RESUMEN
This study investigates whether KMUP-1 improves hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) and hypoxic cell injury via inhibiting Nox2- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated pro-inflammation. Rats underwent ischemia by occlusion of the portal vein and hepatic artery for 45 minutes. Reperfusion was allowed for 4 h. Serum was used for analysis of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). DNA extracted from liver homogenate was analyzed by electrophoresis to observe the fragmentation. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) was evaluated by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS). NO and ROS contents were measured using Griess reagent and 2'-7'-dichlorofluorescein, respectively. Proteins levels were visualized by Western blotting. Liver damage was observed under a microscope. Intravenous KMUP-1 (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) reduced I/R-induced ALT and AST levels, DNA fragmentation, ROS and malondialdehyde (MDA) and restored the NO levels of I/R rats. KMUP-1 protected the liver architecture from worsening of damage and focal sinusoid congestion, increased endothelium NO synthase (eNOS), guanosine 3', 5'cyclic monophosphate (cGMP), protein kinase G (PKG) and the B-cell lymphoma 2/Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bcl-2/Bax) ratio, attenuated phosphodiesterase 5A (PDE-5A) and cleaved caspase-3 expression in I/R-liver. In hypoxic HepG2 cells, KMUP-1 increased cGMP/PKG, restored peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) and decreased matrix metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9), Rho kinase II (ROCK II), hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF). KMUP-1 protects liver from I/R-injury and hypoxic hepatocytes from apoptosis-associated free radical generation and pro-inflammation by restoring/increasing NO/cGMP/PPAR-gamma, reducing ROS/Nox2 and inhibiting ROCKII/MMP-9.
Asunto(s)
Hipoxia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatopatías/tratamiento farmacológico , Donantes de Óxido Nítrico/uso terapéutico , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico , Sustancias Protectoras/uso terapéutico , Daño por Reperfusión/tratamiento farmacológico , Xantinas/uso terapéutico , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de GMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Fragmentación del ADN , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Hipoxia/metabolismo , Hipoxia/patología , Hepatopatías/metabolismo , Hepatopatías/patología , Masculino , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidasa 2 , NADPH Oxidasas/metabolismo , Donantes de Óxido Nítrico/farmacología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Piperidinas/farmacología , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Daño por Reperfusión/metabolismo , Daño por Reperfusión/patología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Xantinas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Eugenol and isoeugenol, two components of clover oil, have been reported to possess several biomedical properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects. This study aims to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of eugenol, isoeugenol and four of their derivatives on expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7), and to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. We found that two derivatives, eugenolol and glyceryl-isoeugenol, had potent inhibitory effects on LPS-induced upregulation of nitrite levels, iNOS protein and iNOS mRNA. In addition, they both suppressed the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) induced by LPS. Moreover, they both attenuated the DNA binding of NF-kB and AP-1, phosphorylation of inhibitory kB-alpha (IkB-alpha), and nuclear translocation of p65 protein induced by LPS. Finally, we demonstrated that glyceryl-isoeugenol suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK and p38 MAPK, whereas eugenolol suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK. Taken together, these results suggest that that eugenolol and glyceryl-isoeugenol suppress LPS-induced iNOS expression by down-regulating NF-kB and AP-1 through inhibition of MAPKs and Akt/IkB-alpha signaling pathways. Thus, this study implies that eugenolol and glyceryl-isoeugenol may provide therapeutic benefits for inflammatory diseases.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Endotoxinas/farmacología , Eugenol/farmacología , Glicerol/farmacología , Proteínas I-kappa B/metabolismo , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por Mitógenos/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Transcripción AP-1/metabolismo , Animales , Línea Celular , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína de Unión a Elemento de Respuesta al AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Regulación hacia Abajo , Eugenol/análogos & derivados , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Macrófagos/enzimología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ratones , Inhibidor NF-kappaB alfa , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/genética , Fosforilación , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción ReIA/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality among American Indians. Rates of CVD appear to be increasing among American Indians while they are decreasing among other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Rates of comorbid conditions associated with CVD, such as obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypertension, are also higher among American Indians than among other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Dietary factors play a role in the development of CVD and associated comorbid conditions, yet surprisingly few data exist to describe the dietary intakes and nutritional adequacy of American Indian adults at risk for CVD. OBJECTIVE: To describe intakes of nutrients that may affect CVD risk consumed by members of 13 nations of American Indian adults, aged 45 to 70 years, who reside in tribal communities in Arizona, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Oklahoma. A secondary objective was to compare dietary intake