one-drug-fits-all' strategy in patients with similar pathological characteristics. However, given its biological heterogeneity, patients at the same clinical stage or similar therapies exhibit significant clinical differences. Thus, novel molecular subgroups based on these characteristics may better therapeutic outcomes. METHODS: Herein, 192 treatment-naïve NPC samples with corresponding clinicopathological information were obtained from Fujian Cancer Hospital between January 2015 and January 2018. The gene expression profiles of the samples were obtained by RNA sequencing. Molecular subtypes were identified by consensus clustering. External NPC cohorts were used as the validation sets. RESULTS: Patients with NPC were classified into immune, metabolic, and proliferative molecular subtypes with distinct clinical features. Additionally, this classification was repeatable and predictable as validated by the external NPC cohorts. Metabolomics has shown that arachidonic acid metabolites were associated with NPC malignancy. We also identified several key genes in each subtype using a weighted correlation network analysis. Furthermore, a prognostic risk model based on these key genes was developed and was significantly associated with disease-free survival (hazard ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.07-1.16; P < 0.0001), which was further validated by an external NPC cohort (hazard ratio, 7.71; 95% CI, 1.39-42.73; P < 0.0001). Moreover, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year areas under the curve were 0.84 (95% CI, 0.74-0.94), 0.81 (95% CI, 0.73-0.89), and 0.82 (95% CI, 0.73-0.90), respectively, demonstrating a high predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, we defined a novel classification of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (immune, metabolism, and proliferation subtypes). Among these subtypes, metabolism and proliferation subtypes were associated with advanced stage and poor prognosis of NPC patients, whereas the immune subtype was linked to early stage and favorable prognosis.

Mefloquine improves pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting the KCNH2/Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway in macrophages.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a life-threatening disease characterized by severe pulmonary fibrosis, for which there is an urgent need for effective therapeutic agents. Mefloquine (Mef) is a quinoline compound primarily used for the treatment of malaria. However, high doses (>25 mg/kg) may lead to side effects such as cardiotoxicity and psychiatric disorders. Here, we found that low-dose Mef (5 mg/kg) can safely and effectively treat IPF mice. Functionally, Mef can improve the pulmonary function of IPF mice (PIF, PEF, EF50, VT, MV, PENH), alleviating pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis by inhibiting macrophage activity. Mechanically, Mef probably regulates the Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway by binding to the 492HIS site of Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 2 (KCNH2) protein in macrophages, inhibiting the secretion of macrophage inflammatory and fibrotic factors. In summary, Mef may inhibit macrophage activity by binding to KCNH2 protein, thereby slowing down the progress of IPF.

Global Prevalence and Hemagglutinin Evolution of H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses from 2013 to 2022.

H7N9 avian influenza viruses have caused severe harm to the global aquaculture industry and human health. For further understanding of the characteristics of prevalence and hemagglutinin evolution of H7N9 avian influenza viruses, we generated the global epidemic map of H7N9 viruses from 2013 to 2022, constructed a phylogenetic tree, predicted the glycosylation sites and compared the selection pressure of the hemagglutinin. The results showed that although H7N9 avian influenza appeared sporadically in other regions worldwide, China had concentrated outbreaks from 2013 to 2017. The hemagglutinin genes were classified into six distinct lineages: A, B, C, D, E and F. After 2019, H7N9 viruses from the lineages B, E and F persisted, with the lineage B being the dominant. The hemagglutinin of highly pathogenic viruses in the B lineage has an additional predicted glycosylation site, which may account for their persistent pandemic, and is under more positive selection pressure. The most recent ancestor of the H7N9 avian influenza viruses originated in September 1991. The continuous evolution of hemagglutinin has led to an increase in virus pathogenicity in both poultry and humans, and sustained human-to-human transmission. This study provides a theoretical basis for better prediction and control of H7N9 avian influenza.

Celastrol as a candidate drug for silicosis: From bioinformatics and network pharmacology to experimental validation.

