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SUMMARY: The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of prenatal stress on the cognitive function of offspring, and clarify the change of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) expression in hippocampal neurons of offspring. 16 pregnant SD rats were randomly divided into control group and stress group, with eight rats in each group. The stress group received restrained stress from 15 to 21 days of pregnancy, while the control group did not receive any treatment. Anxiety-like behavior and spatial memory, learning and memory ability were detected in open field, elevated plus maze, novel object recognition test, and Barnes maze. Nissl staining was used to detect the function of hippocampal neurons. Western blot was used to detect the expression of HDAC2 protein in hippocampal neurons of adult offspring. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of HDAC2 protein and hippocampal neurogenesis. The learning and memory ability of adult offspring was decreased. The prenatal stress damaged the function of hippocampal neurons , the expression of HDAC2 was down-regulated, and the number of neurons was reduced. Maternal prenatal stress can down- regulate the expression of HDAC2 in the hippocampus of offspring, inhibits hippocampal neurogenesis and impairs the cognitive function.
El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el mecanismo del estrés prenatal en la función cognitiva de la descendencia y aclarar el cambio de la expresión de la histona desacetilasa 2 (HDAC2) en las neuronas del hipocampo de la descendencia. 16 ratas SD preñadas se dividieron aleatoriamente en un grupo de control y un grupo de estrés, con ocho ratas en cada grupo. El grupo de estrés recibió estrés durante 15 a 21 días de pre, preñez, mientras que el grupo de control no recibió ningún tratamiento. El comportamiento similar a la ansiedad y la memoria espacial, el aprendizaje y la capacidad de memoria se detectaron en campo abierto, laberinto en cruz elevado, prueba de reconocimiento de objetos novedosos y laberinto de Barnes. La tinción de Nissl se utilizó para detectar la función de las neuronas del hipocampo. Se utilizó Western blot para detectar la expresión de la proteína HDAC2 en las neuronas del hipocampo de la descendencia adulta. La tinción de inmunofluorescencia se utilizó para detectar la expresión de la proteína HDAC2 y la neurogénesis del hipocampo. La capacidad de aprendizaje y memoria de la descendencia adulta se redujo. El estrés prenatal dañó la función de las neuronas del hipocampo, se reguló negativamente la expresión de HDAC2 y se redujo el número de neuronas. El estrés prenatal materno puede regular a la baja la expresión de HDAC2 en el hipocampo de la descendencia, inhibe la neurogénesis del hipocampo y deteriora la función cognitiva.
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Animales , Femenino , Embarazo , Ratas , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Estrés Psicológico , Histona Desacetilasa 2/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva , Inmunohistoquímica , Western Blotting , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Neurogénesis , Epigenómica , Prueba de Campo Abierto , Prueba de Laberinto Elevado , Hipocampo , Aprendizaje , MemoriaRESUMEN
SUMMARY: Histology and embryology is a science that studies the micro structure and function of the body and embryogenesis, and has insight into the microcosmic world of human body. It is delicate and ingeniousness, which greatly satisfy our thirst for knowledge and visual appreciation. This paper expounds the beauty of Science in histology and Embryology from the perspectives of aesthetics on cell morphology, tissue mode, organogenesis and life birth. Aesthetic education in histology and embryology can possible cultivate medical students' humanistic quality and aesthetic thinking, So that they are able to have an access to the essence of life.
RESUMEN: La histología y la embriología son ciencias que estudian la microestructura y la función del cuerpo y la embriogénesis, y tienen una visión del mundo microcósmico del cuerpo humano. Es delicadeza e ingenio, lo que satisface en gran medida nuestra deseo de conocimiento y apreciación visual. Este artículo expone la belleza de la ciencia en histología y embriología desde las perspectivas de la estética sobre la morfología celular, el modo tisular, la organogénesis y el nacimiento de la vida. La educación estética en histología y embriología puede posiblemente cultivar la calidad humanística y el pensamiento estético de los estudiantes de medicina, para que logren tener acceso a la esencia de la vida.