estimates to nationally representative data from adults of similar age to determine potential dietary differences that may account for the disparities seen in rates of CVD and related conditions. Finally, dietary intake estimates were compared with national dietary guidance to determine areas for improvement. METHODS: Data from a 24-hour dietary recall provided by 3,482 adults who participated in the Strong Heart Dietary Study, Phase II, were analyzed to describe dietary intakes of nutrients that may alter CVD risk. Nonparametric analyses of variance were used to compare data by center, age, and sex. Dietary intake data for each sex/center group were compared with data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), Phase I, dietary estimates, and to national dietary guidelines. RESULTS: Nutrient intakes varied little between centers. Sex differences were noted in energy and nutrient intakes across all centers. Age-related decreases in energy and total and saturated fat intakes were noted among all sex/center groups. Median intakes of vitamins A and C and folate were low among all sex/center groups. Remarkably few differences in dietary intake were noted between NHANES III and Strong Heart Dietary Study, Phase II, participants. Carbohydrate and sodium intakes were higher among participants compared with NHANES III estimates, whereas intakes of several vitamins were lower. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intakes of American Indians vary by age, sex, and geographic location, but do not differ substantially from national estimates of dietary intake. The dietary differences noted between NHANES III and Strong Heart Dietary Study, Phase II, participants are not consistent with the remarkably different rates of CVD and associated comorbidities that currently exist.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/etiología , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Indígenas Norteamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas Nutricionales , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Análisis de Varianza , Arizona/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Estudios de Cohortes , Comorbilidad , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Femenino , Promoción de la Salud , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , North Dakota/epidemiología , Política Nutricional , Ciencias de la Nutrición/educación , Ciencias de la Nutrición/etnología , Oklahoma/epidemiología , Factores Sexuales , South Dakota/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The aims of the Strong Heart Family Study are to clarify the genetic determinants of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in American Indians and to map and identify genes for CVD susceptibility. The authors describe the design of the Strong Heart Family Study (conducted between 1998 and 1999) and evaluate the heritabilities of CVD risk factors in American Indians from this study. In the first phase of the study, approximately 950 individuals, aged 18 years or more, in 32 extended families, were examined. The examination consisted of a personal interview, physical examination, laboratory tests, and an ultrasound examination of the carotid arteries. The phenotypes measured during the physical examination included anthropometry, lipoproteins, blood pressure, glycemic status, and clotting factors. Heritabilities for CVD risk factor phenotypes were estimated using a variance component approach and the program SOLAR. After accounting for the effects of covariates, the authors detected significant heritabilities for many CVD risk factor phenotypes (e.g., high density lipoprotein cholesterol (heritability = 0.50) and diastolic blood pressure (heritability = 0.34)). These results suggest that heredity explains a substantial proportion of the variability of CVD risk factors and that these heritabilities are large enough to warrant a search for major risk factor genes.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/genética , Indígenas Norteamericanos/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Arizona/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Femenino , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genética de Población , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , North Dakota/epidemiología , Oklahoma/epidemiología , Linaje , Fenotipo , Vigilancia de la Población , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , South Dakota/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Pharmacologic treatment patterns for hypertensive American Indians from 13 communities in Arizona, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and North Dakota were assessed. Participants (2254 women and 1384 men, aged 48 to 79 years) completed a clinical examination between July 1993 and December 1995. The mean of two blood pressure (BP) measurements and detailed medication histories were obtained. The observed prevalence of hypertension was 46.7% (n=1698). In participants taking antihypertensive medications (n=1114), four principal drug classes were evaluated: diuretics, calcium channel blocking agents, beta-blocking agents, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. Among treated hypertensive participants, 71.4%, 24.6%, and 4.0% received one, two, and three medications, respectively. Among single drug regimens, ACE inhibitors (n=340) were used most often (49.4%), with calcium channel blocking agents and diuretics accounting for 24.2% and 19.9%, respectively. Although multiple drug class therapies varied, the combination of a diuretic and ACE inhibitor (n=120) accounted for 47.4% of dual therapy use. Hypertension control (SBP < 140 mm Hg, DBP < 90 mm Hg) rates were highest for those on dual therapies (65.4%), followed by participants on single (53.8%) and triple (43.6%) therapies. Among monotherapies, diuretics exhibited the best overall hypertension control rate in both diabetics (63.0%) and nondiabetics (68.0%), versus 47% to 61% for other remaining agents. The frequent use of ACE inhibitors, used singly or in combination, reflects the high prevalence of diabetes among American Indians. ACE inhibitors, combined with diuretics, were particularly useful in achieving BP control in this population.