Silicosis, a highly lethal occupational respiratory disease characterized by irreversible pulmonary fibrosis, remains challenging to treat due to its unclear pathogenesis. In this study, bioinformatics, network pharmacology, and experimental validation were combined to explore potential mechanisms and therapeutic drugs for silicosis. First, the differentially expressed genes（DEGs）and pathway enrichment in pulmonary fibrosis were identified by GO and KEGG analysis. Next, the differential genes were submitted to cMap database for drug prediction and celastrol stood out as the most promising candidate drug. Then, network pharmacology analysis identified pharmacological targets of celastrol and demonstrated that celastrol could regulate JAK-STAT, MAPK, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways. Finally, we verified the therapeutic role and mechanism of celastrol on silicosis. In vivo, celastrol significantly ameliorated CS-induced inflammation and fibrosis in silicosis mice, including inflammatory cell infiltration, collagen fiber and extracellular matrix deposition, fibroblast activation and related factor expression. Moreover, it dramatically improved lung respiratory function of silicosis mice. In vitro, celastrol suppressed CS-induced cytokine expression, apoptosis of macrophages and activation of Stat3 and Erk1/2 signals. Overall, our research identified and verified celastrol as a novel and promising candidate drug for silicosis.

Characterization of Volatile Flavor Compounds in Dry-Rendered Beef Fat by Different Solvent-Assisted Flavor Evaporation (SAFE) Combined with GC-MS, GC-O, and OAV.

To comprehensively understand the volatile flavor composition of dry-rendered beef fat, solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) with four extraction solvents (dichloromethane, pentane, ethyl ether, and methanol) combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactormetry (GC-O) were performed. GC-MS analysis found 96 different volatile compounds in total using the four extraction solvents. According to the GC-MS results and the heat map and principal component analysis (PCA), most of the volatile compounds resulted from dichloromethane and pentane extraction, followed by ethyl ether. Methanol extraction found a few volatile compounds of higher polarity, which was supplementary to the analysis results. Moreover, GC-O analysis found 73 odor-active compounds in total using the four extraction solvents. The GC-O results found that pentane and dichloromethane extraction had a significantly larger number of odor-active compounds than ethyl ether and methanol extraction. This indicated that pentane and dichloromethane were more effective solvents for the extraction of odor-active compounds than the other two solvents. Finally, a total of 15 compounds of odor-active values (OAVs) ≥ 1 were determined to be the key aroma compounds in the dry-rendered beef fat, including 2-methyl-3-furanthiol, 3-methylthiopropanal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, 12-methyltridecanal, and 1-octen-3-one.

Recent Advances in Antitumor Dendritic Cell Vaccines.

Background: Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most important antigen-presenting cells in the body and play a key role in antigen recognition, uptake, processing, and presentation and mediate nonspecific immunity and specific immunity. Purpose: To summarize the main findings that DC vaccines are a new immunotherapy scheme combining the strengths of tumor antigens and DCs that can boost the body's identification and clearance of tumors. Methods: In this review, the authors focus on the biological characteristics of DCs, recent advances in the understanding of antitumor mechanisms, and the classification of DC vaccines. Results: The current progress of DC-based vaccine immunotherapy for common tumors with high morbidity or mortality in China were systematically summarize. Conclusions: The DC vaccines combining the strengths of tumor antigens will provide directions to explore reasonable, safe, and effective combination immunotherapy strategies for tumors in the future.

[Chloroplast genomic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of Pellionia scabra].