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Humanos , Embriología , Estética , HistologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cecropin P1, acting as an antimicrobial, has a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with some antiviral and antifungal properties. It is a promising natural alternative to antibiotics which is originally isolated from the pig intestinal parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Many studies have shown that Cecropin P1 is helpful for the prevention or treatment of clinical diseases. Therefore, it is very necessary to establish a safe, nontoxic, and efficient expression method of Cecropin P1. RESULTS: The results indicated that the recombinant protein was about 5.5 kDa showed by TricineSDS PAGE and Western blot. And Cecropin P1 was efficiently secreted and expressed after 12 h of induction, with an increasing yield over the course of the induction. Its maximum concentration was 7.83 mg/L after concentration and purification. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that Cecropin P1 not only exerted a strong inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli, Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., and Pasteurella sp., but also displayed an antiviral activity against PRRSV NADC30-Like strain. CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, the strategy of expressing Cecropin P1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is harmless, efficient, and safe for cells. In addition, the expressed Cecropin P1 has antiviral and antibacterial properties concurrently.
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Péptidos/farmacología , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antivirales/farmacología , Péptidos/química , Técnicas In Vitro , Proteínas Recombinantes , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Western BlottingRESUMEN
Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates prenatal exposure to stress or excess glucocorticoids can affect offspring brain. Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is an important target of glucocorticoid. Therefore the aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of GR in prenatally stressed adult offspring and the relationship between GR expression and behavior in offspring. Pregnant rats received restraint stress during the last week of pregnancy. Hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor expression levels in the offspring were detected on postnatal 60 (P60).Cognition function was also detected. It shows significantly lower hippocampal GR expression was observed in female prenatally stressed offspring compared with their controls at P60. Corresponding to the expression of GR, female prenatally stressed offspring exhibited poorer spatial learning and memory abilities in the Barnes maze than control, This suggests that cognitive impairment in prenatally stressed rat offspring attribute lower hippocampal GR expression.
La evidencia acumulada de estudios preclínicos y clínicos indica que la exposición prenatal al estrés, o el exceso de glucocorticoides puede afectar el desarrollo cerebral de las crías. El receptor de glucocorticoides (RG) es un objetivo importante de los glucocorticoides. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar la expresión de RG en crías adultas estresadas durante el período prenatal y la relación entre la expresión de RG y el comportamiento de las crías. Las ratas preñadas recibieron niveles de estrés restringido, durante la última semana de embarazo. Se determinaron niveles de expresión del receptor de glucocorticoides del hipocampo y niveles de función cognitiva en las crías. En comparación con el grupo control se observó una expresión de RG en el hipocampo, significativamente menor en las crías estresadas prenatalmente, en comparación con los controles en P60. En referencia a la expresión de RG, las crías estresadas prenatalmente exhibieron habilidades de memoria y aprendizaje espacial menores, en el laberinto de Barnes que el grupo control. Esto sugiere que el deterioro cognitivo en crías de ratas estresadas prenatalmente muestran una menor expresión de RG en el hipocampo.
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Animales , Femenino , Embarazo , Ratas , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Receptores de Glucocorticoides/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico , Inmunohistoquímica , Western Blotting , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Histology belongs to the discipline of medical morphology. The knowledge is scattered and abstract in this discipline. It is difficult to the medical students beginner. Leading to poor effect on histology teaching. This study aimed to introduce medical students to the histology using barrier-based learning (BBL) method or traditional teaching method. We recruited 4 clinical medical classes, including two 5-years classes and two 7-years clinical medical classes, each of these classes randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. The control group received an introductory traditional teaching mode in histology. The experiment group received BBL method. Using final exam average scores, pass rate, excellent rates and phase tests to evaluate the teaching effect of these two teaching method. BBL teaching method is more effective than traditional teaching method, The application of BBL in histology is more easier to learning for the beginners of medical students.