Asunto(s)
Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión/etnología , Indígenas Norteamericanos , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Arizona/epidemiología , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Estudios Transversales , Complicaciones de la Diabetes , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Diabetes Mellitus/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , North Dakota/epidemiología , Oklahoma/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Factores Sexuales , South Dakota/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The role of Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic, cirrhotic patients remains unclear. This prospective outpatient study, conducted to assess the relationship of gastroduodenal disease and H. pylori as determined by the (13C) urea breath test, enrolled 109 consecutive cirrhotic patients with dyspepsia. All patients underwent upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy, which revealed respective prevalences of peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, and duodenal ulcer of 41.3%, 23.9%, and 22.9%; H. pylori infection was found in 52.3%. The rate of peptic ulcer disease in the H. pylori-positive (45.6%) and -negative (36.5%) groups was not significantly different; neither was the prevalence of H. pylori in patients with or without portal hypertensive gastropathy and with or without esophageal varices. The relationship between peptic ulcer disease and H. pylori in dyspeptic patients with cirrhosis appears to be weak. Likewise, no significant relationship was evident between H. pylori and portal hypertensive gastropathy or esophageal varices. This organism may not be a major pathogenetic factor in gastroduodenal diseases in dyspeptic patients with cirrhosis.
Asunto(s)
Pruebas Respiratorias , Radioisótopos de Carbono , Dispepsia/complicaciones , Infecciones por Helicobacter/diagnóstico , Helicobacter pylori , Cirrosis Hepática/complicaciones , Urea , Dispepsia/microbiología , Várices Esofágicas y Gástricas/complicaciones , Várices Esofágicas y Gástricas/microbiología , Femenino , Infecciones por Helicobacter/complicaciones , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Úlcera Péptica/complicaciones , Úlcera Péptica/microbiología , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
A series of vanilloid-type beta-adrenoceptor blockers derived from antioxidant traditional Chinese herbal medicines were synthesized and tested for their antioxidant and adrenoceptor antagonistic activities. They all possessed significant beta-adrenoceptor blocking activities under in vitro experiments and radioligand binding assays. In addition, some compounds were further examined in in vivo tests and produced antagonist effects matching that of propranolol and labetalol by measurements of antagonism toward (-)isoproterenol-induced tachycardia and (-)phenylephrine-induced pressor responses in anesthetized rats. Furthermore, all of the compounds had antioxidant effects inherited from their original structures. In conclusion, compound 11 had the most potent beta-adrenoceptors blocking activity, 12 and 13 possessed high cardioselectivity, whereas 14, 15 and 16 possessed additional alpha-adrenoceptor blocking activity and 15 is the most effective antioxidant of all. The antioxidant activity may be due to their alpha and beta unsaturated side chain at position 1 and ortho-substituted methoxy moiety on 4-phenoxyethylamine.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/síntesis química , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Antioxidantes/síntesis química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Cobayas , Técnicas In Vitro , Peroxidación de Lípido , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Ensayo de Unión Radioligante , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Thallium-201 myocardial perfusion imaging is wildly used to detect and assess the extent of jeopardized myocardial ischemia in the coronary artery disease and the viability of myocardium post infarction. In recent years, there has been a great deal of pharmacological development of blockers and openers of potassium channel. In this study, we will discuss the interference of uptake of thallium-201 ion in cultured neonatal rat myocytes with existence of a variety of pharmacological agents. The cultures of neonatal rat myocardial cells were incubated with different agents such as potassium chloride, sodium-potassium ATPase pump inhibitor (ouabain), cesium compound, variable potassium channel blockers (4 AP, TEA and glibenclamide) and their openers (minoxidil, and cromakalim). The radioactivity of intracellular thallium-201 that could enter rat myocardial cells was detected by gamma counter sixty minutes after thallium-201 was added. In this study we found that thallium and potassium ions behave in an analogous manner in cultured rat myocardial cells. Both 2.5 mM and 5 mM concentration of extracellular potassium ion significantly result in reduction of thallium-201 ion influx in rat myocardial cells. 0.5 mM ouabain, an inhibitor of sodium-potassium ATPase pump, reduced about 40% of influx of thallium-201 ion in cultured rat myocardial cells via active transport. Combination of both potassium ion and ouabain inhibit most of thallium-201 ions influx in myocardial cells, but it is not completely inhibited. Cesium, a potassium antagonist, also interferes with the uptake of thallium-201 in cultured rat myocytes in our study. The most interesting finding in our investigation is that potassium channel blockers such as TEA and glibenclamide, inhibit the influx of thallium-201 in myocytes. However, potassium channel openers have no overt effect on influx of thallium-201 in cultured rat myocytes. We indirectly observe about 60% of influx of thallium-201 ion into cultured rat myocardial cells via active sodium-potassium ATPase pump. Potassium, cesium and potassium channel blockers, such as TEA and glibenclamide, inhibited the different percentage of influx of thallium-201 in cultured rat myocardial cells in this study.