Pellionia scabra belongs to the genus Pellionia in the family of Urticaceae, and is a high-quality wild vegetables with high nutritional value. In this study, high-throughput techniques were used to sequence, assemble and annotate the chloroplast genome. We also analyzed its structure, and construct the phylogenetic trees from the P. scabra to further study the chloroplast genome characteristics. The results showed that the chloroplast genome size was 153 220 bp, and the GC content was 36.4%, which belonged to the typical tetrad structure in P. scabra. The chloroplast genome encodes 130 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and 8 rRNA genes in P. scabra. Among them, 15 genes contained 1 intron, 2 genes contained 2 introns, and rps12 had trans-splicing, respectively. In P. scabra, chloroplast genomes could be divided into four categories, including 43 photosynthesis, 64 self-replication, other 7 coding proteins, and 4 unknown functions. A total of 51 073 codons were detected in the chloroplast genome, among which the codon encoding leucine (Leu) accounted for the largest proportion, and the codon preferred to use A and U bases. There were 72 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) in the chloroplast genome of P. scabra, containing 58 single nucleotides, 12 dinucleotides, 1 trinucleotide, and 1 tetranucleotide. The ycf1 gene expansion was present at the IRb/SSC boundary. The phylogenetic trees showed that P. scabra (OL800583) was most closely related to Elatostema stewardii (MZ292972), Elatostema dissectum (MK227819) and Elatostema laevissimum var. laevissimum (MN189961). Taken together, our results provide worthwhile information for understanding the identification, genetic evolution, and genomics research of P. scabra species.

[Characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genome of a new type of fruit Rubus rosaefolius].

The genomic DNA of Rubus rosaefolius was extracted and sequenced by Illumina NovaSeq platform to obtain the complete chloroplast genome sequence, and the sequence characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of chloroplast genes were carried out. The results showed that the complete chloroplast genome of the R. rosaefolius was 155 650 bp in length and had a typical tetrad structure, including two reverse repeats (25 748 bp each), a large copy region (85 443 bp) and a small copy region (18 711 bp). A total of 131 genes were identified in the whole genome of R. rosaefolius chloroplast, including 86 protein coding genes, 37 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes. The GC content of the whole genome was 36.9%. The genome of R. rosaefolius chloroplast contains 47 scattered repeats and 72 simple sequence repeating (SSR) loci. The codon preference is leucine codon, and the codon at the end of A/U is preferred. Phylogenetic analysis showed that R. rosaefolius had the closest relationship with R. taiwanicola, followed by R. rubraangustifolius and R. glandulosopunctatus. The chloroplast genome characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of R. rosaefolius provide a theoretical basis for its genetic diversity research and chloroplast development and utilization.

Identification and Characterization of PRE Genes in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis).

Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH)/HLH transcription factors are involved in various aspects of the growth and development of plants. Here, we identified four HLH genes, PePRE1-4, in moso bamboo plants that are homologous to Arabidopsis PRE genes. In bamboo seedlings, PePRE1/3 were found to be highly expressed in the internode and lamina joint by using quantitative RT-PCR analysis. In the elongating internode of bamboo shoots, PePRE genes are expressed at higher levels in the basal segment than in the mature top segment. Overexpression of PePREs (PePREs-OX) in Arabidopsis showed longer petioles and hypocotyls, as well as earlier flowering. PePRE1 overexpression restored the phenotype due to the deficiency of AtPRE genes caused by artificial micro-RNA. PePRE1-OX plants showed hypersensitivity to propiconazole treatment compared with the wild type. In addition, PePRE1/3 but not PePRE2/4 proteins accumulated as punctate structures in the cytosol, which was disrupted by the vesicle recycling inhibitor brefeldin A (BFA). PePRE genes have a positive function in the internode elongation of moso bamboo shoots, and overexpression of PePREs genes promotes flowering and growth in Arabidopsis. Our findings provided new insights about the fast-growing mechanism of bamboo shoots and the application of PRE genes from bamboo.

Effects of burdock inulin-type fructans exposure on the physiological function of healthy mice and their filial generation.

Inulin-type fructans (ITFs) have been shown to possess various biological activities. However, studies on their safety and side effects are limited. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the possible effects of burdock ITFs on the physiological indices of healthy mice and their filial generation when fed for six months. Thirty-two C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups; a normal control (NC) and an ITFs group. The parental generations were kept in one cage with free access to a normal diet and double-distilled water (P-NC group) or burdock ITFs drinking water (P-ITFs group, 2% w/v). The filial generations (F-NC group and F-ITFs group) were kept separately and were fed as their parental generation. Behavior, organ/body weight, serum indices, histopathology, time of production, and number of pup births were observed. There were no significant adverse effects on these indices. Functional indices of the spleen, lung, heart, and pancreas of the ITFs groups were higher than those of the NC groups, respectively. Interestingly, the serum glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), uric acid (UA) and creatine kinase (CK) levels of the ITFs groups were lower than those of the NC groups. Meanwhile, the pregnancy number and pup birth number of the P-ITFs group were more than those of P-NC group. Therefore, long-term consumption of burdock ITFs has no obvious adverse effects on the health of parental mice and their offspring, but may contribute to reproductive capacity, fatigue reduction, and risk reduction of renal disease.