La histología es una disciplina de la morfología médica. El conocimiento es disperso y abstracto en esta disciplina. Es una asignatura que resulta difícil para los estudiantes principiantes de medicina. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo presentar a los estudiantes de medicina la histología mediante el método de aprendizaje basado en barreras (BBL), comparándolo al método de enseñanza tradicional. Reclutamos estudiantes de 4 clases de medicina clínica, incluidas dos clases de quinto año y dos clases de medicina clínica de séptimo año, cada una de estas clases asignadas al azar a los grupos. El grupo de control recibió un método de enseñanza tradicional de introducción en histología. El grupo experimental recibió el método BBL. Usando los puntajes promedio del examen final, la tasa de aprobación, las tasas de excelencia y las pruebas de fase para evaluar el efecto de enseñanza de estos dos métodos de enseñanza, se determinó que el método de enseñanza de BBL es más efectivo que el método de enseñanza tradicional. La aplicación de BBL en histología permite un aprendizaje más sencillo para los estudiantes principiantes de medicina.
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Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas/métodos , Educación Médica/métodos , Histología/educación , ChinaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed for rapid, sensitive and specific detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV). A set of LAMP primers was designed based on the sequence of the ASFV gene K205R. Reaction temperature and time were optimized to 64 oC and 60 min, respectively. LAMP products were detected by agarose gel electrophoresis or visually with the addition of fluorescent dye. The detection limit of the LAMP assay was approximately 6 copies of the target gene per microliter, 100 times more sensitive than conventional PCR. LAMP is a simple and inexpensive molecular assay format for ASFV detection. To date, African swine fever has not been reported in China. LAMP can be used to monitor ASFV spread into China, thereby reducing the threat of ASF.
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Background: Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is regarded as one of the two most devastating diseases of poultry with the characteristics of serious disease and high flock mortality. It causes severe economic losses in domestic poultry, especially in chickens. At present, there were no effective drugs to treat this disease and the main method to control ND was vaccination. Moreover, new strains of virus resistant to chemotherapy continue to emerge, so does the need for a safe and effective vaccine. The immune adjuvant can make vaccine generate a strong immune response providing long-term protection against infection. With commonly usage of some immune adjuvants (e.g. mineral oil and aluminium hydroxide), many problems were occurred, such as side effects, strong local stimulation and carcinogenesis, together with complicated preparation, or failure to increase immunogenicity of weak antigen and so on. Botanical polysaccharides, as a new type of adjuvant or immunopotentiator, had become the hot research area because of their less side effects and no toxicity. The purpose of this research was to observe whether Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharide (CVPS) possessed synergistical immunoenhancement, and offer the theoretical evidence for developing potential new-type adjuvant. Materials, Methods & Results: 200 three-yellow chickens at one day of age were randomly divided into four groups and reared in separated pens. On 7 days old, the average maternal serum hemaglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer was less than 3 log2, all chickens of each group (the average body weight (BW) was 120 g) were vaccinated with ND live vaccine through nasal drip and eye-drop. At the same time, the chickens in three CVPS groups (high, medium and low doses of CVPS) were orally administered with 0.5 mL of CVPS at concentrations of 100 mg/kg BW, 50 mg/kg BW, 25 mg/kg BW respectively, once a day for fi ve successive day, in negative control group (NC), with 0.5 mL of physiological saline, once a day for fi ve successive day. On days 14, 21 and 28, the serum antibody titer, erythrocyte-C3b receptor rosette rate (E-C3bRR), erythrocyte-C3b immune complex rosette rate (E-ICRR), peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and peripheral CD4+/CD8+ ratio were measured. The results showed that the antibody titer, E-C3bRR, elimination rate of immune complex and peripheral lymphocyte proliferation in three CVPS groups and peripheral CD4+/CD8+ ratio in medium dosage of CVPS group were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those in control group throughout the process of whole experiment almost. Discussion: The CVPS not only improved the E-C3bRR and accelerated the elimination rate of CIC, but also induced higher antibody titer, peripheral lymphocyte proliferation and peripheral CD4+ /CD8+ ratio in chickens vaccinated against ND live vaccine. This indicated that CVPS possessed immune-enhancement efficacy of ND live vaccine and might be expected as a candidate of new-type adjuvant.