Asunto(s)
Miocardio/metabolismo , Canales de Potasio/efectos de los fármacos , Radioisótopos de Talio/farmacocinética , Adenosina Trifosfato/farmacología , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Cloruro de Potasio/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Compuestos de Tetraetilamonio/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Calcium channel and beta-adrenoceptor blockade have proved highly useful in antihypertensive therapy. Studies of the mechanisms of action of vanidipinedilol that combine these effects within a single molecule are described here. Intravenous injection of vanidipinedilol (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent hypotensive and bradycardic responses, significantly different from nifedipine-induced (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) hypotensive and reflex tachycardic effects in pentobarbital-anesthetized Wistar rats. A single oral administration of vanidipinedilol at doses of 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg dose-dependently reduced blood pressure with a decrease in heart rate in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). In the isolated Wistar rat atrium, vanidipinedilol (10(-7), 10(-6), and 10(-5) M) competitively antagonized the (-)isoproterenol-induced positive chronotropic and inotropic effects and inhibited the increase in heart rate induced by Ca2+ (3.0-9.0 mM) in a concentration-dependent manner. The parallel shift to the right of the concentration-response curve of (-)isoproterenol and CaCl2 suggested that vanidipinedilol possessed beta-adrenoceptor-blocking and calcium entry-blocking activities. On tracheal strips of reserpinized guinea pig, cumulative doses of vanidipinedilol (10(-10) to 3x10(-6) M) produced dose-dependent relaxant responses. Preincubating the preparation with ICI 118,551 (10(-10), 10(-9), 10(-8) M), a beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist, shifted the vanidipinedilol concentration-relaxation curve significantly to a region of higher concentrations. These results implied that vanidipinedilol had a partial beta2-agonist activity. In the isolated thoracic aorta of rat, vanidipinedilol had a potent effect inhibiting high-K+-induced contractions. KCI-induced intracellular calcium changes of blood vessel smooth muscle cell (A7r5 cell lines) determined by laser cytometry also was decreased after administration of vanidipinedilol (10(-8), 10(-7), 10(-6) M). Furthermore, the binding characteristics of vanidipinedilol and various antagonists were evaluated in [3H]CGP-12177 binding to ventricle and lung and [3H]nitrendipine binding to cerebral cortex membranes in rats. The order of potency of beta1- and beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity against [3H]CGP-12177 binding was (-)propranolol (pKi, 8.59 for beta1 and 8.09 for beta2) > vanidipinedilol (pKi, 7.09 for beta1 and 6.64 for beta2) > atenolol (pKi, 6.58 for beta1 and 5.12 for beta2). The order of potency of calcium channel antagonist activity against [3H]nitrendipine binding was nifedipine (pKi, 9.36) > vanidipinedilol (pKi, 8.07). The ratio of beta1-adrenergic-blocking/calcium entry-blocking selectivity is 0.1 and indicated that vanidipinedilol revealed more in calcium entry-blocking than in beta-adrenergic-blocking activities. It has been suggested that vanidipinedilol-induced smooth muscle relaxation may involve decreased entry of Ca2+ and partial beta2-agonist activities. In conclusion, vanidipinedilol is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with calcium channel blocking and partial beta2-agonist associated vasorelaxant and tracheal relaxant activities. Particularly, the vasodilator effects of vanidipinedilol are attributed to a synergism of its calcium entry blocking and partial beta2-agonist activities in the blood vessel. A sustained bradycardic effect results from beta-adrenoceptor blocking and calcium entry blocking, which blunts the sympathetic activation-associated reflex tachycardia in the heart.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Dihidropiridinas/farmacología , Vasodilatadores/farmacología , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1 , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2 , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/metabolismo , Animales , Antiarrítmicos/farmacología , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/metabolismo , Cloruro de Calcio/farmacología , Dihidropiridinas/metabolismo , Cobayas , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Contracción Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Contracción Miocárdica/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayo de Unión Radioligante , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores Adrenérgicos beta/metabolismo , Simpatomiméticos/farmacología , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