Segmentation of retinal vessels based on MRANet.

The segmentation of retinal vessel takes a crucial part in computer-aided diagnosis of diseases and eye disorders. However, the insufficient segmentation of the capillary vessels and weak anti-noise interference ability make such task more difficult. To solve this problem, we proposed a multi-scale residual attention network (MRANet) which is based on U-Net network. Firstly, to collect useful information about the blood vessels more effectively, we proposed a multi-level feature fusion block (MLF block). Then, different weights of each fused feature are learned by using attention blocks, which can retain more useful feature information while reducing the interference of redundant features. Thirdly, multi-scale residual connection block (MSR block) is constructed, which can better extract the image features. Finally, we use the DropBlock layer in the network to reduce the network parameters and alleviate network overfitting. Experiments show that based on DRIVE, the accuracy rate and the AUC performance value of our network are 0.9698 and 0.9899 respectively, and based on CHASE_DB1 dataset, they are 0.9755 and 0.9893 respectively. Our network has a better segmentation effect compared with other methods, which can ensure the continuity and completeness of blood vessel segmentation.

Characterization of Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Related MYBs and Functional Analysis of VcMYB Gene.

As one of the most important transcription factors regulating plant anthocyanin biosynthesis, MYB has attracted great attentions. In this study, we identified fifteen candidate anthocyanin biosynthesis related MYB (ABRM) proteins, including twelve R2R3-MYBs and three 1R-MYBs, from highbush blueberry. The subcellular localization prediction results showed that, with the exception of VcRVE8 (localized in chloroplast and nucleus), all of the blueberry ABRMs were nucleus-localized. The gene structure analysis revealed that the exon numbers of the blueberry ABRM genes varied greatly, ranging between one and eight. There are many light-responsive, phytohormone-responsive, abiotic stress-responsive and plant growth and development related cis-acting elements in the promoters of the blueberry ABRM genes. It is noteworthy that almost all of their promoters contain light-, ABA- and MeJA-responsive elements, which is consistent with the well-established results that anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of MYBs are influenced significantly by many factors, such as light, ABA and JA. The gene expression analysis revealed that VcMYB, VcMYB6, VcMYB23, VcMYBL2 and VcPH4 are expressed abundantly in blueberry fruits, and VcMYB is expressed the highest in the red, purple and blue fruits among all blueberry ABRMs. VcMYB shared high similarity with functionally proven ABRMs from many other plant species. The gene cloning results showed that VcMYB had three variable transcripts, but only the transient overexpression of VcMYB-1 promoted anthocyanin accumulation in the green fruits. Our study can provide a basis for future research on the anthocyanin biosynthesis related MYBs in blueberry.

Characterization of the complete chloroplast genome of Pellionia scabra (Urticaceae).

Pellionia scabra Benth. 1861 (Urticaceae) is distributed in east and southeast Asian countries, including China, Vietnam, and Japan, and has important applications in construction, medicine, and the food industry. We sequenced the genome using Illumina DNA sequencing technology. The genome was 153,220 bp long. Annotation of the genome showed that it encoded 130 genes, including 85 protein-coding genes, 37 tRNA genes, and eight rRNA genes. In addition, 15 of the genes contained a single intron and two contained two introns. Furthermore, rps12 consists of 3 exons that are expected to be trans-spliced together. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis revealed that P. scabra is closely related to the Elatostema species (i.e. E. stewardii [MZ292972], E. dissectum [MK227819], and E. laevissimum var. laevissimum [MN189961]).