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Animales , Polisacáridos/administración & dosificación , Polisacáridos/efectos adversos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Pollos/virología , Relación CD4-CD8/veterinaria , Apiaceae , Enfermedad de Newcastle/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Background: Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is regarded as one of the two most devastating diseases of poultry with the characteristics of serious disease and high flock mortality. It causes severe economic losses in domestic poultry, especially in chickens. At present, there were no effective drugs to treat this disease and the main method to control ND was vaccination. Moreover, new strains of virus resistant to chemotherapy continue to emerge, so does the need for a safe and effective vaccine. The immune adjuvant can make vaccine generate a strong immune response providing long-term protection against infection. With commonly usage of some immune adjuvants (e.g. mineral oil and aluminium hydroxide), many problems were occurred, such as side effects, strong local stimulation and carcinogenesis, together with complicated preparation, or failure to increase immunogenicity of weak antigen and so on. Botanical polysaccharides, as a new type of adjuvant or immunopotentiator, had become the hot research area because of their less side effects and no toxicity. The purpose of this research was to observe whether Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharide (CVPS) possessed synergistical immunoenhancement, and offer the theoretical evidence for developing potential new-type adjuvant. Materials, Methods &a
Background: Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is regarded as one of the two most devastating diseases of poultry with the characteristics of serious disease and high flock mortality. It causes severe economic losses in domestic poultry, especially in chickens. At present, there were no effective drugs to treat this disease and the main method to control ND was vaccination. Moreover, new strains of virus resistant to chemotherapy continue to emerge, so does the need for a safe and effective vaccine. The immune adjuvant can make vaccine generate a strong immune response providing long-term protection against infection. With commonly usage of some immune adjuvants (e.g. mineral oil and aluminium hydroxide), many problems were occurred, such as side effects, strong local stimulation and carcinogenesis, together with complicated preparation, or failure to increase immunogenicity of weak antigen and so on. Botanical polysaccharides, as a new type of adjuvant or immunopotentiator, had become the hot research area because of their less side effects and no toxicity. The purpose of this research was to observe whether Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharide (CVPS) possessed synergistical immunoenhancement, and offer the theoretical evidence for developing potential new-type adjuvant. Materials, Methods &a
RESUMEN
Background: Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is regarded as one of the two most devastating diseases of poultry with the characteristics of serious disease and high flock mortality. It causes severe economic losses in domestic poultry, especially in chickens. At present, there were no effective drugs to treat this disease and the main method to control ND was vaccination. Moreover, new strains of virus resistant to chemotherapy continue to emerge, so does the need for a safe and effective vaccine. The immune adjuvant can make vaccine generate a strong immune response providing long-term protection against infection. With commonly usage of some immune adjuvants (e.g. mineral oil and aluminium hydroxide), many problems were occurred, such as side effects, strong local stimulation and carcinogenesis, together with complicated preparation, or failure to increase immunogenicity of weak antigen and so on. Botanical polysaccharides, as a new type of adjuvant or immunopotentiator, had become the hot research area because of their less side effects and no toxicity. The purpose of this research was to observe whether Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharide (CVPS) possessed synergistical immunoenhancement, and offer the theoretical evidence for developing potential new-type adjuvant. Materials, Methods &a
Background: Newcastle disease (ND), caused by avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 (APMV-1), also known as Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is regarded as one of the two most devastating diseases of poultry with the characteristics of serious disease and high flock mortality. It causes severe economic losses in domestic poultry, especially in chickens. At present, there were no effective drugs to treat this disease and the main method to control ND was vaccination. Moreover, new strains of virus resistant to chemotherapy continue to emerge, so does the need for a safe and effective vaccine. The immune adjuvant can make vaccine generate a strong immune response providing long-term protection against infection. With commonly usage of some immune adjuvants (e.g. mineral oil and aluminium hydroxide), many problems were occurred, such as side effects, strong local stimulation and carcinogenesis, together with complicated preparation, or failure to increase immunogenicity of weak antigen and so on. Botanical polysaccharides, as a new type of adjuvant or immunopotentiator, had become the hot research area because of their less side effects and no toxicity. The purpose of this research was to observe whether Chuanminshen violaceum polysaccharide (CVPS) possessed synergistical immunoenhancement, and offer the theoretical evidence for developing potential new-type adjuvant. Materials, Methods &a