KMUP 880723 (0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/kg, iv) produced dose-dependent hypotensive and bradycardia responses in pentobarbital-anesthetized Wistar rats. KMUP 880723 (1.0 mg/kg, iv) also markedly inhibited both the tachycardia effects induced by (-)isoproterenol and arterial pressor responses induced by phenylephrine. In the isolated Wistar rat right atria, left atria, and guinea pig tracheal strips, KMUP 880723 competitively antagonized the (-)isoproterenol-induced positive chronotropic effects, inotropic effects, and tracheal relaxation effects in a concentration-dependent manner. The parallel shift to the right of the concentration-response curve of (-)isoproterenol suggested that KMUP 880723 was a beta(1)/beta(2)-adrenoceptor competitive antagonist. The apparent pA(2) values were 6.89+/-0.10 in the right atria, 7.02+/-0.09 in the left atria, and 6.59+/-0.11 in the trachea, indicating that KMUP 880723 was a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor blocker. In thoracic aorta experiments, KMUP 880723 also produced a competitive antagonism of norepinephrine-induced contraction with a pA(2) value of 7.14+/-0.06. In isolated rat thoracic aorta, KMUP 880723 more potently relaxed the contractions induced by norepinephrine (3 x 10(-6) M) than those by high K(+) (75 mM). In the radioligand-binding assay, the pK(i) values of [3H]CGP-12177 binding to rat ventricle and lung membranes were 6.56 and 6.40, respectively, and the value of [3H]prazosin binding to rat brain membranes was 6.66. These results further confirmed the alpha/beta-adrenoceptor blocking activities of KMUP 880723 reported in the functional studies. We conclude that KMUP 880723 is a nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with alpha-adrenoceptor blocking-associated vasorelaxant activity.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/farmacología , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos alfa/análisis , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/análisis , Animales , Aorta/efectos de los fármacos , Atenolol/análisis , Atenolol/farmacología , Benzaldehídos/farmacología , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/farmacología , Depresión Química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Cobayas , Atrios Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Isoproterenol/análisis , Isoproterenol/farmacología , Labetalol/análisis , Labetalol/farmacología , Mecamilamina/análisis , Mecamilamina/farmacología , Modelos Animales , Músculo Liso Vascular/efectos de los fármacos , Contracción Miocárdica/efectos de los fármacos , Propranolol/análisis , Propranolol/farmacología , Ensayo de Unión Radioligante , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Análisis de Regresión , Estimulación Química , Vasodilatadores/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Nitrated nonivamide (NVANO)-induced triad hypotension, and biphasic bradycardia at 0.25-1.0 mg/kg (IV) was inhibited by capsazepine (1.0 mg/kg, IV), atropine (1.0 mg/kg, IV), and vagotomy in rats. NVANO also elicited a hypotensive spinal reflex at 5.0 mg/kg (IA). In the isolated rat vagus, NVANO (10.0-100.0 microM) revealed a sensory C-spike inhibition and membrane depolarization. NVANO (5.0 microM)-induced calcium influx in the isolated rat dorsal root ganglion cells (DRGs) was diminished by capsazepine (10.0 microM). In the isolated guinea pig atria, NVANO (1.0-50.0 microM)-induced positive inotropic and chronotropic activities were antagonized by capsazepine (1.0-10.0 microM) and human calcitonin gene-related peptide(8-37) (hCGRP(837); 0.1-1.0 microM).
Asunto(s)
Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Ganglios Sensoriales/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Protones , Ácido Vanílico/análogos & derivados , Potenciales de Acción/efectos de los fármacos , Amidas , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/farmacología , Calcio/metabolismo , Capsaicina/metabolismo , Capsaicina/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Ganglios Sensoriales/fisiología , Ganglios Espinales/citología , Ganglios Espinales/efectos de los fármacos , Ganglios Espinales/metabolismo , Cobayas , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Contracción Miocárdica/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/fisiología , Nitratos/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Vagotomía , Nervio Vago/efectos de los fármacos , Nervio Vago/fisiología , Ácido Vanílico/farmacologíaRESUMEN
1. Capsinolol (1.0-30.0 microM) in a cumulating manner decreased the maximum upstroke velocity (Vmax), the action potential amplitude and twitch tension in isolated guinea-pig atria and papillary muscle, rabbit papillary muscle, dog Purkinje fibers and human ventricle tissues. 2. In the isolated guinea-pig atrium, perfusing with capsinolol at 3 microM for 3 min temporarily increased the twitch force and decreased spontaneous cycle length; however, the results were reversed after longer exposure of the tissue. 3. Capsinolol prolonged the duration of action potential in the guinea-pig atrium and rabbit papillary muscles. The maximum diastolic potential was shifted to a less-negative level in dog Purkinje fibers and human ventricular muscles.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Corazón/efectos de los fármacos , Potenciales de Acción/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Capsaicina/farmacología , Perros , Cobayas , Ventrículos Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Ventrículos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Iones , Masculino , Miocardio/metabolismo , Músculos Papilares/efectos de los fármacos , Músculos Papilares/metabolismo , Ramos Subendocárdicos/efectos de los fármacos , Ramos Subendocárdicos/metabolismo , Conejos , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
Small, dense LDL has been shown to be associated with the insulin resistance syndrome and coronary heart disease (CHD). We examined the distribution of LDL size and phenotype within a population-based sample of American Indians to determine the relationships with prevalent CHD and to examine associations with hyperinsulinemia and other components of the insulin resistance syndrome. Data were available for 4505 men and women between 45 and 74 years of age who are members of 13 American Indian communities in three geographic areas. Diabetes, CHD, and CHD risk factors were assessed by standardized techniques, and LDL size was measured by gradient gel electrophoresis. LDL size was smaller in men than in women and in individuals with diabetes than in those without diabetes. In multivariate analysis, LDL size was significantly related to several components of the insulin resistance syndrome, including triglycerides (inversely) and HDL cholesterol (positively). Although univariate relations were positive, LDL size was not significantly related to fasting insulin concentrations or body mass index in the multivariate model. LDL size also showed no relationship to apolipoprotein E phenotype. When LDL size was compared in individuals with and without CHD, no significant differences were observed, either in nondiabetic or diabetic individuals. We conclude that LDL size is most strongly related to lipoprotein components of the insulin resistance syndrome, especially plasma triglycerides. However, in this population with low LDL, it is not related to cardiovascular disease.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad Coronaria/etnología , Indígenas Norteamericanos/genética , Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Lipoproteínas LDL/química , Anciano , Presión Sanguínea , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análisis , Constitución Corporal , Índice de Masa Corporal , HDL-Colesterol/sangre , Estudios de Cohortes , Enfermedad Coronaria/epidemiología , Enfermedad Coronaria/genética , Estudios Transversales , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiología , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Femenino , Humanos , Insulina/sangre , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Tamaño de la Partícula , Fenotipo , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Fumar/epidemiología , Síndrome , Triglicéridos/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have identified associations of left ventricular (LV) mass with demographic (body habitus and sex) and hemodynamic variables (blood pressure, stroke volume [SV], and myocardial contractility), but the relative strength and independence of these associations remain unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: We examined the relations of echocardiographically determined LV mass to demographic variables, blood pressure, Doppler SV, and measures of contractility (end-systolic stress [ESS]/end-systolic volume index and midwall fractional shortening [MFS] as a percentage of predicted for circumferential end-systolic stress [stress-independent shortening]) in 1935 American Indian participants in the Strong Heart Study phase 2 examination without mitral regurgitation or segmental wall motion abnormalities. Weak positive relations of LV mass with systolic and diastolic pressures (r=.22 and r=.20) were exceeded by positive relations with height (r=.30), weight (r=.47), body mass index (r=.31), body surface area (r=.49), and Doppler SV (r=.50) and negative relations with ESS/volume index ratios (r= -.33 and -.29) and stress-independent MFS (r= -.26, all P<.0001). In multivariate analyses that included blood pressure, SV, and a different contractility measure in each model, systolic pressure, stroke volume, and the contractility measure were independent correlates of LV mass (multiple R=.60 to .66, all P<.0001). When demographic variables were added, LV mass was more strongly predicted by higher SV and lower afterload-independent MFS than by greater systolic pressure, height, and body mass index (each P<.00001, multiple R=.71). CONCLUSIONS: Additional characterization of volume load and contractile efficiency improves hemodynamic prediction of LV mass (R(2)=.30 to .44) over the use of systolic blood pressure alone (R(2)=.05), with a further increase in R(2) to .51 when demographic variables are also considered. However, nearly half of the ventricular mass variability remains unexplained.
Asunto(s)
Demografía , Ecocardiografía , Hemodinámica , Indígenas Norteamericanos , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Presión Sanguínea , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Contracción Miocárdica , Descanso , Volumen Sistólico , Función Ventricular IzquierdaRESUMEN
1. Intravenous infusion of capsazocaine (CAPBZ), a molecular fusion product of irritant synthetic capsaicin and local analgesic benzocaine, at 100 micrograms/kg/min for 15 min inhibited capsaicin (10 micrograms/kg, IV)-induced spinal release of substance P-like immunoreactivity and vagus reflex responses in blood pressure and heart rate changes in rats. 2. Intrathecal perfusion of CAPBZ (1.0 nM) also reversed retrograde epigastric intraarterial capsaicin (10 micrograms/kg)-induced hypotensive spinal reflex. 3. In isolated guinea pig tissues, CAPBZ (1.0-100.0 microM) inhibited capsaicin (1.0 microM)-sensitive sensory and functional activities, including cardiatonic, bronchial, tracheal and ileal contractilities. CAPBZ is suggested to be a capsaicin antagonist.
Asunto(s)
Benzoatos/farmacología , Oxazoles/farmacología , Receptores de Droga/antagonistas & inhibidores , Células Receptoras Sensoriales/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Bronquios/efectos de los fármacos , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/farmacología , Femenino , Cobayas , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Íleon/efectos de los fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Inyecciones Espinales , Masculino , Contracción Miocárdica/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Reflejo/efectos de los fármacos , Médula Espinal/efectos de los fármacos , Sustancia P/administración & dosificación , Sustancia P/farmacología , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacos , Nervio Vago/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although diet is implicated in the elevated rate of cardiovascular disease among some American Indian tribes, the dietary intakes of these individuals have not been described. The Strong Heart Dietary Study compared diets of 10 tribes in Arizona, Oklahoma, and the Dakotas to examine the possible contribution of diet to cardiovascular and other chronic diseases. METHODS: During 1988-1991, 892 people responded to a 24 hr diet recall questionnaire. Nutrient intake by study area, sex, and age group were compared by analysis of variance, and intakes were compared with nutrient intakes reported by participants in Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and with dietary recommendations of the National Research Council, the American Heart Association, and the Healthy People 2000 objectives. RESULTS: The intake of energy and nutrients varied significantly by sex and age. Men consumed more energy, macronutrients, and sodium than did women (P < or = 0.001). Women's diets were denser in carbohydrate, beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E than were men's diets (P < or = 0.001). Younger participants consumed more energy, macronutrients, vitamin E, and sodium than did older participants (P < or = 0.001). Older participants had diets denser in protein and beta-carotene than did younger participants (P < or = 0.001). Energy intake did not differ significantly by study area, but men in Arizona consumed more energy from carbohydrate and less energy from total fat than did men elsewhere (P < or = 0.01). Men and women in Arizona consumed more cholesterol and fiber than did other participants (P < or = 0.01) and less of the antioxidant vitamins (P < or = 0.01). Participants in the Strong Heart Diet Study reported diets higher in fats and cholesterol than did participants in Phase 1 of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Few Strong Heart participants achieved dietary recommendations for the reduction of risk of chronic disease. CONCLUSIONS: Area differences in nutrient intake were observed, but most participants consumed diets associated with increased risk of heart disease and other chronic diseases. Women and older participants in general reported healthier nutrient intakes. Dietary intervention programs should educate American Indians about dietary modifications to reduce the risk of cardiovascular and other nutrition-related disorders.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etiología , Conducta Alimentaria/etnología , Indígenas Norteamericanos/estadística & datos numéricos , Distribución por Edad , Anciano , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Estudios Transversales , Registros de Dieta , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Fibras de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Encuestas Nutricionales , Factores de Riesgo , Distribución por Sexo , Estados UnidosRESUMEN
The type-II cAMP-dependent protein kinase (A-Kinase) partitions primarily into the particulate fraction in gastric parietal cells. Localization of this kinase to particular subcellular domains is mediated through the binding of the regulatory subunit (RII) dimer to A-Kinase-anchoring proteins (AKAPs). Using a [32P]RII overlay assay, we have screened a rabbit gastric parietal cell cDNA library and have isolated a single RII-binding protein clone. Sequence analysis revealed an open reading frame coding for 1022 amino acids (AKAP120). Recombinant fragments of the full-length clone were prepared and the RII-binding region mapped to an area between amino acids 489 and 549. This area contained a putative alpha-helical RII-binding region between amino acids 503 and 516. Incubation of [32P]RII with a synthetic peptide of AKAP120-(489-522) completely inhibited the binding of [32P]RII to the recombinant AKAP120 fragments that demonstrated RII binding. In vitro RII-binding affinity studies indicated a high-affinity interaction between AKAP120 and RII with a Kapp between 50 and 120 nM for the three recombinant fragments that bound [32P]RII. RNase-protection analysis revealed that AKAP120 is a widely distributed protein, with the highest levels of mRNA observed in gastric fundus. The presence of this novel high-affinity AKAP in gastric parietal cells suggests that it may regulate RII subcellular sequestration in this cell type.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Portadoras , Proteínas Quinasas Dependientes de AMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Células Parietales Gástricas/metabolismo , Proteínas/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Clonación Molecular , Proteína Quinasa Tipo II Dependiente de AMP Cíclico , ADN Complementario/genética , ADN Complementario/aislamiento & purificación , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas/genética , Proteínas/metabolismo , Conejos , Análisis de SecuenciaRESUMEN
As part of the Strong Heart Study assessment of prevalent cardiovascular disease in middle-aged to elderly American Indians, the prevalence of major Minnesota code electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities was assessed in 4,531 participants aged 45 to 74 years (59% women) in selected tribal communities in Arizona, South and North Dakota, and Oklahoma. The overall prevalence of major ECG abnormalities was lowest in Arizona participants, (e.g., definite ECG myocardial infarction in 0.3% vs 1.8% in the other centers), although nearly two thirds of them had diabetes. One or more major ECG abnormality occurred in progressively more women (10.4% to 21.2%) and men (13.3% to 32%) (both p < 0.0001) from 45- to 54- to 55- to 64- and 65- to 74-year age groups, with the latter prevalence rates exceeding those in predominately white age peers in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Diabetes in women, but not in men, and hypertension in both genders showed positive associations with prevalence rates of major ECG abnormalities compatible with coronary artery disease or hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy. Hypercholesterolemia was not associated with ECG abnormalities except for definite myocardial infarction in women. In conclusion, major ECG abnormalities are common in middle-aged to elderly American Indians ,consistent with recent documentation of higher cardiovascular mortality in this population than in similar aged U.S. whites.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/etnología , Electrocardiografía , Indígenas Norteamericanos , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/complicaciones , Complicaciones de la Diabetes , Diabetes Mellitus/etnología , Femenino , Humanos , Hipertensión/etnología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
1. The beta-adrenoceptor blocking and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-releasing properties of capsinolol (N-[4-(2-hydroxy-3 (isopropylamino) propoxy)-3-methoxybenzyl]-nonanamide), derived from nonivamide, were investigated under in vivo and in vitro conditions. 2. Capsinolol (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 mg kg-1, i.v.), as well as (+/-)-propranolol, produced a dose-dependent bradycardia response and a temporary pressor action in urethane-anaesthetized normotensive Wistar rats. These cardiovascular effects were different from the vagus reflex and parasympathetic efferent effects shown by capsaicin (0.1 mg kg-1, i.v.) in the rat. 3. Capsinolol (1.0 mg kg-1) inhibited the tachycardia effects induced by (-)-isoprenaline, but had no blocking effect on the arterial pressor responses induced by (-)-phenylephrine. The findings suggest that capsinolol possesses beta-adrenoceptor blocking activity, but it has no alpha-adrenoceptor blocking activity. 4. In guinea-pig isolated tissues, capsinolol (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) antagonized (-)-isoprenaline-induced positive chronotropic and inotropic effects of the atria and tracheal relaxation responses in a concentration-dependent manner. The parallel shift to the right of the concentration-response curve of (-)-isoprenaline suggests capsinolol is a beta-adrenoceptor competitive antagonist. 5. Capsinolol (10(-5) to 10(-4) M) exhibited a positive cardiotonic effect that was not inhibited by (+/-)-propranolol and reserpine, but was inhibited by capsazepine (10(-6) M) and CGRP8-37 (10(-6) M). This effect was independent of intrinsic sympathomimetic effects. 6. An immunoassay of released CGRP from guinea-pig isolated perfused heart indicated that capsinolol increases the release of CGRP and thus produces positive cardiotonic effects. 7. In conclusion, capsinolol is a non-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist with capsaicin-like cardiotonic properties unrelated to traditional intrinsic sympathomimetic effects. It is suggested that capsinolol causes CGRP release from cardiac sensory neurones via a non-adrenergic mechanism and then activates CGRP receptors on cardiac muscle.
Asunto(s)
Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/metabolismo , Capsaicina/análogos & derivados , Miocardio/metabolismo , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 1 , Antagonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos beta 2 , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Bradicardia/inducido químicamente , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/efectos de los fármacos , Péptido Relacionado con Gen de Calcitonina/inmunología , Capsaicina/farmacología , Cardiotónicos/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Cobayas , Atrios Cardíacos/efectos de los fármacos , Atrios Cardíacos/metabolismo , Técnicas In Vitro , Isoproterenol/farmacología , Masculino , Relajación Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Miocardio/inmunología , Propranolol/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Taquicardia/inducido químicamente , Tráquea/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the United States. Although cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among American Indians, the prevalence of hypertension, its awareness and control, and its association with other cardiovascular disease risk factors and physiological variables have not been well studied in this population. The Strong Heart Study is a longitudinal study of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in American Indians. Participants (2703 women and 1846 men) were members of 13 tribes in central Arizona, southwestern Oklahoma, and regions of South and North Dakota. At least 1500 individuals between 45 and 74 years of age participated from each center in a baseline clinical examination conducted between July 1989 and January 1992. The examination consisted of a personal interview and physical examination that included an oral glucose tolerance test and three consecutive blood pressure measurements. This study reports data from the baseline examination on the prevalence of hypertension and correlates of blood pressure. Results indicated that despite the high frequency of diabetes and obesity, prevalence rates of hypertension in Arizona and Oklahoma were similar to those in the US population in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), and rates among South/North Dakota participants were significantly lower (P < .0001). Blood pressure was higher in individuals with diabetes (P < .0001) and was significantly correlated with age (P < .0001) and albuminuria (P < .0001) but only weakly related to obesity. There was no independent relation between blood pressure and insulin. Blood pressure seems to be less affected by obesity and hyperinsulinemia in American Indians compared with other populations. Nevertheless, hypertension should be aggressively treated and controlled in American Indians because it is a known precursor to morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes and cardiovascular disease.